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MATHEMATICS FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE

RELATION AND FUNCTION

1. A function f: X  Y is one-one (or injective) if f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 x1, x2 X.
2. A function f: X  Y is onto (or surjective) if given any y  Y,  x  X such that f(x) = y.
3. A function f: X  Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto
4. The composition of functions f: A  B and g: BC is the function gof : A  C given
by gof (x) = g(f(x))  x  A.
5. A function f: X  Y is invertible if  g: Y  X such that gof = 1X and fog = 1Y.
6. A function f : X  Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one and onto.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
1. sin () = sin  cos  cos sin
2. – = cos  cos  sin sin
cos (+)
tan tan
3. tan () = – tan tan
1+
A+B A–B
4. sin A + sin B = 2sin 2 cos 2
A+B A–B
5. sin A – sin B = 2 cos 2 sin 2
A+B A–B
6. cos A + cos B = 2cos 2 cos 2
A+B A–B
7. cos A – cos B = –2sin 2 sin 2
8. sin + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) + … to n terms
 n – 1   n
sin  +  2   sin  2 
     
= 
; 2n
sin 2
 
 n – 1   n
sin  +  2   sin  2 
     
9. cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + … to n terms = 
; 2n
sin  2
 
a b c
10. sine law: sinA = sinB = sinC = 2R
b2 + c2 – a2
11. cosine law: cosA = 2bc
 B – C  b – c  A
12. a. tan  2  = b + c cot  2 
     
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C–A c–a B
b. tan 2 = c+a  cot 2
A–B a–b C
c. tan 2 = a + b . cot 2
A (s – b) (s – c)
13. a. sin  2  = bc
 
B (s – c) (s – a)
b. sin 2 = ca
C (s – a) (s – b)
c. sin 2 = ab
A s(s – a) B s(s – b)
14. cos 2 = bc , cos 2 = ca
C s(s – c)
cos 2 = ab
A (s – b) (s – c)
15. a. tan 2 = s(s – a)
B (s – c) (s – a)
b. tan 2 = s(s – b)
C (s – a) (s – b)
c. tan 2 = s(s – c)
1 1 1 abc
16.  = 2 ab sinC = 2 bc sin A = 2 ac sin B = 4R = rs
1
17.  = 4 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 + 2a2b2 – a4 – b4 – c4
A B C
18.  = 8(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = (s – a) tan 2 = (s – b) tan 2 = (s – c) tan 2
A B C
19. r = 4R sin  2  . sin  2  . sin  2 
     
20. The ex-radii of a triangle
A B C 
a. r1 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – a
B C A 
b. r2 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – b
C A B 
c. r3 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – c
21. a. a = c cos B + b cos c
b. b = c cosA + a cosC
c. c = a cosB + b cosA
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions
Function Domain Range
  
y = sin–1x [–1, 1] –  
 2 2
y = cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]
  
y = tan–1x [–, ] –  
 2 2
y = cot–1x [–, ] [0, ]
   
y = sec–1x [–, –1]  [1, ) 0 2   2 
   
    
y = cosec–1x [–, –1]  [1, ) –2  0  2 
   
2. Some properties of inverse trigonometric functions:

sin–1x + cos–1x = 2 ; x  [–1, 1]

tan–1x + cot–1x = 2 ; xR

sec–1x + cosec–1x = 2 ; x  (–, –1]  [1,)
1 1
 sin–1 (2x 1–x2) if – x
 2
1
2


2 sin–1x =  – sin–1 (2x 1 –x2) if
2
x1

 1
 – – sin–1 (2x 1 – x2) if –1  x  –
2
 2x 
 tan–1 1 – x2 if – 1 < x < 1
  
 2x 

2 tan–1x =  + tan–1 1 – x2 if x > 1
 
  2x 
 –  + tan–1 1 – x2 if x < –1
 

 x 
3. sin–1x = cos–1 1 – x2 = tan–1 
 1 – x2
1 – x2  x  1
= cot–1 x = sec –1  = cosec –1
x
 1 – x2
4. sin–1x  sin–1y = sin–1 {x 1 – y2 y 1 – x2}
5. cos–1x  cos–1y = cos–1 {xy +– 1 – x2 1 – y2}
x  y
6. tan–1x  tan–1y = tan–1  where xy < 1
1  y 
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7. cos–1x = sin–1 1 – x2

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS & INEQUATIES

1. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

i. If b = 0  roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
ii. If c = 0  one root is zero other is –b/a
iii. If b = c = 0  both roots are zero.
iv. If a = c  roots are reciprocal to each other
a > 0 c < 0
v. if  Roots are of opposite signs.
a < 0 c > 0
a > 0 b > 0 c > 0
vi. if  both roots are negative
a < 0 b < 0 c < 0
a > 0 b < 0 c > 0
vii. if  both roots are positive
a < 0 b > 0 c < 0
viii. If sign of a = sign of b  sign of c  Greater root in magnitude is negative

2. If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation, where (R) = –1, then
p – iq is also a root of the quadratic equation.
3. In a quadratic equation with rational coefficient, imaginary roots occur in pairs i.e.if P
+ q and conversely.
4. Every equation of nth degree (n  1) has exactly n roots and if the equation has more
than n roots, it is an identity.
5. The roots of the general quadratic equation
– b + b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0 are,
2
2a =  (say), 2a
–b
a. Sum of roots =  +  = a
c
b. Product of roots =  ×  = a
6. The quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x+ c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 may have
a. one root common if (b1c2 – b2c1)
(a1b2 – a2b1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2
a 1 b 1 c1
b. both root common if a = b = c
2 2 2
b 1 c1 a 1
c. reciprocal roots if b = a = c
2 2 2
2. For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib
(a  0), b  0), there exists the complex number
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a –b 1
a2 +b 2 + i a +b
2 2 , denoted by z or z called the multiplicative inverse of z such that
–1

 a –b 
(a + ib) a2 + b2 + i a2 + b2 = 1 + i0 = 1
 
3. For any integer k, i = 1, i4k + 1 = I, i4k + 2 = –1, i4k + 3 = – i
4k

4. |z – z1| + |z – z2| = , represents an ellipse if

|z1 – z2| <, having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if.
|z1 – z2| =  , then z lies on a line segment connecting, z1 and z2.
5. Cube roots of unity
The three cube roots of unity are
1 1
1, 2 (–1 + –3), 2 (–1, – –3) or 1, , 2 which are the same as
2 2 4 4
1, cos  3  + isin  3  and cos  3  + isin  3 
       
6. De-moivre's theorem:
If n is an integer, positive or negative or zero then
[r (cos + isin)]n = rn [cos n + sin n]
7. If z = cos + isin, using De-Moivre's theorem
1 1
Zn + zn = 2cos n; zn – zn = 2sin n
8. a. |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|
b. |z1 – z2|  |z1| – |z2|
c. |z1 – z2|  |z1| + |z2|

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

1. The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, where repetition is

not allowed, is denoted by nPr and is given by
n!
(n – r)! , where 0  r  n.
nP =
r

2. The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repetition

is allowed, is nr.
3. The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where, p1 objects are of
first kind, p2 objects are of the second kind, … PK objects are of the kth kind and rest, if
n!
any, are all different is p ! p ! … p !
1 2 k
4. The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by nCr, is
n!
given by nCr = r! (n – r)! , 0  r  n
5. i. nP = r! × nC
r r
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ii. If nCr = nCr then either r = r1 or r + r1 = n

iii. nCr + nCr–1 = n+1Cr
6. The number of combinations of n things take r at a time in which P particular things
always occur is n–pCr–p
7. The total number of combinations of n different things taken any number at a time is
2n – 1.

BINOMIAL THEOREM

1. The expansion of a binomial for any positive integral n is given by Binomial theorem,
which is
(a + x)n = nC0xn + nC1an–1x + nC2an–2x2 + …
+ nCn–1 a.xn–1 + nCnxn
a. The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in any array. This array is called
Pascal's triangle.
b. When the index is other than a positive integer such as negative integer or
fraction, the number of terms in the expansion of
(1 + x)n is infinite and the symbol nCr cannot be used to denote the coefficient of the
general term.
2. a. The general term of an expansion (a + x)n is tr+1 = nCran–r . xr = (r + 1)th term.
b. The total number of terms in the expansion of (a + x)n is n + 1.
n 
3. In the expansion (a + x)n, if n is even, then the middle term is the  2 + 1th term. If n is
 
n + 1 n + 1 
odd, then the middle terms are  2 th and  2 + 1th terms
   
4. Since nCr = nCr–1 so nC0 = nCn, nC1 = nCn–1and so on Thus, coefficients of the terms
equidistance from the beginning and the end in a binomial expansion are equal.
5. In the expansion of (1 + x)n, the sum of the coefficients of all the terms is 2n.
i.e. C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + … + Cn = 2n

EXPONENTIAL & LOGARTHMIC SERIES

lim  1
1. a. e= 1 + n 2.718
n  n
lim  1
b. ex = 1 + n%
n  n
2. For all real values of x;
x x2 x3 xr
a. ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + … + r! + …
x x2 x3
b. e = 1 – .! + 2! –3! + ………..
–x
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ex + e-x x2 x4
3. 2 = x 1 + 2! + 4! +…..
ex–e-x x3 x5
4. 2 = x + 3! + 5! +…….
5. The expansion of loge (1 + x) is known as logarithmic series. The series loge (1 + x) is
valid for all real values of x and – 1 < x  1.
x2 x3 x4 x5
a. loge (1 + x) =x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – ……
x2 x3 x4 x5
b. loge (1 – x) = – x – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 –…

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

1. The general term of the nth term of the A.P. is given by

n n n
Sn = 2 [2a + (n –1) d] = 2 (a + l) = 2 (a + tn)
2. a. The sum Sn of the first n terms of G.P. is given by
a(rn–1) a(1 – rn)
Sn = r–1 or 1 –r , if r  1
b. When |r| <1,n 
a
S = 1 –r
c. the general term or nth term of G.P. is given by tn = arn–1
3. A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying corresponding terms of an A.P.
and a G.P., is called ar Arithmetic-geometric series. Summation of n terms:
a dr(1 –rn-1) [a + (n –1)d] n
Sn = 1 –r + (1 –r)-2 – 1–r .r
4. Harmonical progression is defined as a series in which reciprocal of its termsare in
A.P., is called ar Arithmetic-geometric series. Summation of n terms:
dr(1 – rn–1) [a + (n – 1)d] n
Sn = 1 – r + (1 – r)2 – 1–r .r
4. Harmonical progression is defined as a series in which reciprocal of its terms are in
A.P.
1 1 1
The standard form of a H.P. is a + a + d + a + 2d + …
1
5. nth term of H.P. = a + (n – 1)d
n(n + 1)
6. i. 1 + 2 + 3 + … To n terms = 2
ii. 2 + 4 + 6 + … To n terms = n(n + 1)
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iii. 1 + 3 + 5 + … To n terms = n2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
iv. 12 + 22 + 32 + … to n3 = 6
n(n + 1)
v. 12 + 22 + 32 + … to n3 =  6 2
 
vi. A.M. > G.M. > H.M. For any two positive and unequal quantities
vii. (G.M.)2 = A.M. × H.M. For any two positive and unequal quantities.

STRAIGHT LINES

1. An acute angle (say ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is given by tan
 m1 – m2 
= 1 + m m , 1 + m1m2 0
 1 2
2. Equation of the line passing through the points (x1. y1) and (x2, y2) is given by y – y1 =
y2 – y1
x2 – x1 (x – x1)
x y
3. Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x- and y-axis, respectively, is a + b
= 1.
4. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By + C = 0 from a point (x1.y1) is given
|Ax1 + By1 + C|
by d =
A2 + B2
5. Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0, is given by
|C1 – C2|
d
A2 + B2

CONIC SECTIONS

1. The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
2. Equation of tangent:
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
3. The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and directrix x = – is y2 = 4ax.
4. Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the parabola,
through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
5. Length of the latus rectumof the parabola
y2 = 4ax is 4a.
6. The parametric equation of the parabola is x = at2, y = 2at.
7. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed
points in the plane is a constant.
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x2 y2
8. The equations of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is a2 + b2 = 1; its parametric
equation is
x = a cos; y = b sin
x2 y2 2b2
9. Latus rectum of the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1 is a
10. The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre of the
ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
11. A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane is a constant.
12. The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is
x2 y2 x2 y2
a2 – b2 = 1 ; two asymptotes: a2 – b2 = 0
x2 y2 2b2
13. Latus rectum of the hyperbola: a2 – b2 = 1 is a

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. The coordinates of the point R which divides the line segment joining two points
P(x1,y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) internally and externally in the ration m : n are given by
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz2 + nz1
  m + n  m + n  and
 m+n 
mx2 – nx1 my2 – ny1 mz2 – nz1
  m – 1  m – 1 , respectively
 m–n 
2. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose vertices are:
(x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) are
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3

3  3  3

 
3. If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line then
a b c
l= 2 , m= , n=
a + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2
4. l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two lines; and  is the acute angle
between the two lines; then cos  = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2|.
5. Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines l, m, n is
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
l = m = n
6. Shortest distance between
     
r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 is
   
 (b × b . ( a – a 
1))
 1 2 2
   
 |b1 × b2| 
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
7. The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is aand perpendicular
to the vector
   
N is ( r – a) . N = 0
 
8. Vector equation of a plane that passes through the line of intersection of planes r (n1 +

n2) = d1 + d2, where  is any nonzero constant.
    
9. The distance of a point whose position vector is a from the plane r . n = d is |d – a . n
|
10. Skew line: Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if they are neither parallel nor
intersecting.
(x2 – x1) (m1n2 – m2n1)
Shortest distant:
(m1n2 – m2n1)2

11. Equation of a sphere:

(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = R2 where centre is (a, b, c) and radius is R
General form: a(x + y2 + z2) + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
 u v w u2 v2 w2 d
Centre – a  a  – a  and a2 + a2 + a2 – a
 

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

LIMIT
1. A function f(x) has the limit L as x approaches a if the limit from the left exists and the
limit from the right exists and both limit are
lim lim lim
L that is, f(x) = f(x) = f(x)
xa+ xa– xa

lim lim
Let f(x) = l and g(x) = m. If l and m are finite then:
xa xa
lim
i. (f(x)  g(x)) = l m.
xa
lim
ii. f(x) . g(x) = l.m.
xa
lim f(x) l
iii. = , provided m  0.
xag(x) m
lim lim
iv. k f(x) = k f(x) = kl; where k is a constant.
xa xa
lim lim
v. [f(x) + k] = f(x) + k, where k is a constant.
xa xa
lim lim
vi. If f(x)  g(x), then f(x)  g(x).
xa xa
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lim
2. |x| = a
xa
0 
3. When the functional value is of the form: 0 , , – , ° … it is said to be

indeterminate form
4. Limit in a case of Composite Function:
lim  lim 
f[g(x)] = f  g(x); provided is continuous at x.
xa xa 
lim sin x lim x lim sin–1x lim x
5. = = =
x0 x x0sinx x0 x x0sin–1x
= 1 (Where x is measured in radian)
lim  1 lim
6. 1 +  x = (1 + x)1/x = e,
x x x0
lim  a lim lim
1 +  x = (1 + x) a/x = = en
x x x0 x

CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

1. All Polynomials, Trigonometrically, exponential and Logarithmic functions are

continuous in their domain.
2. If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at
x = a then the product function  (x) = f(x)g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous at
sin   x  0
x = a. e.g. f(x) & g(x) =  x
 0 x=0
n
3. For any positive integer n and any continuous function f, [f(x)]n and f(x) are
n
continuous. When n is even, the inputs of in f(x) are restricted to inputs x for which f
(x)  0.
4. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous, then so are:
f(x) + g(x), f(x) – g(x), and f(x) . g(x).
5. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous, so is g(x) / f(x), so long as the inputs x do not yield
outputs f(x) = 0.
6. A continuous function on a closed interval is bounded

DERIVATIVE AND APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE

1. Some of the fundamental theorems on differentiation are given below.
d d
i. dx {c. f(x)} = c dx f(x); c being some real number.
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

d
ii. dx (u + v + w + … + ) =
du dv dw d
+
dx dx dx + + …  dx where u, v, w …  are functions of x.
d dv du
iii. dx (uv) = u dx + v dx
du dv
v dx – u dx
d u
iv. dxv = v2 where v(x)  0
 
dy dy du
v. If y = f(u) = g(x) then dx = du . dx
d 1 1 du
vi. dxu = – u2 dx where u(x)  0
 
d u du
vii. dx |u| = |u| dx
d d
viii. dx (f(x)) = f(x) dx log f(x) where f(x) > 0
d v d
ix. dx (u ) = u v
dx (v log u)
dy dy yx dx
x. =
dx dt dt + where dt  0
2. Derivatives of some useful functions are listed below
d
i. dx (k) = 0; where k is a constant
d n
ii. dx (x ) = nx ; x being real
n–1

d
iii. dx(x) = 1
d
iv. dx (ex) = ex
d x
v. dx (a ) = a logea where a > 0, a  1
x

d
vi. dx (emx) = emmx
d 1
vii. dx (logex) = x , x > 0
d 1
viii. dx (logax) = xlog a , a > 0 a  1
e
d d
ix. dx (sin x) = cos x i.e. dx (sin mx) = m cos mx
d
x. dx (cos x) = – sin x
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

d
xi. dx (tan x) = sec x
2

d
xii. dx (sec x) = sec x. tan x
d
xiii. dx (cosec x) = – cosec x . cot x
d
xiv. dx (cot x) = – cosec2x
d 1
xv. dx (sin–1 x) = , |x| < 1
1 – x2
d –1
xvi. dx (cos–1 x) = , |x| < 1
1 – x2
d 1
xvii. dx (tan–1 x) = 1 + x2 , x  R
d –1
xviii. dx (cosec–1 x) = , |x| > 1
|x| x2 – 1
d 1
xix. dx (sec–1 x) = , |x| > 1
|x| x2 – 1
d –1
xx. dx (cot–1 x) = 1 + x2 , x  R
3. Derivatives of some important functions are listed here.
d x
i. dx (|x|) = |x| , x  0
d
ii. dx (sin x) = sin 2x
2

d
iii. dx log |sin x| = cot x
d  x
iv. dx log tan 2 = cosec x
 
d log f(x) d
v. dx [e ] = dx f(x) = f' (x)
d
vi. dx [– log |cos x|] = tan x
d
vii. dx log |sec x + tan x| = sec x
d 1
viii. dx log {x + x2 + a2 } =
x2 + a2
d  2x  2(1 – x2)
dx sin 1 + x2 = |1 – x2| (1 + x2) , x  1
ix. –1  

d  1 – x2  2x
x. dx cos –1  = ,x0
1 + x  |x| (1 + x2)
2
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

d  2x  2
xi. dx tan –1 = , x  1
1 – x  1 + x2
2

d ex – e–x
xii. dx , (sinh x) = coshx where sinh x = 2 ,
ex – e–x ex – e–x
cosh x = 2 , tanh x = ex + e–x and
cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 etc.
d
xiii. dx (cosh x) = sinh x
d
xiv. dx (tanh x) = sech2x
d
xv. dx (coth x) = – cosech2x
d
xvi. dx (cosech x) = sech x. tanh x
d
xvii. dx (cosech x) = – cosech x. cot x
d 1
xviii. dx (sinh–1 x) =
1 + x2
d 1
xix. dx (cosh–1x) = ,x>1
x2 – 1
d 1
xx. dx (tanh–1x) = – 1 – x2 , x < 1
d 1
xxi. dx (cosech–1 x) = –
x 1 + x2
d 1
xxii. dx (sech–1x) = – ,x<1
x 1 – x2
d 1
xxiii. dx (coth–1x) = – x2 – 1 , x > 1

4. Interpretation of the Derivative: If y = f(x) then,

a. m = f' (a) is the slope of the tangent line to y = f(x) at x = a and the equation of
the tangent line at x = a is given by y = f(a) + f'(a) (x – a).
b. f' (a) is the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x = a.
c. If f(x) is the position of an object at time x then f' (a) is the velocity of the object
at x = a.
5. Basic Properties and Formulas: If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions (the
derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers
1. (cf)' = cf'(x) 2. (f  g)' = f'(x)  g'(x)
f f'g – fg'
3. (fg)' = f'g + fg' 4.  ' =
g g2
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

d n d
5. dx (x ) = nx n–1 6. dx (f(g(x))) = f'(g(x))g'(x)
6. Increasing / Decreasing:
i. If f'(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is increasing on the interval I.
ii. If f'(x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f() is decreasing on the interval I.
iii. If f'(x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is constant on the interval I.
7. Concave Up/Concave Down:
i. If f''(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave up on the interval I.
ii. If f'' (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave down on the interval I.
8. 1 Derivative Test: If x = c is a critical point of f(x) then x = c is
st

1. a rel. max. of f(x) if f'(x) > 0 to the left of x = c and f'(x) < 0 to the right of x = c.
2. a rel. min. of f(x) if f'(x) < 0 to the left of x = c and f'(x) > 0 to the right of x = c.
3. not a relative extreme of f(x) if f' (x) is the same sign on both sides of x = c.
2nd Derivative Test: If x = c is a critical point of f(x) such that f'(c) = 0 then x = c
1. is a relative maximum of f(x) if f'' (c) < 0
2. is a relative minimum of f(x) if f'' (c) > 0
3. f(x) may have a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if f'' (c) = 0
9. Men value theorem: If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable
f(b) – f(a)
on the open interval (a, b) then there is a number a < c < b such that f'(c) = b – a
10. Rolle's theorem: If a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
differentiable in an interval (a, b) and also f(a) = f(b), then there exist at least one value
c of x in the interval (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.
lim f(x) f '(a) f ''(a)
11. L'Hospital's rule: = =
xa(x) '(a) ''(a)
If f(a) = 0 or , (a) = 0 or , '(a) = 0 or 

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
xn + 1
1. i. x dx = n + 1 + ; n + 1  0
n

ii. 1.dx = x + k
1
iii. x dx = log x + k

f '(x) dx
iv.  = log f(x) + k
 f(x)
v. ex dx = ex + k
1
vi. eax dx = a aax + k
vii.  cos x dx = sin x + k
viii.  sin x dx = – cos x + k
ix.  sec2x dx = tanx + k
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

x.  cosec2x dx = – cotx + k
xi.  sec x tanx dx = sec x + k
xii. cosec x. cot x dx = – cosec x + k
 dx
xiii.  = – cos–1 x + k
 1 – x2

 dx
xiv.  = – sin–1 x + k
 1–x
2

 dx
xv.  dx = tan–1 x + K
 1 – x2

1
xvi. ax dx = log a ax + k ; a > 0 at a  1
xvii. coshx dx = sinh x + k
xviii.  sinh x dx = cosh x + k
xix.  sech2x dx = tanh x + k
xx.  cosech2x dx = – coth x + k
 1
xxi.  x = sinh–1 x + k
 1 + x 2

 1
xxii.  dx = cosh–1 x + k
 x –1
2

Integration of some standard functions

i. log x dx = x log x – x + k
ii. tan x dx = log (sec x) + k
  x
iii. sec x dx = log tan 4 + 2 + k
  
= log (secx + tanx) + k
 x
iv. cosec x dx = log tan 2 + k
 
= log (cosec x – cotx) + k
v. cot x dx = log sin x + k = – log (cosec x) + k
 dx 1 a + x
vi. a2 – x2 = 2a log x + a + k where x2< a2
  
 dx 1  x – a 
vii.  2 = log   + k where x2> a2
x – a 2a x + a
2

 dx x
–1  + k
viii.  = sin
 a –x
2 2 a
 dx
ix.  2 = log (x + x2 – a2 + k
 x – a 2
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

x
= cosh–1a + k
 
 dx 1 x
x.  2 = tan –1  + k
x + a a a
2

 dx
xi.  2 = log (x + x2 + a2 + k
 x +a
2

x
= sinh–1a
 
(acos bx + b sin bx)
xii. eax cos bx dx = eax a 2 + b2 +k
a sin bx – b cos bx
xiii. eax sin bx dx = eax a 2 + b2 +k

 dx 1 x
–1  + k, x > a > 0
xiv.  = a sec
x x – a
2 2 a
x a2 – x2 a2 x
xv.  a2 – x2 dx = 2 + 2 sin –1  + k
a 
x x2 – a2 a2
xvi.  x2 – dx =
a2 2 – 2 log |x + x2 – a2 + k
x x2 + a2 a2
xvii.  x2 + a2 dx = 2 – 2 log (x + x2 + a2) + k
xviii. tanh x dx = log cosh x + k
xix. coth x dx = log sinh x + k
xx.  sin–1 x dx = x sin–1x + 1 – x2 + k
1
xxi.  tan–1 x dx = x tan–1 x – 2 log (1 + x2) + k
2. Fundamental theorem of calculus:
Part I : If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then
x
g(x) =  f(t) dt is also continuous on [a, b] and
a
dx
g'(x) = dx  f(t) dt = f(x).
a
Part II: f(x) is continuous on [a, b], F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) i.e. F(x) = f(x) dx
b
then  f(x) dx
a
= F(b) – F(a)
3. Integration by Substitution: The substitution
b g(b)
u = g(x) will convert  f(g(x)) g'(x) dx =  f(u) du
a g(a)
using du = g'(x) dx.
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

4. Integration by parts:
b b b
u dv = uv – vdu and  udv = uv |a –  vdu.
a a
Choose u and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v
using v = dv
 P(x)
5. Integration by Partial fraction: If integrating Q(x) dx where the degree of P(x) is

smaller than the degree of Q(x). Factor denominator as completely as possible and
find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial
fraction decomposition (P.F.D.).
6. Some properties of definite integral:
a. If an interval [a, b] (a < b), the function f(x) and (x) satisfy the condition f(x)
a b
(x), then  f(x) dx   (x) dx
b a
b. If ma and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval
[a, b] and a  b, then
a
m(b – a)   f(x) dx  M(b – a)
b
b c b
c.  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x), where a < c < b
a a c
b b
d.  f(x) dx =  f(a + b – x) dx
a a
na b
e.  f(x) dx = n  f(a + b – x) dx, where a is the period of the function and n  I.
0 a
a
f.  f(x) dx
–a
a f(x)dx if f(x) is even function i.e. f(–x) = f(x)
0
0 if f(x) is odd function i.e. f(x) = –f(x)
2a 2a f(x) dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)
g.  f(x) dx =  0
0
 0 if f(2a – x) = –f(x)
d g(x)
7. Leibnitz rule: dx  f(t) dt = g'(x) f(g(x)) – f'(x) F(f(x))
f(x)
8. If a series can be put in the form
1 x=n–1  r  1 r = n  r 
n r f   or  r  , then its limit as
= 0 n n r = 1 n
1
n  is  f(x) dx
0

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

b
1. Net area:  f(x) dx represents the area between the curve y = f(x), x-axis and two
a
ordinates at x = a and x = b(b > a) with area above x-axis positive and area below x-
axis negative.
2. Area between curves:
y = f(x)  A =
b
 [upper function] – [lower function] dx and x = f(y)
a
d
 A =  [right function] – [left function] dy
c
b
3. If f(x) 0 for a  x  b and f is continuous on [a, b] then  f(x) dx  0
a

MATRICES
1. Order of a matrix: A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix of
order m × n.
i = 1 2 ... m
A = [aij]m×n where
j = 1 2 ... n
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column.
2. Properties of Scalar Multiplication: If A, B are Matrices of the same order and p, q are
any two scalars then –
i. p(A + B) = pA + pB
ii. (p + q)A = pA + qA
iii. p(qA) = (pqA) = q(pA)
iv. (–pA) = –(pA) = p(–A)
v. tr (kA) = k tr (A)
3. Multiplication of matrices: If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will
be defined only when number of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A
= [aij]m×n and B = [bij]n×p then their product AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of order m × p,
n
where (AB)ij = cij =  air brj
x =1
4. Positive Integral Powers of a Matrix:
For any positive integers m, n
i. Am An = Am + n
ii. (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
iii. In = I.Im = I
iv. A° = In where A is a square matrices of order n.
5. Transpose of a matrix: The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its
rows into columns or columns into rows is called transpose of matrix A and is
denoted by AT or A'. From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m × n, then
order of AT is n × m.
Properties of Transpose
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

i. (AT)T = A
ii. (A  B)T = AT BT
iii. (AB)T = BT AT
iv. (kA)T = k(A)T K is scalar
v. IT = 1
vi. tr (A) = tr (A)T
vii. (A1, A2, A3 … An–1 An)T = An An–1T … A3T A2T A1T
6. Inverse of matrix: If A and B are two matrices such that AB = 1 = BA then B is called
the inverse of A and it is denoted by A–1, thus
A–1 = B  AB = 1 = BA
adj.A
To find inverse matrix of given matrix A we use following formula A–1 = |A|
Thus A–1 exists  |A|  0
7. A square matrix A is said to be
i. sysmmetric if aij = – aji
ii. skew-symmetric if aij = – aji
8. The product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero matrices.
9. The product of any matrix with its transpose is symmetric

DETERMINANTS
1. To find value of third order determinant
a11 a12 a13
Let  =a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Be a third order determinant. To find its value we expand it by any row or column as
the sum of three determinants of order 2. If we expand it by first row then
a22 a23 a21 a23
 = a11a  – a12 
a33 + a13
 32 a33 a31
a21 a22
 
a31 a32
2. Minor: The determinant that is left by cancelling the row and column intersecting at a
particular element is called minor of that element.
3. Cofactor: The cofactor of an element aij where M is monor of element aij.
4. Multiplication of two determinants:
Multiplication of two third order determinants is defined as follows:
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
a2 b2 c2 × l2 m2 n2
a3 b3 c3 l3 m3 n3
a1l1+b1l2+c2l3 a1m1+b1m2+c1m3 a1n1+b1n2+c1n3
= a2l1+b2l2+c2l3 a2m1+b2m2+c2m3 a2n1+b2n2+c2n3
a3l1+b3l2+c3l3 a3m1+b3m2+c3m3 a3n1+b3n2+c3n3
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

5. System of linear equation in three unknowns: Using Crammer's rule of determinant

we get
x y z 1 1 2 3
= = = i.e. x =  y =  z =
1 2 3    
Case – I : If  0
1 2 3
Then x =  y =  z =
  
 The system is consistent and has unique solutions.
Case – II If  = 0 and
i. If at least one of 1 , 2 , 3 is not zero then the system of equations is
inconsistent i.e. has no solution.
ii. If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 or 1, 2, 3 are all zero then the system is consistent and has
infinitely many solutions.
A
6. If for square matrix A and n,  2 and A. adj A is non-singular then (adj A)–1 = |A|
7. If A is non-singular, adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
8. If A is any square matrix of order n  2 then |adj A| = |A|n–1

VECTORS

1. Triangle law of vector addition of two vector Magnitude of R : R =
A2 + B2 + 2AB cos
  
2. Components of vector: Consider a vector A : = A1 + A2 as shown.
y y

O →
x →
A
i A2
k
→
x
z O A1

→ →
A2 A

→ x
O A1 i

      
A1 = Ax i, A2 = Ay jA = Ax i + Ay j

The quantities Ax and Ay are called x- and y- components of the vector A. Ax is itself
 
not a vector but Ax i is a vector and so is Ay j. Ax = A cos and Ay = A sin
 
3. Scalar Product: A.B = AB cos (here  is the angle between the vectors)
   
4. Vector Product: C = A × B = AB sinn
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

5. Given vectors
           
x1 a + y1b + z1 c, x2 a + y2b + z2 c, x3 a + y3b + z3 c where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors,
x1 y1 z1
will be coplanar if and only if x2 y2 z2 = 0
x3 y3 z3
6. Scalar triple product:
           
a. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3k, b = b1 i + b2 j + b3k, and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3k then
    a1 a2 a3 
( a × b . c) = [ a b c] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3 

b. [a b c] = volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are formed by a
 
, b, c.
     
c. a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [ a, b, c] = 0
   
d. Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively are coplanar if
  
and only if [AB, AC, AD] = 0 i.e. if and only if
   
[ b – a c – a d – a] = 0
1  
Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges a, b, c = 6[ a b c ]
  
e.
   1
f. Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges a, b, c = 2

[
  
 abc  ]
7. Lagrange's identity:

a .
 
c a . d
( a × b) ( c ×d) =    =
   

b . c b d 
       
= ( a . b) ( b ×d) – ( a ×d) ( b × c)

8. Reciprocal system of vectors:

     
If a, b, c be any three non coplanar vectors so that [ a, b, c]  0 then the three vectors
 
a' b', c' defined by the equations
     
 b×c  c×a  a×b
a' =  , b' =  , c' =  are called the reciprocal system of vectors to the
[ a b c] [ a b c] [ a b c]
  
given vectors a, b, c
9. Application of vector in geometry:
   
a. Vector equation of a straight line passing through two points a and b is r = a +
 
t( b – a)
    
b. Vector equation of a plane passing through the points a, b, c is r = (1 – s – t) a +
           
sb + t c or r .( b × c + c × a + a × b) = [ a, b, c]
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

 
c. Vector equation of a plane passing through the point a and perpendicular to n is
  
r .n = a . n is given by

d. Perpendicular distance of a point P® from a line passing through a and parallel

to b is given by
     
|( r – a × b)|    2 ( r – a) . b 21/2
PM =  = ( r – a) –    
| b|  
 | b|  

e. Perpendicular distance of a point P® from a plane passing through a and
 
parallel to b and c is given by
   
( r – a) . ( b × c )
PM =  
| b × c|

f. Perpendicular distance of a point P® from a plane passing through the points, a,
       
  ( r – a) ( b × c + c × a + a × b)
b and c is given By PM =      
| b × c + c × a + a × b|

PARABOLA

Eqn of parabola Vertex Focus Length of Latus rectum Eqn of directrix

y2=4ax (0, 0) (a, 0) 4|a| x+a=0

x2 = 4ay (0, 0) (0, a) 4|a| y+a=0
(y–k)2 = 4a(x – h) (h, k) (h + a,k) 4|a| x–h+a = 0
(x–h)2 = 4a(y – k) (h, k) (h, k + a) 4|a| y–k+a=0

Parametric of y2 = 4ax is x = at2, y = 2at (at2, 2at) is any point on parabola y2 = 4ax

With respect to parabola y2 = 4ax, a point (x1, y1) lies

 Outside the parabola if y12> 4ax1
 On the parabola y12 = 4ax1
 Inside the parabola if y12< 4ax1
A line y = mx + c is a tangent to a parabola
a
y2 = 4ax if c = m
a
A parabola y = mx + m is tangent to parabola
y2 = 4ax
Equation of a tangent to a parabola y2 = 4ax at a point (x1, y1) yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
 a 2a
The coordinates of point of contact of a tangent y = mx + c and parabola y2 = 4ax is m2  m 
 
 FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

Equation of a normal to parabola y2 = 4ax at a point (x1, y1) is

y = mx – 2am – am3
Where m is slope of normal

ELLIPSE
Standard equation of the ellipse is
x2 y2
a2 + b2 = 1 (a > b)
Length of major axis = 2a
Length of minor axis = 2b
Centre = (0, 0)
b2
Eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2 < 1
Foci = ( ae, 0)
2b2
Length of latus rectum = a
a
Equation of directrices: x = e
Vertices: ( a, 0)
Distance between foci = 2ae
2a
Distance between directrices = e
Parametric form:
x = a cos, y = b sin