Thermodynamic MPE104 (Sheet 1 Solution)

1-1 A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90oC.

Determine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank
Solution:
The state of the saturated liquid water is shown on a T-v diagram
in the figure below. Since saturation conditions exist in the tank, the
pressure must be the saturation pressure at 90oC:
P = Psat@90C =70.183 kPa (Table A-4)
The specific volume of the saturated liquid at 90oC is :
υ = υf@90C = 0.001036 m3/kg (Table A-4)
Then the total volume of the tank becomes :
V = mυ = (50 kg)(0.001036 m3/kg) = 0.0518 m3

1-2 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of saturated water vapor at

50 kPa pressure. Determine the temperature and the mass of the
vapor inside the cylinder
Solution:
The state of the saturated water vapor is shown on a P-v diagram
in the figure below. Since the cylinder contains saturated vapor at 50 kPa,
the temperature inside must be the saturation temperature at this pressure:
T = Tsat@50kPa=81.32oC (Table A-5)
The specific volume of the saturated vapor at 50 kPa is :
υ = υg@50kPa = 3.2403 m3/kg (Table A-5)
Then the mass of water vapor inside the cylinder becomes:
m = V/υ = (0.05 m3) / ( 3.2403 m3/kg)= 0.0154 kg

1-3 A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporized at

a constant pressure of 100 kPa. Determine (a) the volume change and
(b) the amount of energy transferred to the water.
Solution:
(a) The process described is illustrated on a P-v diagram in
Figure below. The volume change per unit mass during a vaporization
process is υfg , which is the difference between υg and υf . Reading these
values from Table A–5 at 100 kPa and substituting yield :
υfg = υg - υf = 1.6941 - 0.001043 = 1.6931 m3/kg
Thus,
ΔV = mυfg = (0.2 kg)(1.6931 m3/kg) = 0.3386 m3

(b) The amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of a substance at

a given pressure is the enthalpy of vaporization at that pressure, which is
hfg = 2257.5 kJ/kg for water at 100 kPa. Thus, the amount of energy
transferred is :
mhfg = (0.2 kg)(2257.5 kJ/kg) = 451.5 kJ
1-4 A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90oC. If 8 kg of the water is in
the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the
pressure in the tank and (b) the volume of the tank
Solution:
(a) The state of the saturated liquid–vapor mixture is shown in
the figure below. Since the two phases coexist in equilibrium, we have a
saturated mixture, and the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the
given temperature:
P = Psat @90C = 70.183 kPa (Table A– 4)
(b) At 90oC, we have υf = 0.001036 m3/kg and υg = 2.3593 m3/kg
(Table A–4). One way of finding the volume of the tank is to determine the
volume occupied by each phase and then add them:
V = Vf + Vg = mf υf + mg υg = (8 kg)(0.001036 m3/kg) + (2 kg)(2.3593
m3/kg) = 5 4.73 m3
Another way is to first determine the quality x, then the average specific
volume υ, and finally the total volume:
x = mg / mt = 2 kg / 10 kg = 0.2
υ = υf + x υfg = 0.001036 m3/kg + (0.2)[(2.3593 - 0.001036) m3/kg] =
0.473 m3/kg
V = mυ = (10 kg)(0.473 m3/kg) = 4.73 m3

Discussion: The first method appears to be easier in this case since the
masses of each phase are given. In most cases, however, the masses of
each phase are not available, and the second method becomes more
convenient
1-5 An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-134a at a pressure of 160
kPa. Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the quality, (c) the enthalpy
of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume occupied by the vapor phase.
Solution :
(a) The state of the saturated liquid–vapor mixture is shown in the figure
below. At this point we do not know whether the refrigerant is in the
compressed liquid, superheated vapor, or saturated mixture region. This
can be determined by comparing a suitable property to the saturated liquid
and saturated vapor values. From the information given, we can determine
the specific volume:
υ = V/m = 0.080 m3/4 kg = 0.02 m3/kg
At 160 kPa, we read :
υf = 0.0007435 m3/kg
υg= 0.12355 m3/kg (Table A–12)
Obviously, υf < υ < υg , and the refrigerant is in the saturated mixture
region. Thus, the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the
specified pressure:
T = Tsat @ 160 kPa = -15.6 oC
(b) Quality can be determined from :
x = (υ – υf) / υfg = (0.02 – 0.0007435) / (0.12355 – 0.0007435) = 0.157

(c) At 160 kPa, we also read from Table A–12 that hf = 31.18 kJ/kg and
hfg = 209.96 kJ/kg. Then,
h = hf + x hfg = 31.18 kJ/kg + (0.157)(209.96 kJ/kg) = 64.1 kJ/kg

(d) The mass of the vapor is :

mg = x mt = (0.157) (4 kg) = 0.628 kg
and the volume occupied by the vapor phase is :
Vg = mg υg = (0.628 kg)(0.12355 m3/kg ) = 0.0776 m3 (or 77.6 L)
The rest of the volume (2.4 L) is occupied by the liquid

1-6 Determine the internal energy of water at 0.5 MPa and 1100 oC
Solution:
At 0.5 MPa, the saturation temperature is 151.83 oC. Since T >Tsat , the
water is in the superheated vapor region. Then the internal energy at the
given temperature and pressure is determined from the superheated
vapor table (Table A–6) to be :
u = 4259 kJ/kg
1-7 Determine the temperature of water at a state of P = 0.5 MPa and h =
2890 kJ/kg.
Solution:
At 0.5 MPa, the enthalpy of saturated water vapor is hg = 2748.1 kJ/kg.
Since h > hg , as shown in the figure below, we have superheated vapor
Under 0.5 MPa in Table A–6 we read :
at T=200oC, h=2855.8 kJ/kg
at T=250oC, h=2961.0 kJ/kg
Obviously, the temperature is between 200 and 250 oC. By linear
interpolation it is determined to be :
T = 216.3oC

1-8 Determine the internal energy of compressed liquid water at 80oC

and 5 MPa
Solution:
At 80oC, the saturation pressure of water is 47.416 kPa, and since
5 MPa > Psat , we obviously have compressed liquid, as shown in the
figure below.
From the saturation table (Table A–4), we read :
u = uf@80C = 334.97 kJ/kg

1-9 Determine the missing properties and the phase descriptions in the
following table for water :
case T, oC P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description
(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0
Solution:
Case (a) The quality is given to be x = 0.6, which implies that 60 percent
of the mass is in the vapor phase and the remaining 40 percent is in the
liquid phase. Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor mixture at a
pressure of 200 kPa. Then the temperature must be the saturation
temperature at the given pressure:
T = Tsat @ 200 kPa = 120.21oC (Table A-5)
At 200 kPa, we also read from Table A–5 that uf = 504.50 kJ/kg and ufg =
2024.6 kJ/kg. Then the average internal energy of the mixture is :
u = uf + x ufg= 504.50 kJ/kg + (0.6)(2024.6 kJ/kg) = 1719.26 kJ/kg

Case (b) This time the temperature and the internal energy are given, but
we do not know which table to use to determine the missing properties
because we have no clue as to whether we have saturated mixture,
compressed liquid, or superheated vapor. To determine the region we are
in, we first go to the saturation table (Table A–4) and determine the uf and
ug values at the given temperature. At 125oC , we read uf = 524.83 kJ/kg
and ug = 2534.3 kJ/kg. Next we compare the given u value to these uf and
ug values,keeping in mind that :
if u < uf we have compressed liquid
if u = uf we have saturated liquid
if uf < u < ug we have saturated mixture
if u = ug we have saturated gas
if u > ug we have superheated vapor
In our case the given u value is 1600, which falls between the uf and ug
values at 125oC Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor mixture. Then
the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the given temperature:
P = Psat@125C = 232.23 kPa (Table A– 4)
The quality is determined from :
x = (u – uf) / ufg = (1600 – 524.83) / 2009.5 = 0.535
The criteria above for determining whether we have compressed liquid,
saturated mixture, or superheated vapor can also be used when enthalpy h
or specific volume υ is given instead of internal energy u, or when pressure
is given instead of temperature.

Case (c) This is similar to case (b), except pressure is given instead of
temperature. Following the argument given above, we read the uf and ug
values at the specified pressure. At 1 MPa, we have uf = 761.39 kJ/kg and
ug = 2582.8 kJ/kg. The specified u value is 2950 kJ/kg, which is greater
than the ug value at 1 MPa. Therefore, we have superheated vapor, and the
temperature at this state is determined from the superheated vapor table by
interpolation to be :
T = 395.2oC (Table A– 6)
We would leave the quality column blank in this case since quality has no
meaning for a superheated vapor

Case (d) In this case the temperature and pressure are given, but again we
cannot tell which table to use to determine the missing properties because
we do not know whether we have saturated mixture, compressed liquid, or
superheated vapor. To determine the region we are in, we go to the
saturation table (Table A–5) and determine the saturation temperature
value at the given pressure. At 500 kPa, we have Tsat = 151.83oC . We then
compare the given T value to this Tsat value, keeping in mind that :
if T < Tsat @ given P we have compressed liquid
if T = Tsat @ given P we have saturated mixture
if T > Tsat @ given P we have superheated vapor
In our case, the given T value is 75oC, which is less than the Tsat value at
the specified pressure. Therefore, we have compressed liquid as shown in
the figure below, and we treat the compressed liquid as saturated liquid at
the given temperature (not pressure):
u = uf@75C = 313.99 kJ/kg (Table A– 4)
We would leave the quality column blank in this case since quality has no
meaning in the compressed liquid region.

Case (e) The quality is given to be x = 0, and thus we have saturated liquid
at the specified pressure of 850 kPa. Then the temperature must be the
saturation temperature at the given pressure, and the internal energy must
have the saturated liquid value:
T = Tsat@850kPa = 172.94 oC
u = uf@850kPa = 731 kJ/kg (Table A–5)
1-10 Complete this table for H2O:
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
140 0.05
550 Saturated liquid
125 750
500 0.140
Solution :
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
140 361.53 0.05 Saturated mixture
155.46 550 0.001097 Saturated liquid
125 750 0.001065 Compressed liquid
500 2500 0.140 Superheated vapor
1-11 Complete this table for refrigerant-134a :
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
-4 320
10 0.0065
850 Saturated vapor
60 600
Solution :
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
-4 320 0.000764 Compressed liquid
10 414.89 0.0065 Saturated mixture
33.45 850 0.02409 Saturated vapor
60 600 0.04632 Superheated vapor
1-12 Complete the following table for H2O:
T, oC P, kPa u, kJ / kg Phase description
400 1450
220 Saturated vapor
190 2500
4000 3040
Solution :
T, oC P, kPa u, kJ / kg Phase description
143.61 400 1450 Saturated mixture
220 2319.6 2601.3 Saturated vapor
190 2500 806 Compressed liquid
466.21 4000 3040 Superheated vapor
1-13 Complete the following table for H2O:
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
50 7.72
400 Saturated vapor
250 500
110 350
Solution :
T, oC P, kPa υ, m3/kg Phase description
50 12.35 7.72 Saturated mixture
143.6 400 0.4624 Saturated vapor
250 500 0.4744 Superheated vapor
110 350 0.001052 Compressed liquid
1-14 A 1.8-m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220oC . One-third of the
volume is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor form.
Determine (a) the pressure of the steam, (b) the quality of the
saturated mixture, and (c) the density of the mixture
Solution :
At 220oC, υf = 0.001190 m3/kg and υg = 0.08609
m3/kg (Table A-4).
(a) Two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have
a saturated liquid vapor mixture. The pressure of the
steam is the saturation pressure at the given
temperature. Then the pressure in the tank must be
the saturation pressure at the specified temperature,
P = Psat @220C = 2320 kPa
(b) The total mass and the quality are determined as :
mf = Vf / υf = (1/3 x (1.8 m3)) / 0.001190 m3/kg = 504.2 kg
mg = Vg / υg = (2/3 x (1.8 m3)) / 0.08609 m3/kg = 13.94 kg
mt = mf + mg = 504.2 + 13.94 = 518.1 kg
x = mg / mt = 13.94 / 518.1 = 0.0269
(c) The density is determined from :
υ = υf + xυfg =υf + x(υg – υf) =0.001190+(0.0269)(0.08609)=0.003474
m3/kg
ρ = 1/υ = 1/0.003474 = 287.8 kg/m3

1-15 10-kg of R-134a fill a 1.348 m3 rigid container at an initial

temperature of -40oC. The container is then heated until the pressure
is 200 kPa. Determine the final temperature and the initial pressure.
Solution :

This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is :

υ1 = υ2 = V / m = 1.348 m3 / 10 kg = 0.1348 m3/kg
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the pressure is the
saturation pressure at the given temperature
P1 = Psat @ -40C = 51.25 kPa (Table A-11)
The final state is superheated vapor and by knowing P2 = 200 kPa, υ2 =
0.1348 m3/kg, the temperature is determined by interpolation to be :
T2 = 66.3oC (Table A-13)

1-16 A 9m3 container is filled with 300 kg of R-134a at 10oC. What is the
specific enthalpy of the R-134a in the container?
Solution : The specific volume is :
υ = V / m = 9 m3 / 300 kg = 0.03 m3/kg
Inspection of Table A-11 indicates that this is a mixture of liquid and
vapor. Using the properties at 10°C line, the quality and the enthalpy are
determined to be :
x = (υ – υf) / υfg = ((0.03-0.0007929)m3/kg) / ((0.049466-
0.0007929)m3/kg) = 0.6001
h = hf + x hfg = 65.42 + (0.6001)(190.80) = 179.9 kJ/kg
1-17 10 kg of R-134a at 300 kPa fills a rigid container whose volume is 14
L. Determine the temperature and total enthalpy in the container. The
container is now heated until the pressure is 600 kPa. Determine the
temperature and total enthalpy when the heating is completed
Solution :

This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is :

υ1 = υ2 = V / m = 0.014 m3 / 10 kg = 0 .0014 m3/kg
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the temperature is
the saturation temperature at the given pressure. From Table A-12 by
interpolation :
T1 = Tsat@300kPa = 0.61oC, Then,
x1 = (υ1 – υf) / υfg = ((0.0014 - 0.0007735)m3/kg) / ((0.067776- 0.
0007735)m3/kg) = 0.009351
h1 = hf + x1 hfg = 52.71 + (0.009351)(198.17) = 54.56 kJ/kg
The total enthalpy is then :
H1 = mh1 = (10 kg)(54.56 kJ/kg) = 545.6 kJ
The final state is also saturated mixture. Repeating the calculations at this
state,
T2 = Tsat@600kPa = 21.55oC
x2 = (υ2 – υf) / υfg = ((0.0014 - 0.0008198)m3/kg) / ((0.034335- 0.
0008198)m3/kg) = 0.01731
h2 = hf + x2 hfg = 81.50 + (0.01731)(180.95) = 84.64 kJ/kg
H2 = mh2 = (10 kg)(84.64 kJ/kg) = 846.4 kJ
1-18 100-kg of R-134a at 200 kPa are contained in a piston cylinder
device whose volume is 12.322 m3 . The piston is now moved until
the volume is one-half its original size. This is done such that the
pressure of the R-134a does not change. Determine the final
temperature and the change in the total internal energy of the R-134a.

Solution :

υ1 = V / m = 12.322 m3 / 100 kg = 0.12322 m3/kg

The initial state is superheated and the internal energy at this state is :
at P1 = 200 kPa and υ1 = 0.12322 m3/kg, u1 = 263.08 kJ/kg (Table A - 13)
The final specific volume is :
υ2 = υ1 / 2 = (0.12322 m3/kg) / 2 = 0.06161 m3/kg
This is a constant pressure process. The final state is determined to be
saturated mixture whose temperature is :
T2 = Tsat @ 200 kPa = - 10.09oC (Table A - 12)
The internal energy at the final state is (Table A-12) :
x2 = (υ2 – υf) / υfg = ((0.06161 - 0.0007532)m3/kg) / ((0.099951- 0.
0007532)m3/kg) = 0.6135
u2 = uf + x2 ufg = 38.26 + (0.6135)(186.25) = 152.52 kJ/kg
Hence, the change in the internal energy is :
∆u = u2 – u1 = 152.52 – 263.08 = -110.6 kJ/kg

1-19 Water initially at 200 kPa and 300oC is contained in a piston-cylinder

device fitted with stops. The water is allowed to cool at constant
pressure until it exists as a saturated vapor and the piston rests on the
stops. Then the water continues to cool until the pressure is 100 kPa.
On the T-v diagrams sketch, with respect to the saturation lines, the
 process curves passing through both the initial, intermediate, and
final states of the water. Label the T, P and υ values for end states on
the process curves. Find the overall change in internal energy
between the initial and final states per unit mass of water.
Solution :

The process is shown on T-υ diagram. The internal energy at the initial
state is :
At P1 = 200 kPa and T1 = 300oC, u1 = 2808.8 kJ/kg (Table A - 6)
State 2 is saturated vapor at the initial pressure. Then,
At P2 = 200 kPa and x2 = 1 (sat. vapor), υ2 = 0.8858 m3/kg (Table A - 5)
Process 2-3 is a constant-volume process. Thus,
At P3 = 100 kPa and υ3 = υ2 = 0.8858 m3/kg, u3 = 1508.6 kJ/kg (Table A –
5)
The overall change in internal energy is :
∆u = u1 – u3 = 2808.8 – 1508.6 = 1300 kJ/kg

1-20 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.005 m3 of liquid water and 0.9

m3 of water vapor in equilibrium at 600 kPa. Heat is transferred at
constant pressure until the temperature reaches 200oC.
(a) What is the initial temperature of the water?
(b) Determine the total mass of the water.
(c) Calculate the final volume.
(d) Show the process on a P-υ diagram with respect to saturation
lines.
Solution:

(a) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated

liquid-vapor mixture. Then the temperature
in the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
T = Tsat@600 kPa = 158.8oC
(b) The total mass in this case can easily be determined by adding the mass
of each phase,
mf = Vf / υf = (0.005 m3) / (0.001101 m3/kg) = 4.543 kg
mg = Vg / υg = (0.9 m3) / (0.3156 m3/kg) = 2.852 kg
mt = mf + mg = 4.543 + 2.852 = 7.395 kg
(c) At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is :
At P2 = 600 kPa and T2 = 200oC, υ2 = 0.3521 m3/kg (Table A-6)
Then,
V2 = mt υ2 = (7.395 kg)(0.3521 m3/kg) = 2.604 m3
1-21 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.6 kg of steam at 200oC and 0.5
MPa. Steam is cooled at constant pressure until one-half of the mass
condenses.
(a) Show the process on a T-υ diagram.
(b) Find the final temperature.
(c) Determine the volume change.
Solution :

(b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture,
and thus the final temperature must be the saturation
temperature at the final pressure,
T = [email protected] = 151.83 oC (Table A-5)

(c) The quality at the final state is specified to be x2 = 0.5. The specific
volumes at the initial and the final states are :
At P1 = 0.5 MPa and T1 = 200oC, υ1 = 0.42503 m3/kg (Table A-6)
At P2 = 0.5 MPa and x2 = 0.5 , υ2 = υf + x2 υfg = 0.001093 + 0.5 (0.37483
– 0.001093) = 0.1880 m3/kg
Thus,
∆V = m(υ2 – υ1) = (0.6 kg)(0.1880 - 0.42503) m3/kg = -0.14222 m3

1-22 A piston-cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40

o
C and 200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at constant pressure
until the entire liquid is vaporized.
(a) What is the mass of the water?
(b) What is the final temperature?
(c) Determine the total enthalpy change.
(d) Show the process on a T-υ diagram with respect to saturation
lines.

Solution :

Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P > Psat@40C) that
can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the specified temperature
(Table A-4)
υ1 = υf@40C = 0.001008 m3/kg
h1 = hf@40C = 167.53 kJ/kg
(a) The mass is determined from :
m = V1 / υ1 = (0.050 m3) / (0.001008 m3/kg) = 49.61 kg
(b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the
final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure,
T = Tsat@200 kPa = 120.21oC
(c) The final enthalpy is h2 = hg@200 kPa = 2706.3 kJ/kg. Thus,
ΔH = m(h2 – h1) = (49.61 kg)(2706.3 - 167.53) kJ/kg = 125.95 kJ

1-23 100 grams of R-134a initially fill a weighted piston-cylinder device

at 60 kPa and -20oC. The device is then heated until the temperature
is 100oC. Determine the change in the device’s volume as a result of
the heating.
Solution :

The initial specific volume is :

At P1 = 60 kPa, T1 = - 20oC, υ1 = 0.33608 m3/kg (Table A – 13)
and the initial volume is :
V1 = m υ1 = (0.1 kg)(0.33608 m3/kg) = 0.033608 m3
At the final state, we have :
At P2 = 60 kPa, T2 = 100oC, υ2 = 0.5041 m3/kg (Table A – 13)
V2 = m υ2 = (0.1 kg)(0.5041 m3/kg) = 0.05041 m3
The volume change is then :
ΔV = V2 – V1 = 0.05041 – 0.033608 = 0.0168 m3

1-24 A rigid tank contains water vapor at 250oC and an unknown pressure.
When the tank is cooled to 124oC, the vapor starts condensing.
Estimate the initial pressure in the tank.
Solution :

This is a constant volume process (υ = V / m = constant), and the initial

specific volume is equal to the final specific volume that is :
υ1 = υ2 = υg@124C = 0.7927 m3/kg (Table A-4)
since the vapor starts condensing at 150oC. Then from Table A-6 :
At T1 = 250oC and υ1 = 0.7927 m3/kg, P1 = 0.3 MPa

1-25 A rigid tank with a volume of 1.8 m3 contains 15 kg of saturated

liquid–vapor mixture of water at 90oC. Now the water is slowly
heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in the tank is
completely vaporized. Also, show the process on a T-υ diagram with
respect to saturation lines.

Solution :

This is a constant volume process (υ = V / m = constant), and the specific

volume is determined to be :
υ = V / m = (1.8 m3) / (15 kg) = 0.12 m3/kg
When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will contain saturated
vapor only. Thus,
υ2 = υg = 0.12 m3/kg
The temperature at this point is the temperature that corresponds to
this υg value,
T = Tsat@υg=0.12 m3/kg = 202.9oC (Table A-4)