Section A

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. B

Section B
1. a) C6H5NH2 < NH2OH < N2H4 < NH3
increasing strength of base
b) Structure of conjugate acid : C6H5NH3+ < NH3OH+ < N2H5+ < NH4+
NH4+ < N2H5+ < NH3OH+ < C6H5NH3+
increasing strength of acid

2.a)
M=0.62 M
pOH= -log [OH-] pH= 14-0.21
= -log 0.62 = 13.8
= 0.21
So,it is basic solution

(b)
M=1.4 x 10-3M
pH= -log [H+]
= -log 1.4 x 10-3
= 2.9
So,it is acidic solution
(c)

Kw= [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14M

[H3O+]=[OH-] = 1 x 10-7M
pH= -log [H+]
= -log 1 x 10-7
= 7.00
So,it is neutral

3. a) pH = −log [H+] = 3.80

[H+] = 10−3.80 = 1.60×10−4
−11
[OH-] = Kw 1.0 10−14 6.30×10 M
= =
 H +  1.6 10−4

b) pH = −log [H+] = 11.40

[H+] = 10−11.40 = 3.981 ×10−12 M
[OH-] = Kw = 2.512 × 10−3 M
[ H +]

4. a) CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + OH-(aq)

Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ]
3 2

[CH 3CH 2 COOH]

b)
CH3CH2COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H+ (aq)
Initial(M) 0.35 0.00 0.00
Change(M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.35-x x x

Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ] = x2 = 1.35 x 10−5

3 2

[CH 3CH 2 COOH] 0.35 − x

Ka<<1,
Assume x very small, 0.35 − x ≈ 0.35,

x2 = 1.35×10−5
0.35
x = 2.17×10−3 M = [H+]
pH = −log [H+] = − log (2.17×10−3)
= 2.70

c)
CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)
Initial(M) 0.60 0.00 0.00
Change(M) −x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.60 − x X x

Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ] = = 1.35 x 10−5

3 2 x2
[CH 3CH 2 COOH] 0.60 − x

Assuming that x very small, 0.60 – x ≈ 0.60, we get

x2 = 1.35 ×10−5
0.60 x = 2.85
x 10-3 M
Thus,
% ionization = 2.85 x 10-3 M × 100%
0.60 M
= 0.47 %

5. a) (C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)

 b)
(C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
Initial(M) 0.10 0.00 0.00
Change(M) −x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.10 − x x x

% ionization = x x 100 = 9.33 %

0.10
x = 9.33 x 10-3 M

x 2 = (9.33x10 −3 ) 2 = 9.6 x 10
-4
=
0 .1 − x 0.1 − 9.33x10 −3

c)
(C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
Initial(M) 0.0100 0.00 0.00
Change the value
0.010 M in Change(M) −x +x +x
question to Equilibrium(M) 0.010 − x x x
0.0100 M

= x2 = 9.6 x 10-4
0.01 − x

Assuming 0.010 – x ≈ 0.010, because of Kb << 1,

x2 = 9.6×10−4
0.010 x
= 3.1 x 10−3 M

So, use algebraic method :

x2 = 9.6×10−4
0.010- x
 x2 + 9.6 x 10-4x – 9.6 x 10-6 = 0
x1 = 2.655 x 10-3 or x2 = -3.615 x 10-3 ( can be neglected )

[OH-] = x = 2.655 x 10-3 M

pH = 14 − (-log [OH−])
= 14 − (-log 2.655×10−3)
= 11.40

6. a) By using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the solution

(b) i) When 0.01 mol HCl is added

CH3COO - (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq)
Initial (Mol) 0.30 0.01 0.20
Change (Mol) − 0.01 - 0.01 + 0.01
Final (Mol) 0.29 0.00 0.21
Final (M) 0.29 0.00 0.21

Calculating a new pH:

pH change = 4.92 – 4.88 = 0.04

Explaination : When a small amount of HCl is added to the mixture of solution, the H+ from the acid will
neutralize by the basic component, CH3COO- to form CH3COOH.
CH3COO− (aq) + H+(aq) CH3COOH(aq)
The [CH3COOH] increases and the [CH3COO-] decreases. As a result the pH solution is not much affected.
ii) When 0.02 mol NaOH is added
CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) CH3COO− (aq) + H2O(l)
Initial (Mol) 0.20 0.02 0.30 -
Change (Mol) -0.02 -0.02 +0.02 -
Final (Mol) 0.18 0.00 0.32 -
Final (M) 0.18 0.00 0.32 -

Calculating a new pH :

pH = 4.99

∆ pH = 4.99 – 4.92 = 0.07

Explaination : When a small amount of NaOH is added to the mixture of solution, the OH- from the base
will neutralized by the acidic component CH3COOH to form CH3COO- and H2O.

CH3COOH(aq) + OH− (aq) CH3COO−(aq) + H2O(aq)

The [CH3COO-] increases and the [CH3COOH] decreases. As a result the pH of the solution is not much
affected.

7. a) = 0.4(0.3) = 0.45(0.2)
n NH3
n NH4Cl@NH4+

= 0.12 mol = 0.09 mol

[NH3] = 0.12/0.5 [NH4Cl@NH4+] = 0.09/0.5
= 0.24 M = 0.18 M
pOH = pKb + log  NH + 
 4 
 NH 3 
= - log 1.8×10-5 + log 0.18
0.24

= 4.62
pH= 14-4.62
= 9.38

(b) i) When 0.01 mol HCl is added

NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
Initial (Mol) 0.12 0.01 0.09
Change (Mol) − 0.01 - 0.01 + 0.01
Final (Mol) 0.11 0.00 0.10
Final (M) 0.11/0.5 = 0.22 0.00 0.2

Calculating a new pH:

pOH = pKb + log  NH + 

 4 
 NH 3 

pOH = - log (1.8 x 10 -5) + log 0.2

0.22
pOH = 4.70

pH = 14 – 4.70 = 9.3

pH change = 9.38 – 9.3 = 0.08

Explaination : When a small amount of HCl is added to the mixture of solution, the H+ from the acid will
neutralize by the basic component, NH3 to form NH4Cl.
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
The [NH4+] increases and the [NH3] decreases. As a result the pH solution is not much affected.
ii) When 0.01 mol NaOH is added

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)

Initial (Mol) 0.09 0.01 0.12 -
Change (Mol) -0.01 -0.01 +0.01 -
Final (Mol) 0.08 0.00 0.13 -
Final (M) 0.16 0.00 0.26 -

Calculating a new pH :

pOH = pKb + log  NH + 

 4 
 NH 3 

pOH = - log (1.8 x 10 -5) + log (0.16)

(0.26)
pOH = 4.53

pH = 14 – 4.53 = 9.47

pH change = 9.47 – 9.38 = 0.09

Explaination : When a small amount of NaOH is added to the mixture of solution, the OH- from the base
will neutralized by the acidic component NH4+ to form NH3 and H2O.

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(l))

The [NH3] increases and the [NH4+] decreases. As a result the pH of the solution is not much affected.
8. By using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the solution

pOH = 14 − 8.3 = 5.7

pOH = pKb + log ([NH4Cl]/ [NH3])
= - log 1.8×10-5 + log ([NH4Cl]/ [NH3])

([NH4Cl]/ [NH3]) = 10 (5.7 − 4.7447 )

1
 ([NH4Cl] : [NH3]) =1:9
9.

a) HCl is strong acid. So, the pH of solution starts out low (pH = 1.00 if [HCl] = 1×10-5 M)
NaOH is added. It makes [H3O+] decreases. Thus, pH increases.
pH jump for strong acid and strong base is pH 3-11
At equivalent point, pH of solution is 7.
Beyond equivalent point, since NaOH is strong base, pH increases slowly, and the final pH is
approaching pH=13

b) CH3COOH as a weak acid and partially dissociate in water. So, pH starts out higher (The pH is
about 2.8 if [CH3COOH] = 1×10-5 M)
NaOH is added. It makes [H3O+] decreases. pH increases.
pH jump for the reaction between weak acid and strong base is 7-11
At equivalent point. Basic salt formed. pH > 7
Beyond equivalent point, since NaOH is strong base, pH increases slowly, and the final pH is
approaching pH=13

10. CaF2 (s) ⇌ Ca2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq)

s 2s
ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2
= (s) (2s)2
3.98 x 10-11 = 4s3
s = 2.15 x 10-4 mol L-1
= 2.15 x 10-4 mol L-1 x 78.08 g mol-1
= 0.01679 g L-1

11. From the stoichiometry, 1 mol of Ag2CrO4 produces 2 moles of Ag+ and 1 mol of CrO42− in the
solution. Therefore, when 1.3×10−4 mole Ag2CrO4 is dissolved in 1.0 L of solution, the concentrations of
Ag+ and CrO42− are
Ag2CrO4 (s) ⇌ 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)
2s s

[Ag+] = 2(1.3×10−4M) = 2.6x10-4 M

[CrO42−]= 1.3×10−4 M

The solubility product:

Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42−]
= (2.6x10-4 )2(1.3×10−4)
= 8.8x10-12
(b)
Ag2CrO4(s) 2 Ag+(aq) + CrO42− (aq)
Initial(M) - 0 0.0050
Change(M) - + 2s +s
Equilibrium(M) - 2s 0.005+s

Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CrO42]

8.8 x 10-12 = (2s)2(s + 0.0050); Assume s very small, thus (s + 0.005)≈ 0.005
4s2(0.005) = 8.8 ×10−12
s = 2.1×10−5 M

The solubility of Ag2CrO4 in K2CrO4 solution is lower than in water.

Explaination : The presence of the common ion CrO4- increases the concentration of the CrO42- ion and
thus shifts the equilibrium to the left. Some of CrO42- combine with Ag+ to form more solid Ag2CrO4.
Hence the solubility of Ag2CrO4 is decrease in 0.005M K2CrO4 solution.
12. Ions present: Ba2+, Cl-, K+, SO42-
Possible precipitate: BaSO4

BaSO4 (s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42− (aq)

1 mol of Ba2+ comes from 1 mol of BaCl2 solution

Therefore, the number of moles of Ba2+ present in the 100 mL of BaCl2 solution
= 100 mL x 0.040 M
1000 mL
= 4.0×10-3 mol of Ba2+

The total volume after combining the two solutions is 400 mL.
The initial concentration of Ba2+ in the 400 mL volume is
[Ba2+]o = 4.0 x 10-3 mol
0.40L
= 1.0×10−2 M
The number of moles of SO42- in the 600 mL K2SO4 solution
= 300 mL × 0.08 M
1000 mL
= 2.4×10−2 mol of SO42-

The initial concentration of SO42− in the 400 mL of the combined solution is

[SO42-]o = 2.4 x 10-2 mol
0.40L
= 0.06 M
Now comparing Qsp and Ksp.
Qsp = [Ba2+]o[SO42−]o
= (1.0×10−2)( 0.06)
= 6.0×10−4
Therefore, Qsp > Ksp
The value of Qsp indicates that the concentrations of the ions are too large, thus some of the BaSO4 will
precipitate out of solution until[Ba2+][ SO42−] = 1.1×10−10