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Mobile Communication 03

This document discusses fundamentals of mobile communication and wireless propagation models. It covers the different types of propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction, and scattering. It also describes large-scale propagation models like the free space and two-ray ground reflection models. The Friis free space equation is presented to calculate received power over distance based on transmitted power, antenna gains, wavelength, and system losses. Small-scale fading models are also mentioned.

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12 views14 pages

Mobile Communication 03

This document discusses fundamentals of mobile communication and wireless propagation models. It covers the different types of propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction, and scattering. It also describes large-scale propagation models like the free space and two-ray ground reflection models. The Friis free space equation is presented to calculate received power over distance based on transmitted power, antenna gains, wavelength, and system losses. Small-scale fading models are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

fazfemtqe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Mobile

Communication
TextBook

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice


By Theodore Rappaport
Mobile Radio Propagation:
● The transmission path between the transmitter and the receiver can
vary from simple line-of-sight or that is severely obstructed by
buildings, mountains, and foliage.
● Unlike wired channels that are stationary and predictable, radio
channels are extremely random and do not offer easy analysis.
Mobile Radio Propagation:
● The mechanisms behind electromagnetic wave propagation are diverse, but
can generally be attributed to reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
○ Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges
upon an object which has very large dimensions when compared to the
wavelength of the propagating wave. Reflections occur from the
surface of the earth and from buildings and walls
Mobile Radio Propagation:
○ Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is
obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities (edges). The secondary waves
resulting from the obstructing surface are present throughout the space and even behind
the obstacle, giving rise to a bending of waves around the obstacle, even when a
line-of-sight path does not exist between transmitter and receiver. At high frequencies,
diffraction, like reflection, depends on the geometry of the object, as well as the
amplitude, phase, and polarization of the incident wave at the point of diffraction.
Mobile Radio Propagation:
○ Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of
objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength, and where the
number of obstacles per unit volume is large. Scattered waves are produced by
rough surfaces, small objects, or by other irregularities in the channel. In practice,
foliage, street signs, and lamp posts induce scattering in a mobile communications
system.
Mobile Radio Propagation:
● Due to multiple reflections from various objects, the electromagnetic
waves travel along different paths of varying lengths.
● The interaction between these waves causes multipath fading at a
specific location, and the strengths of the waves decrease as the
distance between the transmitter and receiver increases.
● Propagation models are divided into two types:
○ Large-scale propagation models
○ Small-scale or fading models.
Mobile Radio Propagation:
● Propagation models that predict the mean signal strength for an
arbitrary transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance are useful in
estimating the radio coverage area of a transmitter and are called
large-scale propagation models, since they characterize signal
strength over large T-R separation distances (several hundreds or
thousands of meters).
● On the other hand, propagation models that characterize the rapid
fluctuations of the received signal strength over very short travel
distances (a few wavelengths) or short time durations (on the order of
seconds) are called small-scale or fading models.
Large-Scale Propagation Models:
● Large-scale propagation models presents a number of
common methods used to predict received power in
mobile communication systems
○ Free Space Propagation Model
○ Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model
Friis free space equation:
● Where:
- Pt = Transmitted power,
- Pr(d) = Received power which is a function of the T-R
separation,
- Gt = Transmitter antenna gain,
- Gr = Receiver antenna gain,
- d = T-R separation distance in meters,
- L = System loss factor not related to propagation (L I ),
- 𝝺 = Wavelength in meters.
Friis free space equation:
Where:

- G = Gain of an antenna
- Ae = Antenna effective aperture,
- 𝝺 = Wavelength in meters.
- f = Carrier frequency in Hertz,;
- ⍵c = is the carrier frequency in radians per second,
- c = Speed of light given in meters/s.
Friis free space equation:
● The path loss, which represents signal attenuation as a positive quantity
measured in dB, is defined as the difference (in dB) between the effective
transmitted power and the received power, and may or may not include
the effect of the antenna gains.
● The path loss for the free space model when antenna gains are included is
given by
Friis free space equation:
● When antenna gains are excluded, the antennas are assumed to have
unity gain, and path loss is given by
Friis free space equation:
● The far-field, or Fraunhofer region, of a transmitting antenna is defined as the
region beyond the farfield distance df, which is related to the largest linear
dimension of the transmitter antenna aperture and the carrier wavelength.
The Fraunhofer distance is given by,

where D is the largest physical linear dimension of the antenna. Additionally, to


be in the far-field region, df must satisfy

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