UNIT 1: The following are procedural steps required in the problem-

solving process called programming:

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
1. Problem Analysis
Programming 2. Program Design
- The art and science of creating programs 3. Program Coding
- Also called software engineering 4. Program Testing and Debugging
- Is a multi-step process for creating a program 5. Program Documentation and Maintenance
- A method of solving a problem; uses Algorithms—an o THE FIRST STEP: PROBLEM ANALYSIS
algorithm being a set of ordered steps for solving a o Problem Analysis – is defined by the American National
problem, and essentially a synonym of logic. Institute (ANSI) as the “methodical investigation of a
problem and the separation of the problems into smaller
Program related units for further detailed study”.
- Is a list of organized instructions that the computer Problem Analysis required performing the following
must follow in order to process data into information. steps:
1. Define the problem and the users
The instructions consist of statements written in programming  Here, you need to write a statement on the
language such as C, Visual Basic, and Java. objectives of the program you are trying to
accomplish. If it is a large program with many
Analytical and critical thinking is needed in the formulation of
functions, divide it into components or modules
solutions to a problem
and state the purpose for each module.
CHAPTER 1: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 2. Determine the desired outputs
PROCESS  Understand the first kind of outputs expected of
your program.
Problem Analysis
3. Determine the desired inputs
 Determine the kind of date needed to produce the
output, the format on how the data should
Program Design
appear, and the sources of data.
4. Determine the desired processing
Program Coding  Describe what operation are necessary to
transform the inputs into the desired results.
Program Testing ad
Debugging
5. Double-check the feasibility of implementing the
program
Program  Clarify if the program you are supposed to create
Documentation and
Maintenance is feasible within the present setup and/or
budget.
Procedural Steps required in the Problem-Solving process called 6. Determine the Analysis
Programming.  Make sure you document everything you do,
Coding – only a small part of the whole programming such as writing the objective specifications of the
process. entire process of problem analysis.

 Algorithm o THE SECOND STEP: PROGRAM DESIGN

- a finite sequence of steps for solving a problem, or o Program Design – process describes the algorithm
performing a task for the solution of the problem.
- Specify what actions and operations in a program o There must be 3 principal modules: input,
will take. processing, and output
 Logic – a theory of reasoning Program Design requires performing the following
 Module – a standalone routine which usually performs a steps:
specific function, such as accepting data input of printing 1. Determine the program logic using a top-
a report. down approach and modularization
 Top-down design – a program design methodology that  Structured programming – takes a top-down
starts with defining program functionality at the highest approach that breaks down a large program into
level (a series of tasks) and then breaks down each task smaller pieces or modular forms, called
into lower-level tasks and so on. modules, and assembles these pieces into a
program with coherent logic flow.
STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
  Modularization is useful as the entire program Here are the steps in coding the program:
can be more easily developed because the parts 1. Select the appropriate programming language
(the modules) can be developed and tested  Programming Language – is a language used
separately. to write instructions for the computer
 Hierarchy chart – illustrates the overall purpose 2. Follow the syntax
of a program by identifying all the modules  Grammar – the system of rules for the
needed to achieve that purpose and relationships language by which words are formed and put
among these modules. together to make a sentence.
 Module – also called “subprogram” or  Syntax – is the grammar of a language; it
“subroutine” is a processing step of a program. consists rules governing the structure and
content of the statements.
2. Design details using pseudo code and/or
flowcharts
 Pseudocode – means fake; an algorithm written o THE FOURTH STEP: PROGRAM TESTING
in normal human-language statements to
AND DEBUGGING
describe the logic and processing flow. A
o Program Testing – involves running various tests,
pseudocode can contain terms such as IF, THEN
such as desk-checking and debugging to make sure
or ELSE.
that it is free of errors and that the logic works (these
 Flowchart – is a visual outline of an algorithm
two tests are called Alpha Testing) and then running
in which the steps and processes to be followed
actual or real data to make sure the program works
are represented by symbols.
(This test is called Beta testing)
 System flowchart – is a diagrammatic
The following are steps in testing a program:
representation of the broad flow of work,
1. Perform Desk Checking
documents and operations; shows what job is
 Desk Checking – is simply reading through or
to be done.
manually testing, the solution design to make
 Program flowchart – is a diagrammatic
sure that it is free of errors and that the logic
representation of a solution to a given problem
works; is like proofreading
for which the program is written; shows how the
2. Debug the program
job is to be done
 Source code – refers to the instructions in a
programming language.
3. Do a structured walkthrough
 Object code – refers to the instructions in a
 Structured walkthrough – method for
machine language, which is the language for
examining a computer system, including its
computers.
design and implementation, in a systemic way.
 Compilation – the process of converting a
 GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING
source code into an object code.
LANGUAGES
 Bugs – errors during compilation
I. First generation, 1945 – Machine
 Debugging – a process of detecting, locating,
Language
and removing errors.
II. Second Generation, mid-1950’s –
Assembly Language  Syntax Error – is the most common error that
III. Third Generation, early 1960’s – High you will encounter; it is caused by
level Languages Basic, C, COBOL, typographical errors
Pascal  Run-time Error – is a software error that
IV. Fourth Generation, early 1970s – Very occurs while a program is being executed, as
High Level Languages, NOMAD, detected by a compiler or other supervisory
FOCUS programs; mostly in numeric calculations.
V. Fifth Generation, early 1980’s – Natural  Logic Errors – are caused by the incorrect use
Languages of control structures; are much harder to detect
than syntax errors.
o THE THIRD STEP: PROGRAM CODING 3. Run Real Data
o Coding – the writing of the program; In coding the After desk-checking and debugging, the
logic requirements from pseudocode or flowcharts program, then, needs to be tested with real
are translated into lines of instructions using a data, called beta testing.
programming language—the letters, numbers and
symbols; the purpose of this step is basically to o THE FIFTH STEP: PROGRAM
prepare the program to be inputted to the computer DOCUMENTATION AND MAINTENACE
system.
 o Documentation – is the set of instructions shipped 1. Prepare user Documentation
with a program or a piece of hardware; usually 2. Prepare operator documentation
includes necessary instructions on the use and 3. Prepare program documentation
maintenance of the product. 4. Maintain the program
Program Documentation and maintenance consists of
this following steps:
1. Prepare user Documentation
2. Prepare operator documentation
3. Prepare program documentation
 Program Documentation consists of written,
graphic ND electronic descriptions of what a
program is and how to use it.
4. Maintain the program
 Maintenance – is any activity design to keep
programs error-free, up-to-date, and in good
working condition.

<COMPUTHOUGHTS/>

o A Program is a sequence of instructions that can be

executed by a computer.
o Programming is the science of creating computer
programs; it’s considered as art.
o Analytical and Critical thinking are needed in
programming.
o In formulating algorithms, a programmer may choose
these program design tools: flowcharts or
pseudocodes
o THE FIRST STEP: PROBLEM ANALYSIS
1. Define the problem and the users
2. Determine the desired outputs
3. Determine the desired inputs
4. Determine the desired processing
5. Double-check the feasibility of
implementing the program
6. Determine the Analysis

o THE SECOND STEP: PROGRAM DESIGN

1. Determine the program logic using a top-
down approach and modularization
2. Design details using pseudo code and/or
flowcharts
3. Do a structured walkthrough

o THE THIRD STEP: PROGRAM CODING

1. Select the appropriate programming language
2. Follow the syntax

o THE FOURTH STEP: PROGRAM TESTING

AND DEBUGGING
1. Perform Desk Checking
2. Debug the program
3. Run Real Data

o THE FIFTH STEP: PROGRAM

DOCUMENTATION AND MAINTENACE