Chapter →7.

2
First Order and First Degree Differential Equation
Definition: A differential equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called first order and first
degree differential equation. Where 𝑀 and 𝑁 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 or constants. To solve
problems we can divide in six types, these are…

1. Separable variables.
2. Homogenous equation.
3. Equation reducible to homogenous.
4. Exact equation.
5. Equation reducible to Exact
6. Linear equation.
7. Reducible to linear equation.

1.1 Separable variables

𝑑𝑦
Definition: A first-order differential equation of the form = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦) is said to be
𝑑𝑥
separable or to have separable variables.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
For example, the equations 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + sin 𝑥
are separable and nonseparable, respectively. In the first equation we can factor 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑦 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 as
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 = (𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 )(𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑦 )
but in the second equation there is no way of expressing 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 as a product of a function
of x times a function of y.

Method of solutions:

➢ If the differential equation is in this form 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∅(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 , then solution

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∅(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0.
➢ If the differential equation is in this form 𝑓(𝑥)∅(𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)∅(𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0, then at first
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑦)
divide both sides by ∅(𝑥)∅(𝑦). The new form is ∅(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∅(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0. And second,
integrate both sides for solution.
𝑑𝑦
➢ If the differential equation is in this form = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐), at first substitute 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 to make separable variables and then integrate for solution.

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
 Solve : 𝑑𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 = 0

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
 Solution: + √1−𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥

√1 − 𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
√1 − 𝑥 2

Page | 1
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, + =0
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, ∫ +∫ =0
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟, sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = 𝑐. where c is an arbitrary constant.

Exercise:
Solve:
1. tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → sec 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 =
𝑐]
2. (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + √(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 =
𝑐]
𝑑𝑦
3. + 1 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 2𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1 2 2𝑦+1
4. + 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → tan−1 ( )+
𝑑𝑥 √3 √3
2 2𝑥+1
tan−1 ( ) = 𝑐]
√3 √3

 Solve: 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

 Solution: Given equation is

𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Dividing both sides by √1 − 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 we get,
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦
+ =0
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
Integrating this,
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦
∫ +∫ =0
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
1 −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 −2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, − ∫ − ∫ =0
2 √1 − 𝑥 2 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, − ∙ 2√1 − 𝑥 2 − ∙ 2√1 − 𝑦 2 = −𝑐 [𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∫ = 2√𝑓(𝑥)]
2 2 √𝑓(𝑥)

𝑜𝑟, √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐. where c is an arbitrary constant.

Exercise:
Solve:
1. 𝑦√𝑥 2 − 1𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥√𝑦 2 − 1𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → √𝑥 2 − 1 + √𝑦 2 − 1 = sec −1 𝑥 +
sec −1 𝑦 + 𝑐]

2. 𝑥(𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑐(𝑦 2 − 1)]

3. 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → √1 + 𝑥 2 + √1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐]

Page | 2
 4. sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝑐]

Method of Substitution:
𝑑𝑦
 Solve: sin−1 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

 Solution: Given equation is

𝑑𝑦
sin−1 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
We put 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 − 1 … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥
From (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) we get,
𝑑𝑣
− 1 = sin 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = 1 + sin 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = 𝑑𝑥
1 + sin 𝑣
(1 − sin 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = 𝑑𝑥
1 − sin2 𝑣
(1 − sin 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑣
𝑜𝑟, (sec 2 𝑣 − sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥

Integrating,

∫(sec 2 𝑣 − sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑜𝑟, tan 𝑣 − sec 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, tan (𝑥 + 𝑦) − sec (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑐 [𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑐, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦]
[where c is an arbitrary constant.]

Exercise:
Solve:
𝑑𝑦
1. = (4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)2 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 2tan (2𝑥 + 𝑐)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
2. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 𝑦 − a tan−1 = 𝑐]
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦−𝑎
3. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑥−𝑦+𝑎 = 𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑑𝑦
4. = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. → 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐)]
𝑑𝑥

Page | 3
 1.2 Homogeneous Differential Equation
Homogeneous Function:
A function in which degree of each terms are equal is called homogenous function. In other
hand a function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous of degree n if it is possible to expressed as
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑛 ∅ (𝑥 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 𝑛 ∅ (𝑦).
If a function 𝑓 has the property that 𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) for some real number 𝑛, then 𝑓 is
said to be a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛.
1
Ex: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ⁄3 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 1 is not a homogeneous function.

Homogeneous differential Equation:

A first order differential equation M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0 is said to be homogenous when

dy  y
it is expressible as the derivative form = f  .
dx x
Or
dy f1 ( x, y)
An equation of the form = is said to be homogeneous differential equation in
dx f 2 ( x, y)
which f1 ( x, y ) and f 2 ( x, y ) are homogeneous function of same degree in x and y.

Note:
Every homogeneous equation of the types can be easily solved reducing it to variable
dy dv
separable form by choosing the transformation y = v x such that =v+x where v is
dx dx
the function of x.

Mathematical Problems based on Homogeneous differential equation

dy y  y
Problem 01:Solve = + tan   .
dx x x
Solution:
Given differential equation is,
dy y  y
= + tan   (i)
dx x x
dy dv
Let us choose the transformation y = v x such that =v+x .
dx dx
Applying transformation the equation (i) reduces to the following form
dv
v + x = v + tan v
dx
dv
x = tan v
dx
Separating the variables, we get
1
cot v dv = dx
x
Integrating both-sides, we find the desired solution
1
 cot v dv =  x dx
Page | 4
 ln sin v + ln c = ln x
ln c sin v = ln x
x = c sin v
Substituting the value of v, we get
 y
x = c sin  
x
(As desired)
dy x 2 + y 2
Problem 02:Solve = .
dx 2 xy
Solution:
Given differential equation is,
dy x 2 + y 2
= (i )
dx 2 xy
dy dv
Put y = v x such that =v+x .
dx dx
Given equation takes the form or becomes
dv x 2 + v 2 x 2
v+x =
dx 2 xvx
dv 1 + v 2
v+x =
dx 2v
dv 1 + v 2
x = −v
dx 2v
dv 1 + v 2 − 2v 2
x =
dx 2v
dv 1 − v 2
x =
dx 2v
Separating the variables,
 2v  1
 2 
.dv = .dx
 1− v  x
Integrating,
2v 1
 1 − v2 dv =  x .dx
−2v 1
− dv =  .dx
1− v 2
x
− ln 1 − v = ln x + ln c
2

ln x + ln c + ln 1 − v 2 = 0
ln cx (1 − v 2 ) = 0
cx (1 − v 2 ) = e0
 y 
2
cx  1 − 2  = 1
 x 
 x2 − y 2 
cx  2  = 1
 x 
 
cx ( x − y ) = x 2
2 2

(As desired)

Page | 5
Problem 03:Solve ( x + y ) dy + ( x − y ) dx = 0 .
Solution:
Given differential equation is,
( x + y ) dy + ( x − y ) dx = 0
 ( x + y ) dy = − ( x − y ) dx
 ( x + y ) dy = ( y − x ) dx
dy y − x
 = (i )
dx x + y
dy dv
Put y = v x such that =v+x .
dx dx
Above equation (i) becomes,
dv vx − x
v+x =
dx x + vx
dv v − 1
 v+x =
dx 1 + v
dv v − 1
x = −v
dx 1 + v
dv v − 1 − v − v 2
x =
dx 1+ v

x =
(
dv − 1 + v )
2

dx 1+ v
Separating the variables,
 1+ v  1
 2 
dv = − dx
 1+ v  x
Integrating,
 1+ v  1
  1 + v2  dv = − x dx
 1 v 
  1 + v2 + 1 + v2  dv = − ln x − ln c
1 v
 1 + v2 dv +  1 + v2 dv = − ( ln x + ln c )
1 2v
tan −1 v +  dv = − ln cx
2 1 + v2
1
tan −1 v + ln 1 + v 2 = − ln cx
2
1
tan −1 v + ln 1 + v 2 + ln cx = 0
2
tan −1 v + ln 1 + v 2 + ln cx = 0

tan −1 v + ln cx 1 + v 2 = 0
2
−1 y
tan v + ln cx 1 + 2 = 0
x
2
 y
−1 x2 + y
tan   + ln cx =0
x x2

Page | 6
  y
tan −1   + ln c x 2 + y 2 = 0
x
(As desired)
dy
Problem 04:Solve x − y = x 2 + y 2 .
dx
Solution:
Given differential equation is,
dy
x − y = x2 + y 2 (i )
dx
Equation (i) can be written as,

x
dy
dx
−y= (x 2
+ y2 )

x
dy
dx
= y+ (x 2
+ y2 )

dy y + (x 2
+ y2 )
 = (ii )
dx x

dy dv
Choosing y = vx such that =v+x .
dx dx
The equation (ii) becomes,

dv vx + (x 2
+ v2 x2 )
v+x =
dx x
dv vx + x (1 + v )
2

v+ x =
dx x
 v + x = v + (1 + v 2 )
dv
dx
 x = v + (1 + v 2 ) −v
dv
dx
 x = (1 + v 2 )
dv
dx
dv dx
 =
(
1+ v 2
)
x
Integrating both sides, we get

dv dx
 = +c
(1 + v )
2 x

 ln v + 1 + v 2 = ln x + c

 ln v + 1 + v 2 = ln x + ln c1 ; ln c1 = c 

 ln v + 1 + v 2 = ln c1 x

 v + 1 + v2 = c1 x

Page | 7
 2
y y
 + 1 + 2 = c1 x
x x
y x2 + y 2
 + = c1 x
x x
 y + x2 + y 2 = c1 x2
 x2 + y 2 = c1 x2 − y
 x 2 + y 2 = ( c1 x 2 − y )
2

(As desired)

Problem 05:Solve x 2 ydx − ( x3 + y 3 ) dy = 0 .

Solution: Given differential equation is,
x 2 ydx − ( x3 + y 3 ) dy = 0 (i )
Equation (i) can be written as,
x 2 ydx − ( x 3 + y 3 ) dy = 0
 ( x3 + y 3 ) dy = x 2 ydx
dy x2 y
 = (ii )
dx ( x3 + y 3 )
dy dv
Choosing y = vx such that =v+x .
dx dx
The equation (ii) becomes,
dv vx 3
v+x = 3 3 3
dx x + v x
dv v
v+x =
dx 1 + v3
dv v
x = −v
dx 1 + v3
dv v − v − v 4
x =
dx 1 + v3
dv −v 4
x =
dx 1 + v 3
1 + v3 dx
 4 dv = −
v x
1+ v 3
dx
Integrating,  v 4 dv = −  x + c
 1 1 dx
   4 + dv = −  + c
v v x
1
 − 3 + ln v = − ln x + c
3v
1
 ln v + ln x = 3 + c
3v
1
 ln vx = 3 + c
3v

Page | 8
 x3
 ln y = 3 + c
3y
(As desired)
dy y ( x + y )
Problem 06:Solve + =0.
dx x2
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy y ( x + y )
+ =0 (i)
dx x2
Equation (i) can be written as,
dy y ( x + y )
+ =0
dx x2
dy y ( x + y)
 =− (ii )
dx x2
dy dv
Choosing y = vx such that =v+x .
dx dx
The equation (ii) becomes,
dv vx ( x + vx )
v+x =
dx x2
dv
 v + x = v (1 + v )
dx
dv
 x = v + v2 − v
dx
dv
 x = v2
dx
1 dx
 2 dv =
v x
Integrating,
1 dx
 v2 dv =  x + c
1
 − = ln x + c
v
x
 − = ln x + ln c1 ; ln c1 = c ( say ) 
y
x
 − = ln c1 x
y
x
 = − ln c1 x
y
x
 = ln ( c1 x )
−1

y
x  1 
 = ln  
y  c1 x 
x
 y=
 1 
ln  
 c1 x 
(As desired)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Problem 07:Solve:𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
Solution: Given that,

Page | 9
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From (i) we get,
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + cos 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = cos 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Separating the variables we obtain,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑥 cos 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = sec 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥
Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ sec 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣| + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln{𝑐|sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣|}
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐|sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣|
𝑦 𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 + tan |
𝑥 𝑥
(As desired)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Problem 08:Solve:𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + sec 𝑥
Solution: Given that,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= + sec …………..(i)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From (i) we get,
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + sec 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = sec 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Separating the variables we obtain,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑥 sec 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = cos 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥
Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ cos 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = sin 𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 sin 𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. 𝑒 sin 𝑣 )
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 sin 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )
(As desired)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Problem 9: Solve:𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
Solution: Given that,
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑥 ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥

Page | 10
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From (i) we get,
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥(1 + 𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 =1+𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥
Separating the variables we obtain,
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑣
𝑥
Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑥
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = 𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. 𝑒 𝑣 )
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑥

(As desired)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦
Problem 10 : Solve:𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
Solution: Given that,
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦
= 2𝑥 ………….(i)
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From (i) we get,
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥(1 + 2𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 + 2𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
Separating the variables we obtain,
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑑𝑣
𝑥
Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑥
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = 2𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 2𝑣 + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐𝑒 2𝑣 )
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 (As desired)

Page | 11
 dy x 2 − xy + y 2
Problem 11:Solve = .
dx xy
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy x 2 − xy + y 2
= (i)
dx xy
dy dv
Choosing y = vx such that =v+x .
dx dx
The equation (i) becomes,
dv x 2 − xvx + v 2 x 2
v+x =
dx xvx
dv x − vx 2 + v 2 x 2
2
 v+x =
dx vx 2
dv 1 − v + v 2
 v+x =
dx v
dv 1 − v + v 2
x = −v
dx v
dv 1 − v + v 2 − v 2
x =
dx v
dv 1 − v
x =
dx v
Separating the variables,
v 1
dv = dx
1− v x
Integrating,
v 1
 1 − v dv =  x dx
1 −1 + v
 1 − v dv = ln x + ln c
1 − (1 − v )
 1 − v dv = ln x + ln c
 1 
  1 − v −1 dv = ln x + ln c
1
 1 − v dv −  dv = ln x + ln c
−1
− dv −  dv = ln x + ln c
1− v
− ln 1 − v − v = ln x + ln c
ln 1 − v + v + ln x + ln c = 0
ln cx 1 − v + v = 0
Substituting the value of v we get,
y y
ln cx 1 − + = 0
x x
x− y y
ln cx + =0
x x
x ln c ( x − y ) + y = 0
(As desired)

Page | 12
Exercises:
Solve the following differential equations:
dy y ( x − 2 y )
1. =
dx x ( x − 3 y )
dy y y 2
2. 2 = +
dx x x 2
𝑑𝑦
3. (𝑥 − 𝑦) =𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦
5. 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
dy 3 xy
6. = 2
dx y + 3 x 2
dy 5 x − y
7. =
dx 5x
dy x + y 4
4
8. =
dx xy 3
dy y
9. =
dx x + xy
dy 2 xy
10. = 2
dx y − x 2
11. ( 3x 2
+ y 2 ) dy + ( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) dx = 0

Page | 13
 1.3 Equation Reducible to Homogeneous Differential Equation

dy a1 x + b1 y + c1 a b 
An equation of the form = ,  1  1  is called Non-Homogeneous
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2  a2 b2 
differential equation.

Note:
A non-homogeneous differential equation can be solved by reducing it to homogeneous form.
By substituting x = x + h and y = y + k so that dx = dx and dy = dy where h and k are
constants choosing in such a way that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2 h + b2 k + c2 = 0 .Considering the
transformation given equation reduces to the following form,
dy a1 x + b1 y + a1h + b1k + c1
=
dx a2 x + b2 y + a2 h + b2 k + c2
dy a1 x + b1 y
=
dx a2 x + b2 y
Which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y easily solvable by putting y = vx
where v is a function of x .

Mathematical Problems based on reducible to Homogeneous differential equation

dy x + 2 y − 3
Problem 01: Solve the differential equation =
dx 2 x + y − 3
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy x + 2 y − 3
= (i )
dx 2 x + y − 3
Put x = x + h and y = y + k where h , k are constants.
dy dy
 =
dx dx
Then the equation (i) becomes,
dy x + 2 y + ( h + 2k − 3)
= (ii)
dx 2 x + y + ( 2h + k − 3)
Now choose
h + 2k − 3 = 0 (iii)
2h + k − 3 = 0 (iv)
Solving equations (iii) and (iv) we get,
h = 1 and k = 1
With this substitution equation (ii) becomes,
dy x + 2 y
= (v )
dx 2 x + y
Which is a homogeneous equation in x and y .
So put, y = vx
dy dv
 = v + x
dx dx

Page | 14
From equation (5), we have
dv x + 2vx
v + x =
dx 2 x + vx
dv 1 + 2v
 v + x =
dx 2 + v
dv 1 + 2v
 x = −v
dx 2 + v
dv 1 + 2v − 2v − v 2
 x =
dx 2+v
dv 1 − v 2
 x =
dx 2 + v
2+v dx
 dv =
1− v 2
x
Integrating both sides, we get
2+v dx
 1 − v2 dv =  x
2+v dx
 dv = 
(1 + v )(1 − v ) x
1 1 3 1  dx
  . + . dv =  
 2 1+ v 2 1− v  x
1 dv 3 dv dx
  +  =
2 1+ v 2 1− v x
1 3
 ln (1 + v ) − ln (1 − v ) = ln x + ln c
2 2
1
 ln 1 + v + ln = ln cx
(1 − v )
3

1+ v
 ln = ln cx
(1 − v )
3

1+ v
 = cx
(1 − v )
3

1+ v
 = Cx2 ; let , c 2 = C
(1 − v )
3

 1 + v = Cx2 (1 − v )
3

y  y 
3

 1+ = Cx2 1 − 
x  x 
 x + y  = C ( x − y  )
3

 x − 1 + y − 1 = C ( x − 1 − y + 1)
3

 x + y − 2 = C ( x − y ) (As desired)
3

dy x+ y−2
Problem 02:Solve =
dx − x + y − 4
Solution:
Given that,

Page | 15
dy x+ y−2
= (i )
dx − x + y − 4

Put x = x + h and y = y + k where h , k are constants.

dy dy
 =
dx dx
Then the equation (i) becomes,
dy x + y + ( h + k − 2 )
= (ii)
dx − x + y + ( −h + k − 4 )

Now choose
h+k −2 = 0 (iii)
−h + k − 4 = 0 (iv)
Solving equations (iii) and (iv) we get,
h = −1 , k = 3
With this substitution equation (ii) becomes,
dy x + y
= (v )
dx − x + y
Which is a homogeneous equation in x and y .
So put, y = vx
dy dv
 = v + x
dx dx
From equation (v), we have
dv x + vx
v + x =
dx v x − x

dv v +1
Or, x = −v
dx v −1

v −1 d x
Or, dv =
1 + 2v − v 2
x

Or, −
1
2
(
ln 1 + 2v − v 2 = ln x + ln c)
1

( )
−
Or, ln 1 + 2v − v 2 2 = ln cx

1
−
 y  y 2  2
Or, 1 + 2 − 2  = cx
 x x 

1
−
 x2 + 2 xy − y2  2
Or,   = cx
 x 2 
1
−
1  x2 + 2 xy − y2  2
Or,   = cx
x−1  x 2 
1

( x )
−
Or, 2
+ 2 xy − y 2 2 =c

Page | 16
 (( x + 1) )
1
2 −2
+ 2 ( x + 1)( y − 3) − ( y − 3)
2
Or, =c

Or, (x 2
)
+ 2 x + 1 + 2 xy − 6 x + 2 y − 6 − y 2 + 6 y − 9 = c −2

(
 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 − 4 x + 8 y − 14 = c −2 )
(As desired)

dy x+2 y+3
Problem 03: Solve =
dx 2x + y + 3

Solution:
Given that,

dy x+2 y+3
= (i)
dx 2x + y + 3

Put x = x + h and y = y + k where h , k are constants.

dy dy
 =
dx dx
Then the equation (i) becomes,
d y x + 2 y + ( h + 2k + 3)
= (ii)
d x 2 x + y + ( 2h + k + 3)

Now choose
h + 2k + 3 = 0 (iii)
2h + k + 3 = 0 (iv)
Solving equations (iii) and (iv) we get,
 h k 1 
h = −1 , k = − 1  = =
 6 − 3 6 − 3 1 − 4 
Equation (ii) reduces to,

d y x + 2 y
= (v)
d x 2 x + y

Which is a homogeneous equation in x and y .

So put, y = vx
dy dv
 = v + x
dx dx
From equation (v), we have
dv x + 2v x
v + x =
dx 2 x + v x

dv 1 + 2v 1 + 2v − 2v − v 2
Or, x = −v =
dx 2 + v 2+v

2+v dx
Or, dv =
1 −v 2
x

Page | 17
  2 v  dx
Or,  + 2
dv =
1 − v
2
1 −v  x

 2 1 ( −2v )  dx
Or,  2 − 2 
dv =
1 −v
2
2 1 −v  x

1+ v
Or, 2
1
ln
2.1 1 − v
1
(
− ln 1 − v 2 = ln x + ln c
2
)

1+ v
Or, 2ln
1− v
(
− ln 1 − v 2 = 2ln cx)
2
1+ v
Or, ln
1− v
(
= ln c 2 x2 + ln 1 − v 2 )
2
 1+ v 
Or, 
−
 = c x 1 − v
2 2 2
( )
 1 v 

y 
2

 1+ x  = c 2 x2  1 − y  
2
Or, 
y   2 
 1−  x 
 x 
2
 x + y  
Or,     = c x − y 
−
2 2 2
( )
 x y 

 x + y = c2 ( x − y ) 3

 x + 1 + y + 1 = c 2 (x + 1 − y − 1) 3

 x + y + 2 = c 2 (x − y ) 3

(As desired)
H.W:

dy
1. Solve ( x + y + 3) = y − x +1
dx

2. Solve ( 4 x + 3 y + 1) dx + ( 2 y + 3x + 1) dy = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2𝑦+5
= 2𝑥−𝑦+4
3. Solve 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦+3
= 2𝑥+𝑦+3
4. Solve 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥+1
= 𝑦+𝑥+3
5. Solve 𝑑𝑥

Special Type 01:

Page | 18
 dy a1 x + b1 y + c1  a1 b1 1 
An equation of the form = ,  = =  is called Non-Homogeneous
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2  a2 b2 m 
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1
differential equation. This equation may be written as = and it is
dx m ( a1 x + b1 y ) + c2
solvable by putting a1 x + b1 y = v .

dy
Problem 01: Solve the differential equation ( 2 x − 2 y + 5) = x− y +3
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy
( 2 x − 2 y + 5) = x − y + 3
dx
dy x− y+3
 =
dx 2 x − 2 y + 5
dy x− y +3
 = … …. … (1)
dx 2 ( x − y ) + 5
Put x− y =v
dy dv dy dv
 1− =  = 1−
dx dx dx dx
Then the equation (1) becomes,
dv v + 3
1− =
dx 2v + 5
dv v+3
 = 1−
dx 2v + 5
dv 2v + 5 − v − 3
 =
dx 2v + 5
dv 2 + v
 =
dx 2v + 5
2v + 5
 dv = dx
2+v
Integrating both sides, we get
2v + 5
 2 + v dv =  dx
2(2 + v) +1
 dv =  dx
2+v
 1 
 2+ dv =  dx
 2+v 
 2v + ln ( 2 + v ) = x + c
 2 ( x − y ) + ln ( x − y + 2) = x + c
 x − 2 y + ln ( x − y + 2) = c
(As desired)
dy
Problem 02: Solve the differential equation ( 3x − 2 y + 1) = 6 x − 4 y + 3
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy
( 3x − 2 y + 1) = 6 x − 4 y + 3
dx

Page | 19
 dy 6 x − 4 y + 3
 =
dx 3 x − 2 y + 1
dy 2 ( 3x − 2 y ) + 3
 = … …. … (1)
dx 3x − 2 y + 1
Put 3x − 2 y = v
dy dv dy 1  dv 
 3− 2 =  = 3− 
dx dx dx 2  dx 
Then the equation (1) becomes,
1 dv  2v + 3
3−  =
2 dx  v + 1
dv 4v + 6
 3− =
dx v +1
dv 4v + 6
 = 3−
dx v +1
dv 3v + 3 − 4v − 6
 =
dx v +1
dv −v − 3
 =
dx v +1
v + 1 dv
 = −dx
v + 3 dx
Integrating both sides, we get
v +1
 v + 3dv = − dx

( v + 3) − 2dv = − dx
v+3 
 2 
  1 − dv = −  dx
 v+3
 ( 3x − 2 y ) − 2ln ( 3x − 2 y + 3) = − x + c
 4 x − 2 y − 2ln ( 3x − 2 y + 3) = c
(As desired)
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+2𝑦
Problem 03:Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥+2𝑦+2

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+2𝑦
= 3𝑥+2𝑦+2 …………..(i)
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, =3+2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = ( − 3)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
From (i) we get,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
( − 3) =
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2

Page | 20
 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣
𝑜𝑟, −3=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣
𝑜𝑟, = +3
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 + 2
𝑑𝑣 5𝑣 + 6
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+2
Separating the variables we obtain,
𝑣+2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
5𝑣 + 6
1 5𝑣 + 10
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) 𝑑𝑣
5 5𝑣 + 6
(5𝑣 + 6) + 4
𝑜𝑟, 5𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
5𝑣 + 6
4
𝑜𝑟, 5𝑑𝑥 = (1 + ) 𝑑𝑣
5𝑣 + 6
Now, integrating
4
5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑣
5𝑣 + 6
4
𝑜𝑟, 5𝑥 = 𝑣 + ln(5𝑣 + 6) + 𝑐
5
4
𝑜𝑟, 5𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln(15𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 6) + 𝑐
5
4
𝑜𝑟, 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 + ln(15𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 6) + 𝑐
5
∴ 10𝑥 = 10𝑦 + 4 ln(15𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 6) + 5𝑐
35
10𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(16𝑥 − 40𝑦 + 5) + 𝑐
8
H.W:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥−5𝑦+3
(i) = 4𝑥−10𝑦+5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2𝑦+1
(ii) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−4𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−2𝑦+3
(iii) = 6𝑥−4𝑦+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥−4𝑦+3
(iv) = 3𝑥−2𝑦+1
𝑑𝑥

Page | 21
 1.4 Exact differential equation
A differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 where both M and N are function of x and y is said
to be exact when there exist a function F(x,y) such that Mdx + Ndy = dF that is
Mdx + Ndy becomes a perfect differential.

Method of solving exact differential equation:

(i) Integrate M with respect to x regarding y as constant.
(ii) Find out those terms in N which are free from x and integrate them with respect to y .
(iii)Add the two expressions so obtained and equate the sum to an arbitrary constant.
(iv) Finally we obtained the desired solution like as


y as const .
Mdx + 
free from x
N dy = C

►State and prove the necessary and sufficient condition for M dx + N dy = 0 to be exact.
Assume an exact differential equation is M dx + N dy = 0 .
Therefore M dx + N dy = du (i) where u is a function of x, y .
u u
But we have du ( x , y ) = dx + dy (ii)
x y
Comparing equation (i) and (ii) we get
u u
M= and N =
x y
M 2 u  N 2 u
 = and =
 y  y x  x  x y
2 u 2 u M  N
Since = we can write = ;
 y x  x y y x
Which is the necessary condition.
M  N
Conversely if = , then we show that M dx + N dy = 0 is an exact equation.
y x
Let  M dx = u



( M dx)=  u
x x
u
i.e. M =
x
M 2u
=
y  y x
N   u 
=  
x x  y
  u 
 N −  =0
x  y 
Integrating with respect to x regarding y as constant
u
N− = f ( y ) Where f ( y ) is a function of y only.
y

Page | 22
 u
N= + f (y)
y
u  u 
Now, M dx + N dy = dx +  + f ( y ) dy
x  y 
u u
= dx + dy + f ( y ) dy
x y
= du + d  f ( y ) dy
= d  u +  f ( y ) dy 
Which shows that M dx + N dy = 0 is an exact equation.

Mathematical Problem based on exact differential equation

Problem 01: Solve (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ 𝜕𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 4𝑦 and 𝜕𝑥 = −4𝑦 − 4𝑥 = −4𝑥 − 4𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = so, the equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, the general solution is
 M dx +  (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
y Cons tan t

∫(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥3 𝑥2 2
𝑦3
𝑜𝑟, − 4𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑥 + =𝐶
3 2 3
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑜𝑟, − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + =𝐶
3 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝐶
∴ 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 6𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝐶 ′
Problem 02: Solve(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 and 𝑁 = 1 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ 𝜕𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝜕𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = so, the equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Now, ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 [ y is constant]
𝑥2 𝑥2
= + 2𝑦 3
2 2
𝑥2
= + 𝑥2𝑦3
2
And ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑦
=𝑦
Therefore, the required solution is
𝑥2
+ 𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑦 = 𝐶
2
Problem 03: Solve (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
And 𝑁 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − ln 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ 𝜕𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝜕𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = so, the equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Now, ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [y as constant]

Page | 23
 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 + [𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
3 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + [𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥]
= 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
And ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − ln 𝑦𝑑𝑦
= −(𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑦)
= 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑦
Therefore, the required solution is
𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐶
Problem 04: Solve (𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Here, 𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 and 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − ln 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ 𝜕𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 and 𝜕𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 6𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = so, the equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Now, ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 [y as constant]
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + [𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
2 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥
2 2
𝑒 𝑒 −2𝑥
= 2𝑥 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 + [𝑥 −∫ 𝑑𝑥]
−2 −2
1 1
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 𝑒 −2𝑥
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 +
2 2 −2
1 1
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
2 4
And ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − ln 𝑦𝑑𝑦
= −(𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑦)
= 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑦
Therefore, the required solution is
1 1
2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
2 4
 x  x  x 
Problem 05: Solve: 1 + e y  dx + e y 1 −  dy = 0 .
   y
x
Here, M = 1 + e y

x  x
N= e y
1 − 
 y 
M x  x x x N x  1  x x 1
=e y
  = − 2 e y
and =e y
 −  + 1 −  e y
 
y y y y x  y  y  y
x  1 1 x 
=e y − + − 
 y y y2 
 
x xy
=− e
y2
M N
 = the given equation is exact.
y x
Therefore, the general solution is
 M dx +  (terms of N not containing x ) dy = C
y Cons tan t

Page | 24
  x 
 1 + e  dx +  0 dy = c
y

 
x
e y
x+ =c
1
y
( ) ( )
Problem 06: Solve: x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 dx + 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2 dy = 0 .
Here, M = x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2
N = 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2
M N
= − 2 x + 6 y and = 6 y − 2x
y x
M N
 = the given equation is exact.
y x
Therefore, the general solution is
 M dx +  (terms of N not containing x ) dy = C
y Cons tan t

 (x − 2 xy + 3 y ) dx +  4 y dy = c
2 2 3

x3
− x 2 y + 3xy2 + y 4 = c .
3
Problem-07: Solve ( y 4 + 4 x3 y + 3x ) dx + ( x 4 + 4 xy 3 + y + 1) dy = 0 .
Solution: Given that,
( y 4 + 4 x3 y + 3x ) dx + ( x 4 + 4 xy3 + y + 1) dy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = y 4 + 4 x3 y + 3x and N = x 4 + 4 xy 3 + y + 1
M
 = 4 y 3 + 4 x3
y
N
= 4 x3 + 4 y 3
x
M N
since, = so the equation (1) is an exact differential equation.
y x
Integrating M with respect to x we get
3
xy 4 + x 4 y + x 2
2
In N, terms free from x are y + 1 whose integral with respect to y is
1 2
y +y
2
Therefore the general solution is
3 1
xy 4 + x 4 y + x 2 + y 2 + y = c .
2 2
Problem-08: Solve ( x − 2 xy + 3 y 2 ) dx + ( 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2 ) dy = 0 .
2

Solution: Given that,

( x2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 ) dx + ( 4 y3 + 6 xy − x 2 ) dy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 and N = 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2
M
 = −2 x + 6 y
y
N
= 6 y − 2x
x

Page | 25
 M N
since, = so the equation (1) is an exact differential equation.
y x
Integrating M with respect to x we get
1 3
x − x 2 y + 3xy 2
3
In N, terms free from x is 4 y 3 whose integral with respect to y is
y4
Therefore the general solution is
1 3 2
x − x y + 3xy 2 + y 4 = c .
3
Problem-09: Solve ( 2 x3 + 3 y ) dx + ( 3x + y − 1) dy = 0 .
Solution: Given that,
( 2 x3 + 3 y ) dx + ( 3x + y − 1) dy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = 2 x3 + 3 y and N = 3x + y −1
M
 =3
y
N
=3
x
M N
since, = so the equation (1) is an exact differential equation.
y x
Integrating M with respect to x we get
1 4
x + 3xy
2
In N, terms free from x are y −1 whose integral with respect to y is
1 2
y −y
2
Therefore the general solution is
1 4 1
x + 3xy + y 2 − y = c .
2 2
Problem – 10: ( ) (
Solve: x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 dx + 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2 dy = 0 . )
Solution:
Here, M = x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2
N = 4 y 3 + 6 xy − x 2
M N
= − 2 x + 6 y and = 6 y − 2x
y x
M N
 = the given equation is exact.
y x

Therefore, the general solution is

 M dx +  (terms of N not containing x ) dy = C
y Cons tan t

 (x − 2 xy + 3 y ) dx +  4 y dy = c
2 2 3

x3
− x 2 y + 3xy2 + y 4 = c .
3
 x  x  x
Problem – 11: Solve 1 + e y
 dx + e y
1 −  dy = 0 .
   y

Page | 26
Solution:
x
Here, M = 1 + e y

x  x
N= e y
1 − 
 y 
M x  x x x N x  1  x x 1
=e y
  = − 2 e y
and =e y
 −  + 1 −  e y
 
y y y y x  y  y  y

x  1 1 x 
=e y − + − 
 y y y2 
 
x xy
=− e
y2
M N
 = the given equation is exact.
y x
Therefore, the general solution is
 M dx +  (terms of N not containing x ) dy = C
y Cons tan t

 x 
 1 + e  dx +  0 dy = c
y

 
x
e y
x+ =c
1
y
Problems for Solution

(i) (x 2
) (
− 4 xy − 2 y 2 dx + y 2 − 4 xy + 2 x 2 dy = 0 )
(ii) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(iii) ( ) (
x3 + 3xy 2 dx + y 3 + 3x 2 y dy = 0 )
(iv) ( 2 y − x −1) dy + ( 2x − y + 1) dx = 0
(v) ( 2x + 3 y − 6) dy − ( 6x − 2 y − 7 ) dx = 0
(vi) ( e + 1) cos xdx + e sin xdy = 0
y y

(vii) ( 2 x + 3 y ) dx + (3x + y − 1) dy = 0
3

(viii) ( x − 2xy − y ) dx − ( x + y ) dy = 0
2 2 2

(ix) ( 3x y − 6 x ) dx − ( x + 2 y ) dy = 0
2 3

(x) (3x + 4 xy ) dx + ( 2 x + 2 y ) dy = 0
2 2

Page | 27
 1.5 Equation reducible to exact differential equation

A differential equation M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0 is not an exact differential equation if

M N
 .
y x
But it can be reduced to an exact differential equation by multiplying a function of x and y,
which is called an integrating factor.
Rules for finding integrating factor: Let the differential equation is,
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0 ... … … (1)
M N
−
y x
1. If = f ( x ) then the integrating factor is  = e f ( x )dx .
N
M N
−
y x
2. If = g ( y ) then the integrating factor is  = e g ( y )dy .
M
3. If M and N are both homogeneous function in x, y of degree n, then the integrating
1
factor is  = ; where, Mx + Ny  0 .
Mx + Ny
4. If the equation (1) is of the form, yf ( xy ) dx + xg ( xy ) dy = 0 then the integrating factor
1
is  = ; where, Mx − Ny  0
Mx − Ny
M y
NOTE: 1. If Mx + Ny = 0 , then = − and the equation reduces to ydx − xdy = 0 ,
N x
which can be easily solved.
M y
2. If Mx − Ny = 0 , then = and the equation reduces to ydx + xdy = 0 ,
N x
which can be easily solved.

Mathematical problem based on reducible exact differential equation:

Problem-01: Solve ( x 2 + y 2 + x ) dx + xydy = 0 .

Solution: Given that,
( x2 + y 2 + x ) dx + xydy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = x 2 + y 2 + x and N = xy
M
 = 2y
y
N
=y
x
M N
since,  so the equation (1) is not an exact differential equation.
y x
M N
−
y x 2 y − y 1
However, = =
N xy x
1
Hence, I.F = e  x
dx

= eln x

Page | 28
 =x
Multiplying by I.F, the equation (1) becomes,
( x3 + xy 2 + x2 ) dx + x2 ydy = 0 … … … (2)
which is exact now.
Let, M ' = x3 + xy 2 + x 2 and N ' = x 2 y
Integrating M ' with respect to x we get
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
x + x y + x
4 2 3
In N ' , there is no term free from x.
Therefore the general solution is
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
x + x y + x =c.
4 2 3
Problem-02: Solve ( x + y 2 + 2 x ) dx + 2 ydy = 0 .
2

Solution: Given that,

( x2 + y 2 + 2 x ) dx + 2 ydy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x and N = 2 y
M
 = 2y
y
N
=0
x
M N
since,  so the equation (1) is not an exact differential equation.
y x
M N
−
y x 2 y − y
However, = =1
N xy
Hence, I.F = e 
dx

= ex
Multiplying by I.F, the equation (1) becomes,
( e x x 2 + e x y 2 + 2 xe x ) dx + xye x dy = 0 … … … (2)
which is exact now.
Let, M ' = e x x 2 + e x y 2 + 2 xe x and N ' = x 2 ye x
Integrating M ' with respect to x we get
ex x2 + ex y 2
In N ' , there is no term free from x.
Therefore the general solution is
ex x2 + ex y 2 = c .
 1 
Problem-03: Solve  y + y 3 + x 2  dx + ( x + xy 2 ) dy = 0 .
1 1
 3 2  4
Solution: Given that,
 1 3 1 2
 y + y + x  dx + ( x + xy ) dy = 0 … … … (1)
1 2

 3 2  4
where, M = y + y 3 + x 2 and N = ( x + xy 2 )
1 1 1
3 2 4
M
 = 1+ y2
y

Page | 29
 N 1
= (1 + y 2 )
x 4
M N
since,  so the equation (1) is not an exact differential equation.
y x
M N
−
y x (1
1+ y2 − 1+ y2
4
)
However, =
N
(
1
4
)
x + xy 2
1
(
4 + 4 y2 −1 − y2 )
=4
1
4
(
x 1+ y2 )
=
( 3 + 3y2 )
x (1 + y 2 )
3 (1 + y 2 )
=
x (1 + y 2 )
3
=
x
3
Hence, I.F = e  x
dx

= e3ln x
= eln x
3

= x3
Multiplying by I.F, the equation (1) becomes,
 3 1 3 3 1 5
 x y + x y + x  dx + ( x + x y ) dy = 0 … … … (2)
1 4 4 2

 3 2  4
which is exact now.
Let, M ' = x3 y + x3 y 3 + x5 and N ' = ( x 4 + x 4 y 2 )
1 1 1
3 2 4
'
Integrating M with respect to x we get
1 4 1 1
x y + x4 y3 + x6
4 12 12
'
In N , there is no term free from x.
Therefore the general solution is
1 4 1 1
x y + x4 y3 + x6 = c .
4 12 12
Problem-04: Solve ( x + y 4 ) dx − xy 3dy = 0 .
4

Solution: Given that,

( x4 + y 4 ) dx − xy3dy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = x 4 + y 4 and N = − xy 3
M
 = 4 y3
y
N
= − y3
x
M N
since,  so the equation (1) is not an exact differential equation.
y x

Page | 30
But the equation (1) is a homogeneous differential equation.
1
Hence, I.F =
Mx + Ny
1
= 5
x + xy 4 − xy 4
1
= 5
x
Multiplying by I.F, the equation (1) becomes,
 1 y4  y3
 + 5 
dx − dy = 0 … … … (2)
x x  x4
which is exact now.
1 y4 y3
Let, M = + 5 and N = − 4
' '

x x x
'
Integrating M with respect to x we get
y4
ln x − 4
4x
'
In N , there is no term free from x.
Therefore the general solution is
y4
ln x − 4 = c .
4x
Problem-05: Solve y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy − x 2 y 2 ) dy = 0 .
Solution: Given that,
y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy − x 2 y 2 ) dy = 0 … … … (1)
where, M = y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) and N = x ( xy − x 2 y 2 )
M
 = 2 xy + 6 x 2 y 2
y
N
= 2 xy − 6 x 2 y 2
x
M N
since,  so the equation (1) is not an exact differential equation.
y x
But the equation (1) is of the form, yf ( xy ) dx + xg ( xy ) dy = 0 .
1
Hence, I.F =
Mx − Ny
1
=
x y + 2 x y − x 2 y 2 + x3 y 3
2 2 3 3

1
= 3 3
3x y

Multiplying by I.F, the equation (1) becomes,

 1 2   1 1 
 2 +  dx +  2
−  dy = 0 … … … (2)
 3x y 3x   3xy 3 y 
which is exact now.
1 2 1 1
Let, M ' = 2 + and N ' = 2
−
3x y 3x 3 xy 3 y
'
Integrating M with respect to x we get

Page | 31
 1 2
− + ln x
3 xy 3
1
In N ' , term free from x is − , whose integral with respect to y is,
3y
1
− ln y
3
Therefore the general solution is
1 2 1
− + ln x − ln y = ln c
3 xy 3 3
1
 − + ln x 2 − ln y = 3ln c
xy
1 x2
 − + ln = ln c3
xy y
1
x2 −
 e xy = c3
y
1
x2
 = Ce xy ; where, C = c3 .
y

f ( x ) dx M N 
1. Show that e 
1
is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 if  −  is a
N  y x 
function of x only.

Let P is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 then

PMdx + PN dy = 0 is an exact equation.


(PM ) =  (P N )
y x
M P N P
Or, P +M = P +N
y y x x
 M N  P P
Or, P  −  = N −M
 y x  x y
 M N  P P
Or, P  −  = N [ Since P is a function of x only , = 0 .]
 y x  x y
 M N  dP
Or, P  −  = N
 y x  dx
 M N 
1 dP
Or,  −  dx =
 y
N x  P
1  M N 
Now  −  = f (x ) , is a function of x only, then
N   y  x 

= f (x ) dx
dP
P
log P =  f (x ) dx
P = e  f ( x ) dx

Page | 32
 1 M N 
i.e. e  f ( x ) dx is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 if  −  is a function of x
N  y x 
only.
− g ( y ) dy 1 M N 
2. Show that e  is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 if  −  is a
M   y  x 
function of y only.
Let P is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 then
PMdx + PN dy = 0 is an exact equation.


(PM ) =  (P N )
y x
M P N P
Or, P +M = P +N
y y x x
 M N  P P
Or,P  −  = N −M
 y x  x y
 M N  P P
Or, P  −  = − M [ Since P is a function of y only , = 0 .]
 y x  y x
 M N  dP
Or, P  −  = − M
 y x  dy
 M N 
1 dP
Or,  −  dy = −
M y x  P
1  M N 
 −  = f ( y ) , is a function of y only, then
M   x 
Now
y

= − f ( y ) dy
dP

P
 log P = −  f ( y ) dy
 P = e −  f ( y ) dy
− g ( y ) dy 1 M N 
e  is an integrating factor of Mdx + N dy = 0 if  −  is a function of y only.
M   y  x 
i.e.

3. If M (x, y ) dx + N (x, y ) dy = 0 is homogeneous and Mx + Ny  0 then

1
is an
M x+ N y
integrating
factor.
4. If the equation can be written in the form y f (xy) dx + x g (xy) dy = 0 , f (xy)  g (xy) then
1 1
= is an integrating factor.
xy  f (xy) − g (xy) Mx − Ny

( )
Problem – 06: Is the differential equation x 2 + y 2 + 2 x dx + 2 y dy = 0 exact? If not,
then make the differential equation exact and hence solve the equation.
Solution:
Here, M = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x
N = 2y
M N
= 2 y and =0
y x

Page | 33
 M N
  the given equation is not exact.
y x
1   M  N  2y
However,  −  = =1
N   y  x  2y
Integrating Factor = e 
1 dx
= ex
Multiplying by e x the given equation becomes,
( )
e x x 2 + y 2 + 2 x dx + 2 y e x dy = 0 , which is exact.
Therefore, the general solution is
x
(
 e x + y + 2x dx +  0 dy = c
2 2
)
e x
(x 2
)
+ 2 x dx + y 2  e x dx = c
(
 e x x 2 + y2 = c )
Problem – 07: Is the differential equation (1 + xy) y dx + (1− xy) x dy = 0 exact? If not,
then make the differential equation exact and hence solve the equation.
Solution:
Here, M = y + xy 2
N = x − x2 y
M N
= 1+ 2 xy and =1 − 2 xy
y x
M N
  the given equation is not exact. But it is of the form y f (xy) dx + x g (xy) dy = 0
y x
Now, Mx − Ny = xy + x 2 y 2 − xy + x 2 y 2 = 2 x 2 y 2  0
1 1
Integrating Factor = = 2 2
Mx − Ny 2 x y
1
Multiplying by the given equation becomes,
2x2 y 2
1
2 2
(1 + xy) y dx + 12 2 (1− xy) x dy = 0
2x y 2x y
 1 1  1 1
  2 +  dx +  2 −  dy = 0 , which is exact.
x y x   xy y
Therefore, the general solution is
 1 1  1 
  2 + x  dx +   − y  dy = c
x y   
1 1 1 1

y x 2
dx +  x dx −  y
dy = c

1
− + log x − log y = c
xy
(
Problem – 08: Solve: y 2 dx + x 2 − xy − y 2 dy = 0 . )
Solution:
The given equation is homogeneous and
(
Mx + Ny = xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 − y 3 = y x 2 − y 2  0 )
1 1
Integrating Factor = =
Mx + Ny y x − y 22
( )

Page | 34
 1
Multiplying by
(
y x − y2 )
the given equation becomes,
2

y x − y − xy 2 2
+ dy = 0
x2 − y2
dx
y x2 − y2 ( )
1 1 1  1 xy 
  −  dx +  −  dy = 0
2 x − y x+ y  y y x −y 
2 2 
( )
1 1 1  1 x 
  −  dx +  − 2  dy = 0 , which is exact.
2 
2 x − y x+ y   y x − y 
Therefore, the general solution is
1 1 1   1
 2  x − y − x + y  dx +   y  dy = log c
   
1 x− y 
 log   + log y = log c
2 x+ y 
 (x − y ) y 2 = (x + y ) c
Exercise:
1. ( x 2 + y 2 + 1) dx − 2 xydy = 0
2. (y 4
+ 2 y ) dx + ( xy 3 + 2 y 4 − 4 x ) dy = 0
3. y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy − y 2 ) dy = 0
4. y ( x 2 y 2 + 2 ) dx + x ( 2 − 2 x 2 y 2 ) dy = 0
5. ( x y − 2 xy ) dx − ( x − 3x y ) dy = 0
2 2 3 2

6. y dx − ( x − xy − y ) dy = 0
2 2 2

7. y(1 + xy)dx + x (1 − xy ) dy = 0
8. ( x 2 + y 2 + x)dx + xydy = 0
(
9. ( y 4 + 2 y )dx + xy 3 + 2 y 4 − 4 x dy = 0 )
10. (3x 2 y 4 + 2 xy )dx + 2 x3 y 3 ( − x ) dy = 0
2

Page | 35
 1.6 Linear Differential Equation

dy
A differential equation of the form + Py = Q where P and Q function of x only or constant
dx
is called linear differential equation of first order and first degree.

Method of Solving Linear Differential Equation:

dy
Assume a linear differential equation + Py = Q (i)
dx
Multiplying both-sides of above equation by e 
Pd x
we find
e + Pye  = Q e
Pd xdy Pd x Pd x

dx
d   P dx  Pd x
ye = Q e
dx  
Integrating with respect to x and adding an arbitrary constant C we get the desired solution.
ye  = Q e  dx + C

P dx Pd x

This is the required solution of the linear differential equation.

Note:
Integrating Factor:
An algebraic factor by multiplying which a differential equation be solvable or integrable.
On other hand Integrating Factor is a factor which makes an expression readily (directly)
integrable after multiplying by it.
Or
A differential equation is multiplied by a factor (function of x,y) and itbecomes integrable,
such type of factor is called integrating factor. It is shortly denoted by I.F.
dy
1. An integrating factor of the equation + Py = Q where P and Q function of x only
dx
or constant is I .F = e 
Pd x
.
dx
2. An integrating factor of the equation + Px = Q where P and Q function of y only
dy
or constant is I .F = e
Pd y
.
dy
3. The solution of + Py = Q is as like y  I .F =  ( Q  I .F ) dx + C .
dx
Mathematical Problems based on linear differential equation
dy
Problem 01:Solve + xy = x .
dx
Solution:
Given differential equation is
dy
+ xy = x (i)
dx
Here P = x and Q = x
x2
Integrating factor, I.F= e  = e 2
xd x

x2
2
Multiplying the above equation by e , we get

Page | 36
 x2 x x 2 2
dy
e2
+ xye 2 = xe 2
dx
d  x2 
2
x2

 ye  = xe 2
dx  
Integrating, we get
x2 x2
ye 2
=  xe dx 2

x2 1
Let = z such that .2 xdx = dz  xdx = dz
2 2
Now,
x2
ye 2
=  e z dz
x2 x2
ye 2
= e +C
2

x2
−
y = 1 + Ce 2

(As desired)
Problem 02: Solve (1 − x 2 )
dy
− xy = 1.
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
(1 − x2 ) dy
dx
− xy = 1 (i)
Equation (i) can be written as,
(1 − x2 ) dy
dx
− xy = 1
dy x 1
 − y= (ii)
dx (1 − x ) 2
(1 − x2 )
−x
 1− x2 dx
Integrating factor, I.F = e
1
(
ln 1− x 2 )
= e2
1

=e
(ln 1− x 2 ) 2

1
= (1 − x 2 ) 2
= 1 − x2
Multiplying the above equation (ii) by 1 − x 2 , we get
dy x 1 − x 2 1 − x2
1− x − 2
y=
dx (1 − x 2 ) (1 − x2 )
dy x 1
−  1 − x2y=
dx 1− x 2
1 − x2

d
dx
y 1 − x2 =
1
1 − x2
( )
Integrating both sides, we get
dx
y 1 − x2 =  +c
1 − x2
 y 1 − x2 = sin −1 ( x ) + c (As desired)

Page | 37
 dy
Problem 03: Solve x + 2 y = x 2 log x .
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy
x + 2 y = x 2 log x (i)
dx
Equation (i) can be written as,
dy
x + 2 y = x 2 log x
dx
dy 2
 + y = x log x (ii)
dx x
2
Integrating factor,I.F = e  x
dx

= e2ln x
= eln x
2

= x2
Multiply both sides of equation (ii) by x 2 , we get
dy
x2 + 2 xy = x3 log x
dx
 ( x 2 y ) = x3 log x
d
dx
Integrating both sides, we get
x 2 y =  x3 log x + c
d 
 x 2 y = log x  x3dx −   ( log x )  x3dx dx + c
 dx 
4 4
x 1 x
 x 2 y = log x −  . dx + c
4 x 4
4
x 1
 x 2 y = log x −  x 3dx + c
4 4
4
x 1 x4
 x y = log x − . + c
2

4 4 4
4
x x4
 x 2 y = log x − + c
4 16
2 2
x x
 y = log x − + cx − 2
4 16
(As desired)
dy
Problem 04: Solve the differential equation + 2 y tan x = sin x .
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy
+ 2 y tan x = sin x … … … (1)
dx
This is a linear equation of first order.
I.F = e
2tan xdx

= e2ln(sec x)
ln ( sec2 x )
=e
= sec2 x
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by sec2 x , we get

Page | 38
 dy
sec2 x + 2 y sec2 x tan x = sin x sec2 x
dx

d
dx
( y sec2 x ) = sec x tan x
Integrating both sides, we get
y sec2 x =  sec x tan xdx + c
 y sec2 x = sec x + c
1 c
y= +
sec x sec2 x
 y = cos x + c cos2 x
which is the required solution.
dy 1
Problem 05: Solve the differential equation x − 2 y = x 2 + sin 2 .
dx x
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy 1
x − 2 y = x 2 + sin 2 … … … (1)
dx x
The equation (1) can be written as,
dy 1
x − 2 y = x 2 + sin 2
dx x
dy 2 1 1
 − y = x + sin 2 … … … (2)
dx x x x
This is a linear equation of first order.
−2
I.F = e x
dx

= e−2ln x
−2
= eln x
1
= 2
x
1
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2 , we get
x
1 dy 2 1 1 1
2
− 3 y = + 3 sin 2
x dx x x x x
d  y 1 1 1
  2  = + 3 sin 2
dx  x  x x x
Integrating both sides, we get
y dx 1 1
2
=  +  3 sin 2 dx + c
x x x x
y 1 1
 2 = ln x +  3 sin 2 dx + c
x x x
y 1 1
 2 = ln x −  sin tdt + c ; putting 2 = t
x 2 x
y 1
 2 = ln x + cos t + c
x 2
y 1 1
 2 = ln x + cos 2 + c
x 2 x
2
x 1
 y = x 2 ln x + cos 2 + c x 2
2 x
which is the required solution.

Page | 39
 dy
Problem 06: Solve the differential equation − 2 y cos x = −2sin 2 x .
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
dy
− 2 y cos x = −2sin 2 x … … … (1)
dx
This is a linear equation of first order.
I.F = e 
−2cos xdx

= e−2sin x
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by e−2sin x , we get
dy
e−2sin x − 2 ye−2sin x cos x = −2e−2sin x sin 2 x
dx
 ( ye−2sin x ) = −2e−2sin x sin 2 x
d
dx
Integrating both sides, we get
ye −2sin x = −2 e −2sin x sin 2 xdx + c
 ye −2sin x = −2  e −2sin x .2sin x cos xdx + c
 ye−2sin x = −  tet dt + c ; putting − 2sin x = t
 d  
 ye −2sin x = − t  et dt −   ( t )  et dt dt  + c
  dt  
 ye −2sin x
= −te +  e dt + c
t t

 ye−2sin x = −tet + et + c
 ye−2sin x = −et ( t − 1) + c
 ye−2sin x = −e−2sin x ( −2sin x −1) + c
 y = 2sin x + 1 + c e2sin x
which is the required solution.
Problem 07: Solve the differential equation (1 + y 2 ) dx + ( x − tan −1 y ) dy = 0 .
Solution: Given differential equation is,
(1 + y 2 ) dx + ( x − tan −1 y ) dy = 0 … … … (1)
The equation (1) can be written as,
(1 + y 2 ) dx + ( x − tan −1 y ) dy = 0
 (1 + y 2 ) dx = − ( x − tan −1 y ) dy

 (1 + y 2 )
dx
= − x + tan −1 y
dy
dx x tan −1 y
 =− +
dy 1+ y2 1+ y2
dx x tan −1 y
 + = … … … (2)
dy 1 + y 2 1 + y 2
This is a linear equation of first order.
1
 1+ y 2 dy
I.F = e
−1
= e tan y

−1
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by e tan y
, we get

Page | 40
 dx
tan −1 y x tan −1 y tan −1 y tan −1 y
e + e = e
dy 1 + y 2 1+ y2


d
dy
(
−1
xe tan y =
1+ y2
)
tan −1 y tan −1 y
e

Integrating both sides, we get

tan −1 y tan −1 y
xe tan −1 y
= e dy + c
1+ y2
=  tet dt + c
−1
 xetan y
; putting tan −1 y = t
= et ( t − 1) + c
−1
 xe tan y

( tan y −1) + c
−1 −1
−1
 xetan y
= etan y

 x = ( tan −1 y −1) + ce − tan −1 y

which is the required solution.

Problem 08: Solve the differential equation ( x + 2 y 3 )
dy
=y.
dx
Solution: Given differential equation is,
( x + 2 y3 ) dy
dx
= y … … … (1)
The equation (1) can be written as,
dx x + 2 y 3
=
dy y
dx x
 = + 2 y2
dy y
dx x
 − = 2 y 2 … … … (2)
dy y
This is a linear equation of first order.
−1
 dy
I.F = e y
= e− ln y
−1
= eln y
1
=
y
1
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by , we get
y
1 dx x
 − = 2y
y dy y 2
d x
   = 2y
dy  y 
Integrating both sides, we get
x
= 2  ydy + c
y
x y2
= 2. + c
y 2
 x = y + cy
3

which is the required solution.

Page | 41
 𝑑𝑦
Problem 09:Solve: cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

Solution: Given equation is

𝑑𝑦
cos2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝑜𝑟, + =
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
2

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, + 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Which is first order differential equation of the form + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥), where 𝑃 =
𝑑𝑥
sec 2 𝑥 and 𝑄 = sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥.
2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Now, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ sec = 𝑒 tan 𝑥

∴ Solution,

𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑑(tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 − 𝑒 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑒 − tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 − 𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑒 − tan 𝑥

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 − tan 𝑥 . [where c arbitrary constant.]
[Ans.]
𝒅𝒚
Problem 10:Solve: 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 4𝑥………….(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F=𝑒 ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 2𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Page | 42
 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 4 [𝑥 − ∫1 𝑑𝑥]
2 2

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 +𝑐
2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐

∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Problem 11:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟓𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 ……………….(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 6𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = +𝑐
6
𝑒 5𝑥
∴𝑦= + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
6
𝒅𝒚
Problem 12:Solve 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟓𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 ………………(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. =𝑒 ∫ −1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 −𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

Page | 43
 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝑥
𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑒 =− +𝑐
6
𝑒 −5𝑥
∴𝑦=− + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
6
𝒅𝒚
Problem 13:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = cos 𝑥………..(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Now integrating,

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥………………(ii)

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − [𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]

= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) − 𝐼

𝑜𝑟, 2𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)

𝑒𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝐼 = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
2
𝑒𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
2
From (ii) we get,
𝑒𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
2
1
∴ 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
2

Page | 44
 𝒅𝒚
Problem 14:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥……………….(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥…………..(ii)

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) − 𝐼

𝑜𝑟, 2𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

𝑒𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝐼 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2
𝑒𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2
From (ii) we get,
𝑒𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
2
1
∴ 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
Problem 15:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙

Solution: Given that,

Page | 45
𝑑𝑦 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ………………(i)
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 2
2
I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 =𝑒 2 = 𝑒𝑥
2
Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 𝑥 we get,

2 𝑑𝑦 2 2 2
𝑒𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,
2 2
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑜𝑟, 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑧
= + 𝑐 ∴ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
2
2
𝑒 2𝑥
= +𝑐
2
2
𝑒𝑥 2
∴𝑦= + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝒅𝒚
Problem 16:Solve: 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥……………(i)

𝑥2 2
I.F. =𝑒 ∫ −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 2 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 −𝑥 we get,

2 𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,
2 2
𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑜𝑟, 2𝑥 =
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧
=− + 𝑐 ∴ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
2 2

Page | 46
 2
𝑒 −𝑥
=− +𝑐
2
1 2
∴ 𝑦 = − + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
2

𝒅𝒚
Problem 17:Solve: (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 1+𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 …………….(i)
2𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥 2) 2 )−1 1
I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 − ln(1+𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(1+𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 = 1+𝑥 2
1
Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. 1+𝑥 2 we get,

1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
− 𝑦=1
1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2

𝑑 1
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦 )=1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
Now integrating,
1
𝑦 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
1 + 𝑥2
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑐)(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝒅𝒚
Problem 18:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = cot 𝑥……………(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. sin 𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥. sin 𝑥 = cot 𝑥. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = cot 𝑥. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

Page | 47
 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ cot 𝑥. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

∴ 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Problem 19:Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = sec 𝑥…………..(i)
𝑑𝑥

I.F. =𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Multiplying equation (i) by the I.F. sin 𝑥 we get,

𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥. sin 𝑥 = sec 𝑥. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = sec 𝑥. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,

𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑥. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑜𝑟, 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝑐

∴ 𝑦 = [− ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝑐]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
Problems for Solution
Solve the following equations
𝑑𝑦
(i) − 3𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
(iii) (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦
(iv) (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
(v) + 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
(vi) = −𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
(vii) + 𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Page | 48
 𝑑𝑦 2
(viii) + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ix) + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(x) + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(xi) + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(xii) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(xiii) + 𝑦 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(xiv) + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(xv) (1 + x 2 ) + y = tan −1 x
dy
dx
dy y
(xvi) + = sin x
dx x
dy
(xvii) x ( x − 1) − y = x 2 ( x − 1)
2

dx
dy
(xviii) − y sin x = sin 2 x
dx
(xix) ( x 2 − 1) + 2 y = ( x + 1)
dy 2

dx
dy
(xx) + 3 y = 3x 2e−3 x
dx
dy
+ 2 xy = 2 xe x
2
(xxi)
dx
dy
(xxii) x + ( x + 1) y = x3
dx

Page | 49
 1.7 Equation reducible to linear differential equation (Bernoulli’s Equation)
dy
A differential equation of the form + Py = Q y n where P and Q function of x only or
dx
constant is called Bernoulli’s Equation. The method of solution was discovered by Leibnitz.

Method of Solving Bernoulli’s Equation:

dy
Bernoulli’s equation is + Py = Q y n (i)
dx
Dividing both-sides of above equation (i) by y n , we find
dy
y−n + Py 1−n = Q (ii)
dx
dy dv dy 1 dv
Putting y 1− n = v such that (1 − n ) y −n
=  y −n = . .
dx dx dx (1 − n ) dx
The equation (ii) reduces to the following form,
1 dv
. + Pv = Q
(1 − n ) dx
dv
 + P (1 − n ) v = Q (1 − n )
dx
Which is a linear equation in v and x , can be solved as linear differential equation.

Mathematical Problems based on Bernoulli’s equation

dy 2 y3
Problem 01: Solve + y = 3 .
dx x x
Solution:
Given differential equation is
dy 2 y3
+ y= 3 (i )
dx x x
Multiplying the above equation (i) by y −3 , we get
dy 2 −2 1
y −3 + y = 3 (ii)
dx x x
dy dv dy 1 dv
Putting y −2 = v so that −2 y −3 =  y −3 =− . .
dx dx dx 2 dx
Equation (ii) becomes,
1 dv 2 1
− . + v= 3
2 dx x x
dv 4 2
− v=− 3 (iii)
dx x x
Above equation is a linear equation in v and x.
4 2
Here, P = − and Q = − 3
x x
4 1
 − dx −4  dx
Now, integrating factor, I.F = e  = e x = e x = e −4ln x = eln x = x −4
P dx −4

Multiplying the equation (iii) by x −4 , we get

dv 2
x −4 − 4 x −3v = − 7
dx x
d 2
vx −4  = − 7
dx  x
Integrating both-sides, we get

Page | 50
 2
vx −4 = −  dx
x7
vx −4 = −2  x −7 dx
 x −6 
vx −4 = −2   + C
 −6 
1
vx −4 = 6 + C
3x
3v x = 1 + 3C x 6
2

3 x 2 = y 2 + 3C y 2 x 6
(As desired)
dy
Problem 02: Solve the differential equation = x3 y 3 − xy .
dx
Solution: The differential equation is,
dy
= x3 y 3 − xy … … … (1)
dx
Equation (1) can be written as,
dy
= x3 y 3 − xy
dx
dy
 + xy = x3 y 3 … … … (2)
dx
This is a Bernoulli’s equation.
Dividing the equation (2) by y 3 we get
dy
y −3 + xy −2 = x3 … … … (3)
dx
−2
put v = y
dv dy dy 1 dv
 = −2 y −3  y −3 =−
dx dx dx 2 dx
Now the equation (3) becomes,
1 dv
− + xv = x3
2 dx
dv
 − 2 xv = −2 x3 … … … (4)
dx
This is a linear equation.
I.F = e 
−2 xdx

= e− x
2

Multiply both sides of equation (4) by e − x we get

2

2 dv
e− x − 2 xve− x = −2 x3e− x
2 2

dx

d
dx
( 2

)
ve− x = −2 x3e− x
2

Integrating both sides we get

ve− x = −2 x3e− x dx + c
2 2

 ve− x = − tet dt + c ; putting − x2 = t

2

 ve− x = −et ( t − 1) + c
2

 ve− x = −e− x ( − x2 −1) + c

2 2

Page | 51
  v = x 2 + 1 + ce x
2

 y −2 = x2 + 1 + cex
2

(
 x 2 + 1 + ce x
2

)y 2
=1
which is the solution.
dy 2 y3
Problem 03: Solve the differential equation + y= 3 .
dx x x
Solution: The differential equation is,
dy 2 y3
+ y = 3 … … … (1)
dx x x
This is a Bernoulli’s equation.
Dividing the equation (1) by y 3 we get
dy 2 −2 1
y −3 + y = 3 … … … (2)
dx x x
−2
put v = y
dv dy dy 1 dv
 = −2 y −3  y −3 =−
dx dx dx 2 dx
Now the equation (2) becomes,
1 dv 2 1
− + v= 3
2 dx x x
dv 4 2
 − v = − 3 … … … (3)
dx x x
This is a linear equation.
4
I.F = e x
− dx

dx
=e  x
−4

= e− 4ln x
− 4
= eln x
1
= 4
x
1
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 4 we get
x
1 dv 4 2
− v=− 7
x 4 dx x5 x
d  v  2
  4 =− 7
dx  x  x
Integrating both sides we get
v dx
4
= −2 7 + c
x x
v 1 1
 4 = +c
x 3 x6
1 1
 y −2 = 2
+ cx 4
3x
1 1 1
 2 = + cx 4
y 3 x2
which is the required solution.
Problem 04: Solve the differential equation ( x 2 y 3 + xy )
dy
= 1.
dx

Page | 52
Solution: The differential equation is,
( x2 y3 + xy ) dy
dx
= 1 … … … (1)
Equation (1) can be written as,
( x2 y3 + xy ) dy
dx
=1
dy 1
 = 2 3
dx ( x y + xy )
dx
 = x 2 y 3 + xy
dy
dx
 − xy = x 2 y 3 … … … (2)
dy
This is a Bernoulli’s equation.
Dividing the equation (2) by x 2 we get
dx y
x −2 − = y 3 … … … (3)
dy x
1
put v = −
x
dv dx dx dv
 = x −2  x −2 =
dy dy dy dy
Now the equation (3) becomes,
dv
+ yv = y 3 … … … (4)
dy
This is a linear equation.
I.F = e 
ydy

y2
=e 2

y2
2
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by e we get
y2 y 2
y 2
dv
e 2
+ yve 2 = y 3e 2
dy

d  y 
2 2
y
  ve 2  = − y e 2
3

dy  

Integrating both sides we get

y2 y2
ve 2
=  y e dy + c
3 2

y2
y2
 ve 2
= 2 tet dt + c ; putting =t
2
y2
 ve 2
= 2et ( t − 1) + c

 y2 
y2 y2

 ve = 2e  − 1 + c
2
2

 2 

Page | 53
 2
y
1 −
 − = y 2 − 2 + ce 2
x
2
y
1 −
 = 2 − y 2 − ce 2
x
which is the required solution.
dy y y 3
Problem 05: Solve the differential equation 2 − = 3 .
dx x x
Solution: The differential equation is,
dy y y 3
2 − = 3 … … … (1)
dx x x
The equation (1) can be written as,
dy y y3
− = 3 … … … (2)
dx 2 x 2 x
This is a Bernoulli’s equation.
Dividing the equation (2) by y 3 we get
dy 1 −2 1
y −3 − y = 3 … … … (3)
dx 2 x 2x
−2
put v = y
dv dy dy 1 dv
 = −2 y −3  y −3 =−
dx dx dx 2 dx
Now the equation (2) becomes,

dv v 1
 + = − 3 … … … (3)
dx x x
This is a linear equation.
4

I.F = e x
− dx

dx
=e  x
−4

= e− 4ln x
− 4
= eln x
1
= 4
x
1
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by we get
x4
1 dv 4 2
4
− 5 v=− 7
x dx x x
d  v  2
  4 =− 7
dx  x  x
Integrating both sides we get
v dx
4
= −2 7 + c
x x
v 1 1
 4 = +c
x 3 x6
1 1
 y −2 = + cx 4
3 x2

Page | 54
 1 1 1
 = + cx 4
y 2 3 x2
which is the required solution.
dy
Problem 06: Solve the differential equation sec2 y + 2 x tan y = x3 .
dx
Solution: The differential equation is,
dy
sec2 y + 2 x tan y = x3 … … … (1)
dx
This is a Bernoulli’s equation.
put v = tan y
dv dy
 = sec2 y
dx dx
Now the equation (1) becomes,
dv
+ 2 xv = x3 … … … (2)
dx
This is a linear equation.
I.F = e 
2 xdx

= ex
2

2
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by e x we get
2 dv
+ 2 xe x v = x3e x
2 2
ex
dx

dx
d
( )
ve x = x3e x
2 2

Integrating both sides we get

vex =  x3e x dx + c
2 2

1
2
 ve x = tet dt + c ; putting x 2 = t
2

 ve x = ( tet − et ) + c
2 1
2
et
 ve x = ( t − 1) + c
2

2
2
ex
 ve =
x2

2
( x 2 − 1) + c

 v = ( x − 1) + ce− x
1 2 2

2
 tan y = ( x 2 − 1) + ce− x .
1 2

2
Which is the required solution.
𝑑𝑦
Problem 07: Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solution: Given the equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
We first rewrite the equation as
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
[𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑥]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
With 𝑛 = 2, we next substitute 𝑦 = 𝑢1−𝑛 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑢1−2 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑢−1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 in the
given equation,

Page | 55
 𝑑𝑢 𝑢−1
−𝑢−2 + = 𝑥𝑢−2
𝑑𝑥 −1+2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = −𝑥 [𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 −𝑢−2 ]
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑜𝑟, − 𝑢 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
Which is first order differential equation of the form + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑢 = 𝑄(𝑥), where 𝑃 = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑄 = −𝑥.
1 −1
Now, 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1
∴ Solution,
𝑢𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑢𝑥 −1 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 ∙ (−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑢𝑥 −1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, 𝑢𝑥 −1 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 −1 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 [𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑦 −1 ]
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥−𝑥 2 . [where c arbitrary constant.]
[Ans.]
𝒅𝒚
Problem 08: Solve: 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑
Solution: In this equation, 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑛 = 3
Let us transform the above equation by the following transformation
1
𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦 1−3 = 𝑦 −2 = 2
𝑦
After the transformation the transformed equation stands,
𝑑𝑧
+ (1 − 3)3𝑥 2 𝑧 = (1 − 3)𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 𝑧 = −2𝑥 2 ,…………….(i)
which is a linear differential equation in z.
2 𝑥3 3
Now, I.F.=𝑒 ∫ −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −6 3 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
3
Now, multiplying the equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 −2𝑥 ,
3 𝑑𝑧 3 3
𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 𝑧𝑒 −2𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 3
𝑜𝑟, (𝑧𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now integrating,
3 3
𝑧𝑒 −2𝑥 = −2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 3 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= −2 ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 3𝑥 2 =
3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑡
= − ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
3 3
2 𝑒 −2𝑡
=− ( )+𝑐
3 −2
3 1 3
𝑧𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐
3
1 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
3

Page | 56
 1 1 3
∴ 2
= + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 3

𝒅𝒚
Problem 09: Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐

Solution: In this equation, 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑛 = 2

Let us transform the above equation by the following transformation
1
𝑧 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑦1−2 = 𝑦 −1 =
𝑦

After the transformation the transformed equation stands,

𝑑𝑧
+ (1 − 2)2𝑥𝑧 = (1 − 2)𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥, …………………(i)

which is a linear differential equation in z.

𝑥2 2
Now, I.F. =𝑒 ∫ −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 2 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
Now, multiplying the equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑒 −𝑥 ,

2 𝑑𝑧 2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2
𝑜𝑟, (𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Now integrating,
2 2
𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 2𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟, 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
2 𝑑𝑥 2
1
= − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
1 −𝑡
= 𝑒 +𝑐
2
2 1 −𝑥 2
𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑐
2
1 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
2
1 1 2
∴ = + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 2

Page | 57
 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
Problem 10: Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐
1
Solution: In this equation, 𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑛 = 2
𝑥
Let us transform the above equation by the following transformation
1
𝑧 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑦1−2 = 𝑦 −1 =
𝑦

After the transformation the transformed equation stands,

𝑑𝑧 1
+ (1 − 2) 𝑧 = (1 − 2)𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑧 = −𝑥, ………………(i)
which is a linear differential equation in z.
1 −1 1
Now, I.F. =𝑒 − ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 =𝑥
1
Now, multiplying the equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑧 1
− 𝑧 = −1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑑 1
𝑜𝑟, (𝑧 ) = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Now integrating,
1
𝑧 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
1
∴ = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
𝑦
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
Problem 11: Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙√𝒚
Solution: Given that,
𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑜𝑟, + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
In this equation, 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑛 = 2
Let us transform the above equation by the following transformation
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦 1−2 = 𝑦 2
After the transformation the transformed equation stands,
𝑑𝑧 1 1 1
+ (1 − ) 𝑧 = (1 − ) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 1 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑧 = 2 𝑥, ……………..(i)

which is a linear differential equation in z.

1 1 1
Now, I.F. =𝑒 ∫2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
1
Now, multiplying the equation (i) by the I.F. 𝑥 2 ,
1 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 = 𝑥. 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑 1 1 3
𝑜𝑟, (𝑧𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2

Page | 58
Now integrating,
1 1 3
𝑧𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
1 3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
5
1 𝑥2
= +𝑐
2 5
2
1 1 5
𝑧𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
5
1 2 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 −2
5
1 1 1
∴ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 −2
5
Problems for Solution
𝑑𝑦
(i) − 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 3√𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(iii) + 𝑦 = 𝑦2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
(iv) + 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(v) + 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑦)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(vi) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(vii) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
dy
(viii) + y = y 3 sin x
dx
dy
(ix) + y = y 2e x
dx
dy
(x) + xy = xy 2
dx
dy
(xi) − y = xy 2
dx
dy y y 2
(xii) 2 − = 2
dx x x
dy
(xiii) cos x + y sin x + 2 y 3 = 0
dx
dy
(xiv) + xy = x3 y 3
dx
dy
(xv) + y = y 2e x
dx

Page | 59