Serega

Edutech
MS WORD, EXCEL, POWERPOINT,
ACCESS, INTERNET

NAME: …………………………………………

Dhansrighat Branch, Udalguri, BTAD, Assam

url: www.serega.org / www.seregaedu.weebly.com
e-mail:[email protected]
 Page | 2

H ISTORY O F C OMPUTERS
Basically there are three kinds of calculating devices Viz, Manual, Mechanical & Automatic. An early manual device
was the ABACUS invented by the Chinese people. ABACUS is a frame with beads strung on wires or rods. Arithmetic
calculations are performed by manipulating the beads. Centuries later on in 1647, Blaise Pascal of French invented the
first mechanical calculating machine, known as Pascaline Calculating Machine. About 50 years later in 1694 Gottfried
Von Leibinz of Germany improved upon pascal’s invention by providing a calculating machine which could add,
subtract, multiply, divide and extract square roots. Although this machine was able to do such calculations, but the
resulting information was relatively inaccurate and often late. So there was a need for improved data processing
methods. In 1820 Joseph Jacquard developed first punch card machine. The most important breakthrough at this time was
the development of Electro Mechanical Punch Card Equipment, developed by Dr. Herman Hollerith in 1887. He developed
his machine readable card concept and designed a device known as the ‘Census Machine’. Punch card processing is
based on a simple idea that input data are first recorded in a coded form by punching holes on cards. These cards are
fed into a number of Electro Mechanical Machines that perform processing steps. It’s obvious that punched card data
processing was a significant improvement over manual methods wherever speed and accuracy was concerned. Before
the Hollerith efforts, in 1833, Charles Babbage, developed a machine known as Analytical engine which could do not
only all arithmetical calculation but could store the data too. That is why Charles Babbage is known as the father of
computer. But present form of computer only could be imagined in 1946 when the first generation computer was built
in USA.

B ASIC -MS W ORD

 Introduction.

1. W HAT I S C OMPUTER
Computer is an electronic device that processes or transforms data into useful information by executing a series of
predefined instructions. It derives its name from the word “compute” which means calculation. A computer has
moved through various states of development and improvement. These states are referred to as Generations of
Computer.

 G ENERATIONS OF C OMPUTER
While it would not be wrong to say that the evolution of the computer began with the man’s need to count, the
actual growth of this field happened in a short span of thirty years. This rapid development was characterized
by phases of growth, which have come to be called computer generations. Major technological developments
in each generation led to smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable computers.
Following are the five Generations of Computer:
1. First Generation : 1940-1956 (Vacuum Tubes)
The first generation computers used valves leading to huge size and
cost. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first
generation computing devices.
The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
3|Page
2. Second Generation : 1956-1963 (Transistors)
The second generation computer used transistors. In a span of ten
years, transistors that were more efficient and cheaper replaced
valves.

3. Third Generation : 1964-1971 (Integrated Circuits)

The third generation computers used Integrated Circuits (IC). In the
early sixties, a major breakthrough was achieved when hundreds of
transistors cloud be placed on a single silicon chip. This IC became
the basis of the third generation.

4. Fourth Generation : 1971 (Present : Microprocessors)

The fourth generation computers used microprocessors. With the
introduction of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), thousands of
transistors could be placed on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Fourth generation computers
also saw the development of Graphical user interfaces (GUIs), the
mouse and handheld devices.

5. Fifth Generation : Present and Beyond : Artificial Intelligence

The fifth generation computer tries to infuse intelligence into
computers. The development of these computers is still in its infancy,
but example can be cited of various speech recognition systems and
robots.

 The two basic types of computers are the following:

 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 A NALOG C OMPUTER
Analog computer handle or process information
which is of a physical nature, as for example,
temperature, pressure etc.

 D IGITAL C OMPUTER
Digital computer process information which is
essentially in a binary or two-state form, namely
zero and one (‘0’ & ‘1’). When talking about
computer, we mostly refer to the digital type of
electronic machines. These are based on the
measuring of analog or equivalent physical value.
Digital computer fall into ranges called:
 Microcomputer
 Minicomputer
 Page | 4

 Mainframe
 Supercomputer
Digital computer is classified in ascending order of size:
 Small
 Medium
 Large
 Very Large.
 M ICROCOMPUTER
A micro-computer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a
microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes a microprocessor,
memory, and minimal input/output circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit
board. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970’s and 1980’s with the
advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors.
 M INICOMPUTER
A mini-computer is a smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than
mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful than
a personal computer. Minicomputers are used for scientific and engineering
computations, business-transaction processing, file handling, and database
management, and are often now referred to as small or midsize servers. A
minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller computers that was
developed in the mid-1960’s and sold for much less than mainframe and
mid-size computers from IBM and its direct competitors.
 M AINFRAME
Mainframe computers are used primarily by large organizations for critical
applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. The term
originally referred to the large cabinets called "Main Frames" that housed
the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the
term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less
powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were
established in the 1960’s.
 S UPERCOMPUTER
A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently
highest operational rate for computers. Traditionally, supercomputers
have been used for scientific and engineering applications that must
handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or
both). Although advances like multi-core
processors and GPGPUs (general purpose graphics processing
units) have enabled powerful machines for personal use (See: Desktop
Supercomputer, GPU Supercomputer), by definition, a supercomputer is
exceptional in terms of performance. The largest, most powerful
supercomputers are really multiple computers that perform parallel
processing. In general, there are two parallel processing approaches:
Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) and Massively Parallel Processing
(MPP). Today's supercomputers consist of tens of thousands of
processors that are able to perform billions and trillions of calculations or
computations per second.
 C OMPUTER S YSTEMS
A computer system has mainly three different sections.
 Software
 Hardware
 Humanware
The detail has been shown in the block diagram.
5|Page

2. S OFTWARE
It means an integrated set of programs, which supplies instructions to a computer. A computer system consists of
two major elements: hardware and software. Computer hardware is the collection of all the parts you can
physically touch. Computer software on the other hand is not something you can touch. Software is a set of
instructions for a computer to perform specific operations. The word software was first used by John Wilder
Tukey in 1958. The theory of software was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1935. It is further classified into two
categories namely:
 Application Software.
 System Software.
I . A PPLICATION S OFTWARE :
Application software is a set of one or more programs or instructions designed to carry out operations for
a specified application. The application software always runs based on any system software or operating
system. Some examples of application software are:
 Page Maker
 Photoshop
 Corel Draw
 Tally, etc.
In general you can say it creates an interface for the user to perform a specific type of job. For example.
 Word: for word processing,
 Excel: for database management,
 Paint: for drawing any graphics,
 Tally: to maintain company’s accounts etc.
II . S YSTEM S OFTWARE
It controls the computer system and its resources like the memory, input and output device, the disk drives
and the microprocessor, schedules the work within the machine and enables the hardware to understand
our commands that are given in English like language. For example.
 Windows 7
 Windows XP
 Linux
 Vista, etc.
3. H ARDWARE
The term hardware describes the physical parts of your computer which you can physically touch or see such as
your monitor, case, disk drives, microprocessor and other physical parts.
4. H UMANWARE
The group of people who are engaged in operating and managing the computer system are the Humanware. The
operator, programmer, developer are collectively Known as Humanware. Without human force computer is a
lifeless device. Therefore people are also considered to be a part of computer system.
 C OMPUTER A RCHITECTURE (B LOCK D IAGRAM OF A C OMPUTER ):
The basic organization or architecture of a computer is to accept input, store and process the input and
give the resultant output. It can be divided into three main units.
 Input device or unit
 Page | 6
 Central Processing Unit (C.P.U)
 Output device or unit

Considering these units as part of computer, the block diagram of a computer can be represented as
following:

5. I NPUT U NITS
Input devices are those devices which are used to enter information into a computer or other data processing
devices. These devices are:
i. Keyboard ii. Optical Mark Reader
iii. Mouse iv. Bar Code Reader
v. Joystick vi. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
vii. Light Pen viii. Web Camera
ix. Scanner x. Video Camera
xi. Voice Input and Recognition System xii. Finger Print Scanner
6. O UTPUT U NITS
Output devices are those devices of computer system that supplies information or results either in the form of
hardcopy (printer) or softcopy (monitor). Some of the common output devises are as follows:
i. Monitor (VDU)
ii. Printers
iii. Plotters
iv. Multimedia Projector
v. Speech Synthesizer
7. C ENTRAL P ROCESSING U NIT (C.P.U)
This is the main unit of the computer, which is being responsible for processing. It is known as the brain of the
computer. It consists of following sub units:
8. M EMORY :
Storage unit of a computer is known as memory. Computer Memory has been divided into two parts:
 Primary Memory.
 Secondary Memory
 P RIMARY M EMORY
Primary storage units or the main memory has faster access time, smaller storage capacity, and higher cost
per bit of storage. It is two types: RAM and ROM.
 RAM
Ram means Random Access Memory. Every computer system has a specified storage capacity.
Suppose we have as 64 MB RAM means it has 64 * 1024 * 1024 location, each capable of storing
one byte. Each location has a unique address and, in a RAM, the memory can be accessed
randomly. RAM allows us to read as well as to write to, the memory. So, it is called the read write
memory. RAM is volatile, when switch off all the content of the memory will be lost; it is used to
store the data, information and instruction temporarily.
 ROM
 7|Page
Rom means Read Only Memory where information is permanently stored. You can only read that
information which is stored but you can’t modify the information into it. Rom is non-volatile
because when the power supply is off; the information stored inside ROM will not be lost.
Actually the manufacturers use ROM to keep micro programs which are required to start-up a
computer, so that this is highly protected from the modification of the users.

M ICROSOFT E XCEL (2007)

Microsoft Excel is spreadsheet application software. A spreadsheet program allows us to work with number as well as
to create budget payroll and income tax. Basically we can say that a spreadsheet program is used to do different kinds
of scientific calculation.
Ms Excel is a part of Ms Office software package that include Ms Word, Ms Power point. A file in excel is
known as workbook it workbook by default contain 3 (three) workbooks contain a number of rows and columns which
inter set to from cells. These cells are plays where we can input data or to different kinds of scientific calculation each
worksheet in Ms Excel contains 65,536 rows and 256 columns. The rows are name from 1 to 65536 and columns are
name from a to z and again from Aa to Iv.
Normally view in MS-Excel:

 Number of Rows and Columns in MS Excel 2007

Version Number of Rows & Columns
Excel 2003: 65,536 Rows and 256 Columns
Excel 2007 (and later versions of Excel): 10,48,576 Rows and 16,384 Columns

A SSIGNMENT N O .1

 Formula:
 Total =SUM(D4:I4) : Enter Press.
 Maximum =MAX(D4:I4) : Enter Press.
 Minimum =MIN(D4:I4) : Enter Press.
 Percentage =AVERAGE(D4:I4) : Enter Press.
 Division =IF(M4>=60,"1st",IF(M4>=45,"2nd",IF(M4>=30,"3rd","Nill"))): Enter Press.
 Result =IF(M4>=30,"PASS","FAIL") : Enter Press.
-XXX-
 Page | 8
A SSIGNMENT N O .2

 Formula:
 Total: =SUM(B3:B9) : Enter Press.
 Total After Discount: =B10-B10*4.60% : Enter Press.
XXX
A SSIGNMENT N O .3

 Formula: Followed Step By Step Point How To Create Chart In Excel.

 No 1 Create Chart.
 Select B2 to E7  Click Insert Menu  Chart Group  Click Column (Choose any Column).
 No 2 Create Month.
 Go To Right Hand Side Button and Click Legend  Click Design Menu  Data Group  Click
Select Data  Go To Legend Entry Series and Click Number 1996, Click Edit and Write Month
Name in Series Name Click Ok, Do Same 1997 and 1998 and Remove Capacity Click Ok
 No 3 Create Chart Title.
 Click Layout Menu  Labels Group  Click Chart Title  Click Above Chart (Write Chart Title)
 No 4 Create Chart Design.
 Click Design Menu  Chart Styles Group (Choose any Chart Style)

XXX
9|Page
A SSIGNMENT N O .4

 Calculation With Formula :

 DA is 6% of the Basic Pay
 HRA is 5% of the Basic Pay
 MA is 500 fixed
 CCA is 21% of the Basic Pay
 Income Tax is 12% of the Basic Pay
 LIC Premium 1500 fixed
 Provident Fund is 5% of the Basic Pay
 Calculate the Net Monthly Income of Mr.A
Net Monthly Income: =Basic Pay+Sum(Other Allowance)-Sum(Deduction)
 Calculate the net monthly income of Mr. B , if basic salary is 8% more than Mr.A
 Calculate the net monthly income of Mr. C , if basic salary is 10% less than Mr.B
 Calculate the net monthly income of Mr. D, if basic salary is 5% more than Mr.A
A SSIGNMENT N O .5

 Formula:
 Calculate the number of days i.e. (Discharge date – Admission date) + 1
 Calculate the room rent based on the ward
Ward Room rent per day
Special 125
General 50
Room Rent: =IF(C3="SPECIAL",F3*125,IF(C3="GENERAL",F3*50))
 Amount is Room rent + Fees
 Sort the database in the ascending order of Department.
 Create a subtotal of fees collected from each Department. Remove the subtotals.
 Using auto filter, display the records of general ward.
 Page | 10
 Using auto filter, display the records of patients, whose name begins with S.
 Using auto filter, display any 3 records of patients who are hospitalized for highest number of days.

M ICROSOFT O FFICE P OWER P OINT (2007)

 W HAT IS MS P OWER P OINT ?
Microsoft PowerPoint is powerful presentation software developed by Microsoft. It is a standard component of the
company's Microsoft Office suite software, and is bundled together with Word, Excel and other office productivity
tools. The program uses slides to convey information rich in multimedia. PowerPoint, you can use its easy-to-use
predefined layouts, themes, and templates to create dynamic and professional presentations. PowerPoint 2007 has a
different interface from previous versions of the program, as shown below.

INTERNET
 W HAT IS N ETWORK
A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices
connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An excellent example of a network is the Internet, which
connects millions of people all over the world. Below is an example image of a home network with multiple
computers and other network devices all connected to each other and the Internet.
 Examples of network devices
 Desktop computers, laptops, mainframes, and servers
 Consoles and thin clients
 Firewalls
 Bridges
 Repeaters
 Network Interface cards
 Switches, hubs, modems, and routers
 Smart Phones and tablets
 Webcams
 N ETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND TYPES OF NETWORKS
The term network topology describes the relationship of connected
devices in terms of a geometric graph. Devices are represented as
vertices, and their connections are represented as edges on the graph.
It describes how many connections each device has, in what order,
and it what sort of hierarchy.

Typical network configurations include the bus topology, mesh

topology, ring topology, star topology, tree topology and hybrid
topology.

Most home networks are configured in a tree topology that is connected to the Internet. Corporate networks often
use tree topologies, but they typically incorporate star topologies and an Intranet.
 W HAT WAS THE FIRST COMPUTER NETWORK
One of the first computer networks to use packet switching, ARPANET was developed in the mid-1960s and is
considered to be the direct predecessor of the modern Internet. The first ARPANET message was sent on October
29, 1969.
 S ERVER
A server is a computer that provides resources or services to the other computer on a network. There can be more
than one server on a network.
 T YPE OF N ETWORK
Network can range from a small group of computer linked together in a classroom to thousands of computers
linked together across the globe. Depending on the geographical location, network can be classified as:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)