...

through

tags that denote subheadings. « Site Visitors: They also help site visitors quickly scan and understand a page. Proper headings on a web page help visitors determine if the content is relevant to them. HTML Heading Tags The following are the six HTML tags for different heading sizes. Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5

Heading 6

This is Heading

This is Heading

This is Heading

This Heading This is Heading

This Heading @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDy Heading in HTML x |e oO File | C/Users/... This is Heading 1 This is Heading 2 This is Heading 3 This is Heading 4 This is Heading § This Heading 6 What is an HTML Paragraph? Paragraphs tags or

tags in HTML help us create paragraphs on a web page. On web browsers, paragraphs display as blocks of text separated from adjacent blocks by blank lines, white spaces, or first-line indentation. ‘You can use a

tag followed by the content you want to display in your paragraph and a

. Whenever the web browser comes across a

tag, it starts its contents on a new line. HTML Paragraph Syntax: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

Paragraph Content

Output: Paragraph in HTML xt © O File | Cyusers/.. + Paragraph Content Explanation: «

: Start tag for the paragraph. . Paragraph Content: The text will appear as a paragraph on a visitor’s screen. .

: It is the closing tag for the paragraph. Why are HTML Paragraph Tags Important? HTML paragraphs help us in multiple ways, such as: They make a web page more readable by giving it a structural view. . Paragraphs can consist of different types of related content, such as text, images, forms, and more. Here is a simple example in HTML to display different paragraphs on a web page: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. this iS Pparagrapa 2 This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2. This is paragraph 2.

This is paragraph 3. This is paragraph 3. This is paragraph @ scanned with OKEN Scanner3. This is paragraph 3. paragraph 3. This This is paragraph paragraph 3. This This is paragraph paragraph 3.

is This is paragraph 3. Th as paragraph 3. This = @ scanned with OKEN ScannerOrdered and Unordered List + Hyperlink Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page. HTML Links - Hyperlinks HTML Lists HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists. Example An unordered HTML list: + Item + Item - Item + Item An ordered HTML list: 1.First item 2.Second item 3.Third item 4.Fourth item @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUnordered HTML List An unordered list starts with the

tag. Each list item starts with the
• tag. The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default: Example
  • Ccoffee
  • Tea
  • Milk
  HTML Links HTML links are hyperlinks. You can click on a link and jump to another document. When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand. HTML Links - Syntax @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe HTML tag defines a hyperlink. It has the following syntax: Link text The most important attribute of the element is the href attribute, which indicates the link's destination. The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader. Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL address. Example This example shows how to create a link to W3Schools.com: Visit W3Schools.com! By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers: + An unvisited link is underlined and blue + A visited link is underlined and purple + An active link is underlined and red HTML Links - The target Attribute @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBy default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser window. To change this, you must specify another target for the link. The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document. The target attribute can have one of the following values: + _self - Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it was clicked _blank - Opens the document in a new window or tab _parent - Opens the document in the parent frame _top - Opens the document in the full body of the window Example Use target="_blank" to open the linked document in a new browser window or tab: Visit W3Schools! Absolute URLs vs. Relative URLs Both examples above are using an absolute URL (a full web address) in the href attribute. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerA local link (a link to a page within the same website) is specified with a relative URL (without the "https://www" part): Example

  Absolute URLs

  "https: //www.w3.org/">W3C
  https://www.google.com/">GoogleRelative URLs

HTML Images

CSS Tutorial

Absolute URLs

W3C

Google

HTML Images

CSS Tutorial

tag. Each list item starts with the
1. tag. The list items will be marked with numbers by default: Example
   1. Coffee
   2. Tea
   @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHTML Description Lists HTML also supports description lists. A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term. The

   tag defines the description list, the

   tag defines the term (name), and the

   tag describes each term: Example

   Coffee

   - black hot drink

   Milk

   - white cold drink

   HTML List Tags Tag Description Defines an unordered list Defines an ordered list @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDefines a list item Defines a description list Defines a term in a description list Describes the term in a description list @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHTML Forms An HTML form is used to collect user input. The user input is most often sent to a server for processing. Example First name: [=e Last name? [bee son | The

   Element The HTML element is used to create an HTML form for user input: form elements

   The

   element is a container for different types of input elements, such as: text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, etc. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAll the different form elements are covered in this chapter: The Element. The HTML element is the most used form element. An element can be displayed in many ways, depending on the type attribute. Here are some examples: Type Description Displays a single-line text input ffelc —_ Displays a radio button (for selecfing choices) many choices) Displays a submit button (for sulmit @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Displays a clickable button All the different input types are covered in this chapter: Text Fields The defines a single-line input field for text input. Example A form with input fields for text: First name:
   
   Last name:
   

   This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser: First name: — @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThis example will not submit the value of the "First name" input field:

   First name:
   
   @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLast name: I Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of an input field is 20 characters. The Element Notice the use of the element in the example above. The tag defines a label for many form elements. The element is useful for screen-reader users, because the screen-reader will read out loud the label when the user focus on the input element. The element also help users who have difficulty clicking on very small regions (such as radio buttons or checkboxes) - because when the user clicks the text within the element, it toggles the radio button/checkbox. The for attribute of the tag should be equal to the id attribute of the element to bind them together. Radio Buttons The defines a radio button. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerRadio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices. Example A form with radio buttons:

   Choose your favorite Web language:

   HTML
   CSS
   JavaScript

   This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser: Choose your favorite Web language: HTML © css ©“ JavaScript Checkboxes @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices. Example A form with checkboxes:

   I have a bike
   I have a car
   I have a boat

   This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser " Thave a bike Thave a ear Thave a boat The Submit Button The defines a button for submitting the form data to a form-handler. The form-handler is typically a file on the server with a script for processing input data. The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute. Example A form with a submit button: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

   First name:
   
   Last name‘
   
   
   

   This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser: First name: “en Last name: Doe Submit The Name Attribute for Notice that each input field must have aname attribute to be submitted. If the name attribute is omitted, the value of the input field will not be sent at all. Example @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCSS With HTML What is CSS? Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage. With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what background images or background colors are to be used, different displays for different devices and screen sizes, and much more! Using CSS CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways: Inline - by using the style attribute inside HTML elements Internal - by using a

   This is a heading

   This is a paragraph.

   External CSS An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages. To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the section of each HTML page: Example @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

   This is a heading

   This is a paragraph.

   "styles.css": body { background-color: powderblue; } hi{ color: blue; } pt color: red; } CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You will learn more about them later. The CSS color property defines the text color to be used. The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used. The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used. Example Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties: @ scanned with OKEN ScannerExample Use of CSS border property: pt border: 2px solid powderblue; } CSS Padding The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the border. Example Use of CSS border and padding properties: pt border: 2px solid powderblue; padding: 30px; } The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border. CSS Margin Example Use of CSS border and margin properties: pt border: 2px solid powderblue; margin: 50px; } @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

   This is a heading

   This is a paragraph.

   CSS Border The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTable and Image An HTML table with images can be created by using the HTML src attribute and a specific value. The process it takes to insert an HTML image in table is easy and intuitive, and only consists of several steps. There are many reasons why creating a table with pictures HTML is beneficial for your web page and can improve the overall user experience. The only necessary HTML attribute you are supposed to use to insert any image into your table is the HTML src. This attribute shows the source of your image which can be either a URL of the image or a location on the server. If the image is uploaded on the same server as your HTML document, you can use the location and attach the image. On the other hand, if the image is not on the same server, you should introduce the image by using the specific URL. However, working with HTML tables and images can sometimes result in the creation of more complex syntaxes. The image in table HTML is only one part of the complete syntax that consists of numerous HTML elements, @ scanned with OKEN Scannerattributes, CSS styling properties, and JavaScript functions. After this section, we will teach you how to create a table with an image, and then we are going to learn something more about HTML tables and images individually. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAIL MERGE Mail merge consists of combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter. This feature is usually employed in a word processing document which contains fixed text (which is the same in each output document) and variables (which act as placeholders that are replaced by text from the data source word to word). Some word processors can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into text documents.l2llsl It is a powerful tool for writing a personalized letter or e-mail to many people at the same time. It imports data from another source such as a spreadsheet and then uses that to replace placeholders throughout the message with the relevant information for each individual that is being messaged. o @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDOS COMMAND DOS (an acronym for Disk Operation System) is a tool which allows you to control the operation of the IBM PC. DOS is software which was written to control hardware. IDRISI, Atlas*GIS, Microstation, AutoCAD, CPS/PC, and ARC/INFO are, in turn, application software which run under DOS. By this we mean that, although IDRISI, Atlas*GIS, Microstation, AutoCAD, CPS/PC, and ARC/INFO were written to accomplish a single task or application (in this case manipulation of spatially related data), they must use DOS to pursue its work. DOS can be used for a wide range of tasks far beyond the requirements of this class. You will be able to manage well if you master only a small subset of DOS commands and functions. These relate almost exclusively to file and directory management and are introduced in this handout. This tip sheet assumes that you have learned how to turn on the PCs as they are configured in room 230 and that you have familiarized yourself with their keyboards (no small task in itself). It also assumes that you understand the meaning of the concept of a file and the elements of a file specification (drive, filename, and extension). The microcomputers you will be using are equipped with two floppy disk drives. The A-drive is the 3.5" (1.44MB) drive and the B-drive is the 5.25" (360KB) drive. The microcomputers also contain a C-drive, a hard disk drive of 130MB or 200MB capacity. You will quickly find that the best way to learn how to use a computer is through experimentation. That is, once you have learned a command, try some variations until they don't work, then start over. Often there are five or six ways for you to @ scanned with OKEN Scanneraccomplish a particular task. Usually, I will introduce you to only one, leaving it up to you to discover the rest. Don't hesitate to consult the DOS Reference Manual; copies can be found on the bookcase in room 230. Finally, don't be unduly disturbed by error messages. With computers, one of the best ways to learn is by making mistakes. Most of the common DOS commands you need to use for this class (copy, rename, delete) are available to you in Windows through the Filemanager icon. And, since you can move back and forth between DOS and Windows, it doesn't matter which option you employ. Some commands are faster in invoke in Windows, some in DOS. If you haven't worked with Windows previously, go to the Windows tutorials in the help area. THER ARE TWO TYPES OF DOS COMMAND-: INTERNAL COMMAND EXTERNAL COMMAND INTERNAL COMMAND. An internal command is the MS-DOS command stored in system memory and loaded from command.com or cmd.exe. Internal commands include MD, DATE, COPY, CD, TIME, COPR CON, TYPE, etc EXTERNAL COMMOAND-: External Commands. External commands are stored in the system memory after system booting. These external commands may easily be viewed, changed, @ scanned with OKEN Scannerdeleted, or copied as they are present in the form of a file. External commands include FORMAT, SYS, EDIT, PROMPT, COPY, PRINT, TREE, SORT ETC. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner