Integrations of hyperbolic functions

The exponential functions 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑥 occur frequently in applied mathematics. Mathematicians try to
form the combinations of them and give special names called the hyperbolic functions.

This section aims to:

1. Recall the definitions of the six hyperbolic functions and their properties; and
2. Enumerate the hyperbolic integration formulas and evaluate the integral hyperbolic functions.

Before proceeding to the integral formulas of the 6 hyperbolic functions, we define the hyperbolic
functions of sine and cosine denoted as sinh x and cosh x as follows:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Sinh 𝑥 = and cosh 𝑥 =
2 2

The hyperbolic tangent of x abbreviated tanh x is defined as

sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Tanh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥+𝑒−𝑥

The hyperbolic cotangent, hyperbolic secant and hyperbolic cosecant are defined as the reciprocals of
the hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic sine, respectively, i.e.
1 2 1 2 1 cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sech 𝑥 = = ; csch 𝑥 = = ; coth 𝑥 = = =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥

Properties of Hyperbolic Functions.

Since the integral of the result of the derivatives of the hyperbolic function brings back to the
function being differentiated, then it would be wise to review the derivatives and properties of the 6
hyperbolic functions.

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + sec ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1

4. sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 5. Cosh 𝑥 − 2 sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 6. Cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

7. cosh 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1

d d 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
8. (sinh 𝑥) = ( )= = cosh 𝑥
dx dx 2 2

d d 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
9. (cosh 𝑥) = ( )= = sinh 𝑥
dx dx 2 2

d d 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )−(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )

10. (tanh 𝑥) = ( )= = cosh 𝑥 =
dx dx 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
(𝑒 2𝑥 +2+𝑒 −2𝑥 )−(𝑒 2𝑥 −2−𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 4 2
(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
= (𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 )2 = ((𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 )2 )2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

d d 2 2 2 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑋
11. dx (sech x) = ( )= . (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − (𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 ) ( 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥 ) =
dx 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
− sech 𝑥 coth 𝑥
d d 2 −2 2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑋
12. dx (csch x) = ( )= . (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − (𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥) ( 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ) =
dx 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2
− csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥
d d 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )−(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 −(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
13. dx (coth x) = ( )= = =
dx 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2 2
(𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

Derivations of Hyperbolic Identities

 a) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1 b) sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

c) tanh2 𝑥 + sech2 𝑥 = 1 d) coth2 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥 = 1

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 +2+𝑒 −2𝑥 )−(𝑒 2𝑥 −2+𝑒 −2𝑥 )
a) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = ( ) −( ) = =1
2 2 4

𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑥 = = = 2( )( ) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2 2 2 2

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 2 2 2 𝑒 2𝑥 −2+𝑒 −2𝑥 +4 𝑒 2𝑥 +2+𝑒 −2𝑥

c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + sech2 𝑥 = ( ) + (𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥) = = =1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 2 2 2 𝑒 2𝑥 +2+𝑒 −2𝑥 −4 𝑒 2𝑥 −2+𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2

d) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = ( ) + (𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥 ) = = = (𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2=1
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2

The graphs of the six hyperbolic functions are follow:

Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

∫ sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ sech2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ csch2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −coth 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −sech 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −csch 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ tanh 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑐

∫ coth 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑐

∫ sech 𝑥 = 2 arctan 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥
∫ csch 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑐

Derivations of Integrals of the Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥
a. ∫ sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫
2
𝑑𝑥 = 2 = cosh 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥 𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥
b. ∫ cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 = sinh 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒
c. ∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ tanh 𝑥 = ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐 = ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑢
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥
d. ∫ cosh x = ∫ 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑒 −𝑒
2 2𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫[
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒2𝑥 +1 . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎2 = 1 , 𝑢2 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
e. ∫ sech 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ sech 𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑎2+𝑢2 = 2𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑢 + 𝑐 = 2𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑑𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
f. ∫ csc ℎ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−1.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
∫ Csch ℎ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑧 2 −1
1 1 𝐴 𝐵
Resolve 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: = + ;
𝑧 2 −1 𝑧 2 −1 𝑧+1 𝑧−1

1 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 1)
1 1
Let z = 1, the B= ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = −1, 𝐴 = − . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒:
2 2
1 1
− 𝑧−1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
2 2
∫ csc ℎ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ [𝑧+1 +
𝑧−1
] 𝑑𝑧 = − ln(𝑧 + 1) + ln(𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑧+1
+ 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 𝑥 +1
+𝑐

Examples
1 3𝑥 4 3𝑥
1. ∫ sinh 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = cosh 2𝑥 +𝑐 2. ∫ cosh 𝑑𝑥 = sinh +𝑐
2 4 3 4
1 1
3. ∫ tanh 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝑐 4. ∫ coth 7𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑒 7𝑥 + 𝑒 −7𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2 7
4𝑥
4𝑥 3 3
5. ∫ sech 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 3 ) + 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐
3 4 2

sech √𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ√𝑥𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ = 2∫ = 2(2𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑒 √𝑥 ) + 𝑐 = 4𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑒 √𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1−𝑒 −2𝑥 1 1
7. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2 4

sinh(tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sinh(tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

8. ∫ . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = ∫ sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐 = cosh(tan 𝑥) + 𝑐
1 1 2 2
9. ∫ x coth 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
∫ 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2
3 3 2 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ √𝑥𝑑𝑥
. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = √𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 ∫
3
10. ∫ 2 = 3∫ 2 2 = 3 ∫ tanh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 =
3
𝑥3 3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
3 −3
3 ln (𝑒 √𝑥 + 𝑒 √𝑥 ) + 𝑐

2 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 +𝑒 −2 ln 𝑥 1
11. ∫ 𝑒 − ln 𝑥 cosh (2 ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥
2 2

12. ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ4 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫(2𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = −2 coth 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐

1 cosh 2𝑥−1
13. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. 𝑊𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = , 𝑖. 𝑒.
2

1
1 1 cosh 2𝑥−1 sinh 2𝑥 𝑥
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2
𝑑𝑥 =
4
− |
2
0
sinh 2 1
= − = 0.40672.
4 2

𝑙𝑛4
ln 4 ln 4 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ln 4 𝑒 2𝑥 −1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥
14. ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 · 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = − |
2 2 4 2
0
𝑒 2 ln 4 𝑙𝑛4 1 𝑒 ln 16 2𝑙𝑛2 1
= − − = − −
4 2 4 4 2 4

1 15
= 4 − ln 2 − = − ln 2
4 4

Integrations of Hyperbolic Functions

Evaluate the following integrals: If the integral is not solvable, simply write N.

1a. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

sinh 𝑥 sech2 𝑥
2a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cosh3 𝑥 1−2 tanh 𝑥

3a. ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ tanh2 3𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

4a. ∫ 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ √sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥

5a. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 2𝑥 cosh 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎℎ(𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6a. ∫ b. ∫
1+cosh 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥)2

7a. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ sinh3 𝑥 cosh4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

8a. ∫ 𝑥 coth2 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 4 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

9a. ∫(cosh4 𝑥 − sinh4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ cosh3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

10a. ∫(1 − tanh2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 b. ∫(1 + 2 sinh2 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥

11a. ∫(coth2 𝑥 − csc ℎ2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 b. ∫(tanh4 𝑥 − sech4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

12a. ∫ sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ √sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥

13a. ∫ tanh 𝑥𝑙𝑛 cosh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ coth 𝑥 ln sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥

14a. ∫ sech3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ cosh3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3 1 4
15a. ∫0 sinh ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫1 (cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3

ln 3 ln 3
16a. ∫ln 2 (1 − tanh2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 b. ∫0 sech2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2 1
17a ∫0 sinh3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b. ∫−1 cosh2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

This section aims to:

1. define and derive the 6 inverse hyperbolic functions:

2. derive the 6 derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions; and
3. evaluate integrals leading to inverse hyperbolic functions.

The 6 inverse hyperbolic functions are defined as follows:

𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦

𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦

𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦

𝑦 = coth−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = coth 𝑦

𝑦 = sech−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = sech 𝑦

𝑦 = csch−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = csch 𝑦
The graphs of the six inverse hyperbolic functions given in Fig. 3.6.1 – Fig.3.6.6 can be obtained by
reflecting about the line y=x the graphs of the hyperbolic functions.

The formal definition of the inverse hyperbolic functions is in terms of the natural exponential function
𝑒𝑥. These 6 definitions are as follows:

sinh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥

cosh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ≥ 1

1 1+𝑥
tanh−1 𝑥 = ln ( ), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥 | < 1
2 1−𝑥

1 𝑥+1
coth−1 𝑥 = ln , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥 | > 1
2 𝑥−1
 1+√1−𝑥 2
sech−1 𝑥 = ln , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥

√1+𝑥 2
csch−1 𝑥 = ln ( ), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥

a. To derive ssinh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 sinh 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑖. 𝑒.

𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
=𝑥
2
2𝑦 𝑦
𝑒 − 1 = 2𝑥𝑒
𝑦
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑤 = 𝑒 ,

𝑤 2 − 2𝑥𝑤 − 1 = 0
2𝑥±√4𝑥 2 +4
𝑤=
2

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1

𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1

We reject the value of 𝑥 − √𝑥 2 + 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑒 𝑦 > 0. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑤𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 sinh−1 𝑥 =
ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

Note that the domain is the set of reals since 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 > 0, 𝑜𝑟 √𝑥 2 + 1 >
−𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑥.

b. To derive cosh1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1 ) . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥, cosh 𝑦 = 𝑥.

𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
=𝑥
2
𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0

Let 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑤 𝑤 2 − 2𝑥𝑤 + 1 = 0
2𝑥±√4𝑥 2 −4
𝑤=
2

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑊𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 − √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑒 𝑦 > 0, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 cosh−1 𝑥 =
ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 cosh−1 𝑥, 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 √𝑥 2 − 1𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 2 −
1 ≥ 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 2 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0.
Case 1. 𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

Solution: 𝑥 ≥ 1

Case 2. 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 0 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

Solution: 𝑥 ≤ −1

The second case, the solution is neglected as this would make (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ≤ 0 𝑜𝑟 ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

undefined. Thus, the domain of cosh−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 ≥ 1.

1 1+𝑥
c. To derive tanh−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥, tanh 𝑦 = 𝑥.
2 1−𝑥
 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
1 𝑥
𝑒𝑦 − = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦

𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 =
1−𝑥
1+𝑥
2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛
1−𝑥
1 1+𝑥
𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛
2 1−𝑥
1+𝑥
For the domain of tanh−1 𝑥, examine the permissible values of 𝑙𝑛 , 𝑖. 𝑒.
1−𝑥

1 + 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑥 ≥ −1 𝑥≤1
The combined inequalities result to −1 ≤ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 |𝑥 | ≤ 1. But we reject 𝑥 = 1
1+𝑥
as this makes 𝑙𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 tanh−1 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 |𝑥 | < 1.
1−𝑥

d. The same sequence of arguments follows for the derivation of coth−1 𝑥.

1+√1−𝑥 2
e. To derive sech−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥, sech 𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝑥

2
=𝑥
𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥
2 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒
𝑒𝑦

𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑤 𝑥𝑤 2 − 2𝑤 + 𝑥 = 0
2±√4−4(𝑥)(𝑥)
𝑤=
2𝑥

1±√1−𝑥 2
𝑒𝑦 =
𝑥

We reject 1 − √1 − 𝑥 2 since this is negative, while 𝑒 𝑦 > 0. Thus, we have

1+√1−𝑥 2
𝑦 sech−1 𝑥 = ln
𝑥

To find the domain of sech−1 𝑥, examine the permissible values of √1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 1 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0

or (1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) ≥ 0. This results to 2 cases.

Case 1. 1 + 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 Case 2. 1 + 𝑥 ≤ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑥 ≤ 0

Solution: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 Solution: ø

The union of the two cases gives the domain of sech−1 𝑥. However, we reject −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.

Thus, we have domain as 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.

The derivatives of the six inverse hyperbolic functions are as follows:

 1 1
𝐷 sinh−1 𝑥 = ; 𝐷 cosh−1 𝑥 = \
√𝑥 2 +1 √𝑥 2 −1

1 1
𝐷 tanh−1 𝑥 = ; 𝐷 coth−1 𝑥 =
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

−1 −1
𝐷 sech−1 𝑥 = ; 𝐷 csch−1 𝑥 =
√1−𝑥 2 |𝑥|√1+𝑥 2

To verify the derivatives of the 6 inverse hyperbolic functions:

1
a. 𝐷 (sinh−1 𝑥) =
√𝑥 2 +1
1 1
Solution. 𝐷 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥) = 𝑑[ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)] = [1 + (2𝑥)]
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +1 2√𝑥 2 +1

1 √𝑥 2 +1+𝑥 1
= [ ]=
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +1 √𝑥 2 +1 √𝑥 2 +1

−1
b. 𝐷 (tanh−1 𝑥) =
1−𝑥 2

1 1+𝑥 1 1 (1−𝑥)−(1+𝑥)(−1)
Solution. 𝐷 tanh−1 𝑥 = 𝑑 [ ln ( )] = · 1+𝑥 ·
2 1−𝑥 2 (1−𝑥)2
1−𝑥

1 2 1
𝐷 (coth−1 ) 𝑥 = · =
2 (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥) 1−𝑥 2

−1
c. 𝐷 (sech−1 𝑥) =
𝑥√1−𝑥 2

1+√1−𝑥 2
Solution. 𝐷 (sech−1 𝑥) = 𝑑 (𝑙𝑛 ) = 𝑑[ln(1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) − ln 𝑥]
𝑥

1 1 1
= ( ) (−2𝑥) −
1+√1−𝑥 2 2√1−𝑥 2 𝑥

−𝒙𝟐 −√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 −(𝟏−𝒙𝟐 ) −(𝟏+√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )

= =
𝒙(𝟏+√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )(√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙(𝟏+√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )(√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )

−1
==
𝑥√1−𝑥 2

The next derivation gives another version of d( tanh−1 𝑥).

1
To derive: 𝐷(tanh−1 𝑥) =
1−𝑥 2

Start with the identity tanh(tanh−1 𝑥) = 𝑥. Then let u= tanh−1 𝑥, Then tan 𝑢 = 𝑥.

𝐷𝑥 tanh 𝑢 = 𝐷 (𝑥) = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1
sech2 𝑢 =1 → =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sech2 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 1 1
= 𝐷 tanh−1 𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑢
1 1 1
𝐷 tanh−1 𝑥 = = =
1−(tanh 𝑢)2 1−[tanh(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥]2 1−𝑥 2

Illustrations.
1 15𝑥 2
1. 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 5𝑥 3 ) = · 15𝑥 2 =
√(5𝑥 3 )2 +1 √25𝑥 6 +1
1 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 2𝑥)2
2. 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 2𝑥)3 = 3 (sinh−1 2𝑥)2 · (2) =
√4𝑥 2 +1 √4𝑥 2 +1
1 2 1
3. 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 2 √𝑥) = 1−4𝑥 · 2 =
√𝑥 √𝑥(1−4𝑥)
−5 −1
4. 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 5𝑥) = =
5𝑥√1−25𝑥 2 𝑥√1−25𝑥 2
−1 6 csch−1 𝑥 3
5. 𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 3 )2 2 csch−1 (𝑥 3 ) · · 3𝑥 2 =
𝑥 3 √1+𝑥 6 𝑥√1+𝑥 6
 2 −1 −2 1
6. 𝑑 (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 ) = 2 · =
𝑥 4 𝑥2 √𝑥 2 −4
√1− 2
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 2
7. 𝑑(ln 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 2𝑥) = 𝑑 (tanh−1 2𝑥) = · (2) =
√tanh−1 2𝑥 tanh−1 2𝑥 1−4𝑥 2 (tanh−1 2𝑥)(1−4𝑥 2 )

Integrals Leading Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

From the differentiation formulas of the 6 inverse hyperbolic functions, we can deduce the following
integration formulas:
𝑑𝑢
∫ = sinh−1 𝑢 + 𝑐
√𝑢2 + 1
𝑑𝑢
∫ √𝑢2−1 = cosh−1 𝑢 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑢 tanh−1 𝑢 + 𝑐, 𝑖𝑓 |𝑢| < 1 1 1+𝑢

∫ 1−𝑢2 = { 𝑙𝑛 | |
coth−1 𝑢 + 𝑐 , 𝑖𝑓 |𝑢| < 1 2 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢√1−𝑢2 = −sech−1 𝑢 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑢
∫ = −csch−1 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑢√1 + 𝑢2
In general, we can write the above formula as follows:
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ √𝑎2 +𝑢2 = −sinh−1 𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑎 > 0
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ √𝑎2 −𝑢2 = −cosh−1 𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑢 > 𝑎 > 0
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑎2 −𝑢2 = 𝑎 tanh−1 𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑎 > 0, |𝑢| < 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
∫ 𝑢√𝑎2 −𝑢2 = − 𝑎 sech−1 𝑎
+ 𝑐, 𝑎 > 0, 0 < |𝑢| < 𝑎

The integration formulas in the preceding theorem can be expressed in terms of the natural logarithmic
function, i.e.
1 𝑢
∫ √𝑎2 +𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = sinh−1 𝑎 + 𝑐

𝑢 𝑢 2
= ln ( √( ) + 1) + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

Illustrations of the integration formulas of the 6 functions resulting to inverse hyperbolic functions.
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
a. ∫ = ∫ 2 , 𝑢 = 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
√9𝑥 2 +1 3 √𝑢 +1

1
= sinh−1 2𝑥 + 𝑐
3
1/2 1/2
1/2 𝑑𝑥 1 1+𝑥 1 1
b. ∫0 = tanh−1 𝑥 | = 𝑙𝑛 | = [𝑙𝑛3 − 𝑙𝑛1] = 𝑙𝑛3
1−𝑥 2 2 1=𝑥 2 2
0 0
4 4
4 𝑑𝑥 1 1+𝑥 1 5 3 1 5
c. ∫2 2 = coth−1 𝑥 | = 𝑙𝑛 | = [𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 ] = 𝑙𝑛
1−𝑥 2 1=𝑥 2 3 1 2 9
2 2
𝑑𝑥
d. ∫ 2
= − sech−1 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥√1−4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
e. ∫ = − csch−1 3𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥√1−9𝑥 2 3

Example 3.7.1 Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 cosh−1 (sec 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋/2

 d 1 𝑑 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Solution. [cosh−1 (secx)] = (sec 𝑥) = = sec 𝑥
dx √sec2 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 √tan2 𝑥

Example 3.7.2 Use the preceding result to verify the identity

∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑑
Solution. 𝑖𝑓 [cosh−1 (sec 𝑥)] = (sec 𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑𝑥

∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = cosh−1 (sec 𝑥) + 𝑐 = ln(sec 𝑥 + √sec 2 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝑐

1/2
Example 3.7.3. Evaluate ∫0 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥.

Solution. We begin with integration by parts. With

𝑢 = tanh−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑥2
1−𝑥 2

Then the indefinite integral becomes

1 𝑥2
∫ 2𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 tanh−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 tanh−1 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 1
The integrand on the right can be expanded by partial fractions:”
𝑥2 1 1 1 1 1
=1+ = 1+ (by division)
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥+1

1/2 1 1
Thus ∫0 2 tanh−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 tanh−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 1) − ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
2 2

1 𝑥−1
= 𝑥 2 tanh−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln ( ) +𝑐
2 𝑥+1

To evaluate tanh−1 𝑥 at the given limits of integration, we express it as a logarithm. Then

1/2
𝑥2 1 + 𝑥 1 𝑥 − 1 1/2 1 3/2 1 1 1/2
∫ 2𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑥 + ln ( )| = 𝑙𝑛 + + 𝑙𝑛
0 2 1−𝑥 2 𝑥+1 8 1/2 2 2 3/2
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= 𝑙𝑛3 + + 𝑙𝑛 = ln 3 = − ln 3 = − ln 3
8 2 2 3 8 2 1 2 8

I. Evaluate the following:

1a. sinh−1 1 b. cosh−1 1

1 1
2a. tan−1 b. coth−1
2 2

3a. sech−1 1 b. csch−1 1

II. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

1a. 𝑦 = sinh−1 (2𝑥) b. 𝑦 = sinh−1 5𝑥

2a. 𝑦 = tanh−1 √𝑥 b. 𝑦 = cosh−1 √𝑥

3a. 𝑦 = (sinh−1 𝑥)3/2 b. 𝑦 = cosh−1 (𝑥 3 )

4a. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (sinh 𝑥) b. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (𝑥 2 − 1)

5a. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(tanh−1 𝑥) b. 𝑦 = ln cosh−1 4𝑥

III. Evaluation the integrals of the following functions: If the integral is not available, simply write N.
1 1
1a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9+4𝑥 2 𝑥√9−𝑥 4
1 1
2a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√81+16𝑥 2 49−4𝑥 2

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
3a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑒 2𝑥 −16 √𝑒 2𝑥 +1
1 1 2 1
4a. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
9−𝑥 2 √4+𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
5a. ∫ b. ∫
𝑎2 −𝑥 4 𝑥 4 −16

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6a. ∫ b. ∫
√25+𝑥 4 √49+𝑥 6

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7a. ∫ b. ∫
√𝑒 2𝑥 +49 √𝑒 −4𝑥−4

𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
8a. ∫ b. ∫
𝑥√ln2 𝑥−9 𝑥√ln4 𝑥−4

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
9a. ∫ b. ∫
√sin2 𝑥−81 √cos4 𝑥−4