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Antenna Lec

1) Loop antennas take many forms but the circular loop is most popular due to its simple analysis and construction. A small loop is equivalent to an infinitesimal magnetic dipole perpendicular to the loop plane. 2) For a thin circular loop antenna with constant current distribution, the magnetic field has only a φ component while the electric field is in the θ and φ directions. Expressions were derived for radiated power density and radiation resistance. 3) Radiation resistance of a single turn loop is proportional to the square of its circumference while radiation resistance of a multi-turn loop is multiplied by the square of the number of turns. Radiation intensity and directivity of a small loop were also defined.

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116 views20 pages

Antenna Lec

1) Loop antennas take many forms but the circular loop is most popular due to its simple analysis and construction. A small loop is equivalent to an infinitesimal magnetic dipole perpendicular to the loop plane. 2) For a thin circular loop antenna with constant current distribution, the magnetic field has only a φ component while the electric field is in the θ and φ directions. Expressions were derived for radiated power density and radiation resistance. 3) Radiation resistance of a single turn loop is proportional to the square of its circumference while radiation resistance of a multi-turn loop is multiplied by the square of the number of turns. Radiation intensity and directivity of a small loop were also defined.

Uploaded by

josesag518
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Antenna and Wave propagation

EEC 241 &EET 237

Chapter (5)

Loop ANTENNA
Prepared by :
Dr. Amaal Ashraf
5.1 INTRODUCTION
• Its simple, inexpensive, and very versatile antenna type is the loop
antenna.
• Loop antennas take many different forms such as a rectangle, square,
triangle, ellipse, circle, and many other configurations.
• Because of the simplicity in analysis and construction, the circular
loop is the most popular and has received the widest attention.

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 2


5.1 INTRODUCTION
• It will be shown that a small loop (circular or square) is equivalent to an
infinitesimal magnetic dipole whose axis is perpendicular to the plane of
the loop.
• The fields radiated by an electrically small circular or square loop are of the
same mathematical form as those radiated by an infinitesimal magnetic
dipole.
• Most of the applications of loop antennas are in the HF (3–30 MHz), VHF
(30–300 MHz), and UHF (300–3,000 MHz) bands.

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 3


5.1 INTRODUCTION
• Loop antennas are usually classified into two categories, electrically
small and electrically large.

• Electrically small antennas are those whose overall length


(circumference) is usually less than about one-tenth of a wavelength
(C < λ∕10).
• Loop antennas with electrically small circumferences or perimeters have
small radiation resistances that are usually smaller than their loss
resistances. Thus they are very poor radiators.

• However, electrically large loops are those whose circumference is


about a free-space wavelength (C ∼ λ).
• Electrically large loops are used primarily in directional arrays, such as in
helical antennas , Yagi-Uda arrays , quad arrays.

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 4


5.2 Small Circular Loop
• The most convenient geometrical arrangement for the field analysis of
a loop antenna is to position the antenna symmetrically on the x-y
plane, at z = 0.

• The wire is assumed to be very thin and the current spatial


distribution is given by
I𝜙 = I0 where I0 is a constant.

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 5


5.2 Small Circular Loop
5.2.1 Radiated Fields
• To find the fields radiated by the loop, the same procedure is followed as
for the linear dipole. The potential function A given by

• R is the distance from any point on the loop to the observation point and dl′
is an infinitesimal section of the loop antenna.
• In general, the current spatial distribution Ie(x′, y′, z′) can be written as

• It would be more convenient to write the rectangular current components in


terms of the cylindrical components using the transformation

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 6


5.2.1 Radiated Fields (cont)
which when expanded can be written as

• Since the radiated fields are usually determined in spherical components, the
rectangular unit vectors are transformed to spherical unit vectors using the
transformation matrix given by

• For a very thin wire radius circular loop, the current is flowing in the 𝜙
direction (I𝜙) reduced to

• The distance R, from any point on the loop to the observation point, can be
written as
Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 7
5.2.1 Radiated Fields (cont)
• By using the spherical components of x, y and z, we can rewrite the
equations as follows:

• The differential element length is given by

• The 𝜙-component can be written as

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 8


5.2.1 Radiated Fields (cont)
• In a similar manner, the r- and 𝜃-components can be written as

• which when integrated reduce to zero. Thus

• The magnetic field components to

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 9


5.2.1 Radiated Fields (cont)
• The corresponding electric-field components can be written as

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 10


5.2.3 Power Density and Radiation Resistance
• The complex power density

• Thus, the complex power Pr.

• which reduces to

• whose real part is equal to

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 11


5.2.3 Power Density and Radiation Resistance
• The radiation resistance of the loop is found by |I0|2Rr ∕ 2. Doing this, the
radiation resistance can be written as

where S = 𝜋a2 is the area and C = 2𝜋a is the circumference of the loop.

• If the loop antenna has N turns wound so that the magnetic field passes
through all the loops, the radiation resistance is equal to that of single turn
multiplied by N 2. That is,

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 12


5.2.3 Power Density and Radiation Resistance

• The total ohmic resistance for an N-turn circular-loop antenna with


loop radius a, wire radius b, and loop separation 2c, shown in Figure
is given by

Where

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 13


Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 14
Example 5.1

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 15


Example 5.2

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 16


Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 17
5.2.4 Radiation Intensity and Directivity
• The radiation intensity U by

• The maximum value occurs at 𝜃 = 𝜋∕2,

• The directivity of the loop can be written as

• The maximum effective area as

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 18


Example 5.3

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 19


• The maximum power that can be expected to be to be delivered
to the load

Antenna EEC 241 & EET 237 20

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