English Intro to linguistics

1. Which of the following contains /ð/?

- Interdental – voiced th sound
A. thought
B. theme
C. them *
D. thinkers.

2. Which of the following is not a contribution of theoretical linguistics to language learning?

A. Various technical terms like morpheme, phoneme, hyponymy, etc.
B. Proper pronunciation and transcription
C. Different approaches to language teaching * - Because it is belong to Applied Linguistics
D. Changing views and theories of language teaching *

LINGUISTICS
Micro-linguistics (Theoretical) – Hindi pa in examine.
-Studies the nature of language, what it is all about and how it works
1. Phonology – studies the system of sounds, abstract properties ( paano nirerepresent ng utak
mo)
Phonetics- studies the physical properties of sounds; speech sounds(paano ginagawa physically
Yung sound)
2. Morphology – studies how words are formed ( paano binubuo ang salita)
3. Syntax – focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences ( S-V-DI, Sentence
pattern)
4. Semantics – study of linguistic meaning of words and sentences “conceptual meaning” ( EX- bat
for baseball at bat paniki- represent two things)
5. Pragmatics – study of language meaning/ use “contextual meaning”( differs in meaning, double
meaning. Nagbabago depende sa pag gamit. EX- Thank you! With appreciate- Thank you !
Sarcastic)

Macro-linguistics – pag ginagamit na it is micro

1. Language at a broader perspective; Stream concerned with how a language is acquired
or how it relates to society as a whole.( inaaral kung saan galing, kung paano siya
ginagamait and how it affects people)
 Etymology – investigates the origins of words, their birth, development, etc.( origin of word like
hotdog)
 Sociolinguistics – patterns and variations in language within a society or community; effects of
cultural factors.
 Structural- based on theories and principles that language is composed of structural units such
as lexical and syntactic elements ( ano ang bumunuo sa mga salita ano ang structure nito.)
 Psycholinguistics- concerned with the processes related to word cognition and learning
(language acquisition) ( kaya cognition dahil mind- cognition)
 Biolinguistics – aims to explain the evolution and formation of language ( paano siya nabuo,
how did you give life to this world)
 Historical (diachronic) – study of language change or change of a group of languages over time. (
chronic, monochromic, Polly chronic – referring to time)
 Stylistics
 Applied – application of language studies in real life, such as in language teaching and learning
 Linguistic typology – classify languages according to their structural and functional
components( kung paano ginagamit)
 Computational- application of computer science in the analysis of language and speech
 Comparative – comparing languages to establish their similarities and differences ( high context
– important yung context behind it. Tone body language
Low context- )
 Developmental - development of linguistic ability, esp. children
 Clinical – for speech language pathology ( speech disabilities)
 Neurolinguistics – studies the relationship between language and the functions of the
brain( brain function)

3. Which of the following is not a contribution of theoretical linguistics?

A. Changing views and theories of language teaching
B. Technical terms such as phoneme, hyponymy, phonology etc.
C. Different approaches to language teaching *
D. Pronunciation and transcription of sounds using the IPA

4. Which of the following is not a contribution of Japplied linguistics?

A . Developing the macro-language skills
B. Relationship between and among sentences in a text*
C. Ideas about learning styles of students and materials production
D. Learning strategies, principles of text construction, and conducting classroom research

5. Which of the following is the best assurance that the good findings of linguistics will reach end
users?
A. The findings are disseminated during paper presentations.
B. Linguists publish their research findings immediately..
C. Teachers pick up and put to good use findings of linguistics in their language.*
D. School heads encourage increased efforts to conduct classroom research.
6. Which of the following words is different from the others?
a. Domain
b. Contain
c. Maintain
d. Mountain* ( kasi yung pronunciation ay iba)
7. How many phonemes are there in the English language?
a. 42
b. 43
C. 44*
d. 45
8. Discern the semantic similarities in the ff. items by identifying the sentence with the odd
meaning.
a. The new PC he bought cost him about Php 50, 000. = less than <
b. At Php 50, 000, his PC was expensive. * =
c. His new PC costs a little less than Php 50,000. =Less than <
d. His paid almost Php 50, 000 for his new PC.= less than<

9. Which is the free morpheme in the word examination?

 a. In
b. Am
c. Exam*
d. Ion

MORPHEMES (Classifications)
FREE MORPHEMES – can stand on their own Ex: future, adventure, write, create
BOUND MORPHEMES- cannot stand on their own
Ex: -ism, -ous, re-, -tion
 Inflectional-s, es, ed, en, ing, er, ‘s, est ( only change the tenses and number and degree )
 Derivational- ly, un, ness, ful, etc. ( pagnabago na ang category verb-noun or noun to
verb)
ROOT vs STEM vs BASE
Root- morph that is not further breakable or analyzable
Ex: workers
Stem-concerned with inflectional morphology
Ex: workers
Base- any form to which affixes can be attached ex: worker, work
Lexemes- units of lexical meaning which are related with inflections
Ex: write, writes, writing, written (same lexemes)
write, unwritten (different lexemes)

LEXICAL vs GRAMMATICAL Morphemes

LEXICAL- (content words) contain meaning of the messages ( hindi pwede alisin sa sentence dahil hindi
na buo ang sentence or hindi complete Ang though) ( W H is a content word)
-nouns, verbs, modifiers, negation words, possessive, demonstrative pronouns, wh-words (
FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES- words in the sentence that Modify meaning( kahit mag alis ng details gets
mo pa rin ang thoughts)
-prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections, copula, auxiliary
EX: THE CAT IS ADORABLE BUT MISCHIEVOUS = LEXICAL ( kung saan ang essential di pwede alisin ay
lexical)
EX: THE CAT IS ADORABLE BUT MISCHIEVOUS= FUNCTIONAL MORPHEME ( Kung anonang pwede mong
alisini yung ang functional)

10. Comprehensible input: level +1; linguistic output:

A. production of language
B. using meaning-filled speech* The Output Hypothesis proposes that in order to increase
learners’ English proficiency. They need to generate output, to be specific, produce language
via speech or writing and receive feedback on the comprehensibility of their output.
( kailangan may output yung isang learner, kapag may outputs dapat may level 1 output.
Dapat naiintindihan mo sinasabi mo that is the output hypothesis. May kahulugan that people
will understand. Meaning- filled means Speak in a way that people understand )
C. using the target language
D. progress of L2

11. Which branch of linguistics is concerned with the transcription error in “ðə thaim hæz c(k)Ʌm”?
a. phonetics
b. phonology*
 c. syntax
d. semantics.

12. Saussure’s distinction between language and parole is basically _____ while Chomsky’s is
basically psycholinguistic.
a. Applied linguistic
b. Neurolinguistics
c. Sociolinguistic *
d. Computational linguistic

Saussure also divided language in two systems: langue and parole

Parole – (what the individual speaks) ( paano kayo nag sasalita yung manner of speaking at kung
paano niyo naiintindihan yung sinasabi niyo)
Langue – (what is shared by the community) ( ano ang meaning nito according to the society)
EX: PISTING YAWA- (parole- wala lang yun ibig sabihin sa akin) ( Langue- mura ang meaning sa ibang
lugar or sa society it is something offensive)
There is a significant distinction between the act of uttering language parole/performance-and
the system of a language which can be seen as the abstract ability of the single speaker, to speak
his/her native language competence and/or the communal linguistic knowledge which defines a
speech community-langue.

LANGUAGE VIEWS
 Structuralists – napaka busisi ng language we need to follow rules . Dapat lahat napatunayan.
Consistent in pattern and rules. Structuralist ay demanding.
-Language, as a system, posseses a structure that governs the aspects of every element of a
whole.
-Focuses on the students’ mastery of the codes and systems of language
-consistencies, patterns and rules
-language is best described in terms of verifiable and observable data
 Transformationalists ( Language can be manifested in linguistics form which is innate and
universal. Inate ability to learn language or LAD language acquisition device . Lahat tayo kaya
nating matuto ng language because we were born with it, we can be creative with the process.
Pwede natin bagu baguhin from active to passive.
2. Language is a generative and creative process.
-Humans are naturally inventive, allowing them to creatively produce new combinations of
words.
-language can be manifested in linguistic forms which are innate and universal

Chomsky (1980): “Human language is a system for free expression of thought, essentially
independent of stimulus control, need-satisfaction or instrumental purpose.” – according to
chomsky hindi natin kailagan ng stimulus control. Hindi natin need ng tao na mag sasabing
dapat nag kasunod ng subject ay verb, because we have the innate ability to do so.

 Functionalists ( Purpose mo kung bakit mo sinabi yun, what is the purpose of your sentence.
Ibat ibang purpose pwedeng nag uutos, nag tatanong, sarcastic, nag eexpress ng emotions)
-Language is an instrument for communication and a vehicle for expression.
-Structures can be best analyzed when referred to the functions they Carry-out in a
communicative context.
 Michael Halliday: “Language potentially creates not only meaning but also society, which is fully
achieved when it is used in functional communication.”

 Interactionists ( Social interaction is the main point of purpose of language. Because you are
socializing With other people)
-Language is a product of human desire to communicate with another.

Vgotsky: “Language is developed through social interaction.”, “Language plays a critical role in
the child’s cognitive development.”, “Communication is the primary purpose of language”.

Bruner: “Language is a symbolic illustration of a person’s intellectual development.”

13. Which group of linguists believe that language can be best described in terms of verifiable and
observable data such as language behavior and forms
A. Transformationalists
B. Transactionists
C. Interactionists
D. Structuralists*

Nature of Language

a. Language is something learned. (Hindi tayo pinanganak na marunong ng magsalita)

b. Language is related to the culture of society. ( Ex- japanese polite di ka makaka
offended, American direct you get things overhead kailangan matapos po ng
mabilisan)
c. Language is species-specific, uniformed, and unique to humans.(para sa tao lang ang
language, language is a system they have rules to follow. Language is unique to
human)
d. Language is a system of systems. ( may rules na sinusunod)
e. Language is primarily vocal. ( it involves your vocal cords. Need ng phonetics)
f. Language is a skill subject.( Pwede iimprove or pag aralan)
g. Language is arbitrary. ( pinag kasunduan yung ibig sabihin, that is why became the
meaning)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
A. Conventional and non-instinctive ( hindi tayo pinanganak na marunong ng
magsalita. It is conventional dahil pag uusapan pa ang ibig sabihin)
B. Productivity and Creativity (Nagbabago or pwede mag iba ang ibig sabihin)
C. Duality ( consist of two things sounds and meaning. Language ha sa system of
sound and has meaning)
D. Displacement ( kahit Hindi siya now nangyayari naintindihan natin ang mental
image ng nangyari)
E. Humanness ( language is only for human)
F. Universality (lahat tayo may patterns, words and sounds.
14. Which language nature describes language as primarily made of verbal sounds produced by
speech apparatus in the human body?
a. Language is vocal. *
 b. Language is arbitrary.
c. Language is a system.
d. Language is socio-cultural.
15. Structuralists believe that language is purely accidental. There is no natural link between the
words and their meaning. Which statement is explained?
A.Language is dual.
B. Language is arbitrary*
C.Language is culturally-defined.
D. Language is a human attribute.

16. Language is a language of human beings, where only people are capable of recalling events that
happened previously, or that will occur in the future. Which characteristic of language is
described?
a. Language is universal.
b. Language is instrumental.
c. Language is a product of displacement.* ( humans lang nakakaintindi)
d. Language is productive and creative.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

INTERPERSONAL- fulfills human needs to exchange experiences (ex: “Let’s talk.”, “Come with me”)
( exchange ideas, laging may kausap)
INFORMATIVE- Language is a packet of information. ( Information)
PERFORMATIVE- communicate intent or report an action (ex: “I do”, “I apologize.”) ( laging merong
gagawin)
EXPRESSIVE-express oneself (ex: “That’s great!”, “You are such a happy pill.”)( express your feeling)

JAKOBSON'S FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

REFERENTIAL (CONTEXT) -describes a situation or an object
EMOTIVE (SENDER)- focuses on the sender or how the sender feels
CONATIVE (RECEIVER)- used when the speaker expresses purposively to persuade or influence the
receiver
PHATIC (CHANNEL)- establishes, suspends, or maintains the channel
METALINGUAL (CODE)- “reflexive” ex: Sky has three letters.
POETIC (MESSAGE)- descriptive language to create a picture in the mind

17. Jackobson belives that a channel is an essential element of communication. A channel

determines whether the communication will be sustained or halted. Which does this function of
language describe?
a. Conative
b. Phatic*
c. Emotive
d. Metalingual
18. Which element of Jackobson’s model of communication is associated with the referential
function?
a. Context*
b. Code
 c. Sender
d. Receiver

WORD FORMATION (Etymology)

COMPOUNDING-joining of two separate words to produce a single form
Ex: bookcase, doorknob, wallpaper etc.
BLENDING or portmanteau-combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term
Ex: gasohol (gasoline made from alcohol), smurk (smoke, murk), smog, motel (motor, hotel), telecast
(television, broadcast), bit (binary, digit)
CLIPPING-when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form
ex: fax (facsimile), ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo, pub (public house), flu, fan,
perm, phone, plane, math, chem etc.
ACRONYMS-formed from initial letters of a set of other words
ex: CD, VCR, laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), scuba (self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus), zip (zone improvement plan), snafu (situation normal, all fouled up)
BACKFORMATION- a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type
(usually a verb)
ex: donation-> donate, babysitter-> babysit, television-> televise
CONVERSION-a change in function of a word, for example, a noun used as a verb (without reduction)
ex: butter (n.), chair (n.) >Butter (v.) the bread. >Chair (v.) the meeting.
DERIVATION- adding affixes
a. Prefixes and suffixes-ex: mislead, disrespectful, foolishness
b. infixes-Singabloodypore!, Hallebloodylujah!, Absogoddamlutely!
EPONYM- word that comes from the proper name of a person or place; can be based on both real and
fictional people and places ( ang mga bagay bagay ay galing sa pangalan)
Ex: Boycott (Captain Charles Boycott), Fahrenheit (Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit), Diesel (Rudolf Diesel),
Sandwich (John Montagu-Earl of Sandwich)
COINAGE -invention of totally new terms ( inembento lang or gawa gawa lang)
Ex: aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper, granola, kleenex, teflon, xerox, Google
BORROWING-taking over words from other languages croissant (French), dope (Dutch), lilac (Persian),
piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arabic), tattoo (Tahitian), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish),
zebra (Bantu)
CALQUING-loan translation; similar to borrowing but the borrowed word is translated from the original
to another language that fits the characteristics of the new word ( borrowing the word and change it)
ex: blue blood-sangre azul (Spanish)
flea market- marche aux puces (French)
long time no see-hao jiu bu jian (Chinese)
free verse vers libre (French)
pineapple- pinjappel (Dutch)
scapegoat-ez ozel (Hebrew)
wisdom tooth-dens sapientiae (Latin)
beer garden- Biergarten (German)
loanword-Lehnwort (German)
commonplace- locus communi (Latin)
NONCE-created for a single occasion ( ginagamit sa isang sitwasyon, like nonsense)
Ex:
-jabberwock (name of the fabulous monster in Lewis Carrol’s Jabberwocky; invented language,
meaningless)
-nonsensical (behavior or topsy turvy)
-touch-me-not-ishness
-witchcraftical
19. Which word formation process is used in the ff. words: palimony, pulsar, infortainment, globish,
telegenic, workaholic
a. blending*
b. conversion
c. compounding
d. coinage
20. “Bra”, “flu”, “fax” and “cab” are formed through
a. Acronym
b. Eponym
c. Coinage
d. Clipping*
21. Which of the following words is not formed by coinage?
a. Kleenex
b. Vortal*
c. Kodak
d. Xerox

LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACHES

 Grammar Transtion Method (GTM)
 emphasis on grammar and translation
 MOTHER TONGUE
 not into speaking

 Direct Method (DM)/Natural Method ( manunuod lang sila or makikinig tapos gagayahin
kanila. Para matutunan mo)
 No usage of own language, inductive
 drills in listening and speaking, imitation, no memorization
 Don’t explain-ACT
 Don’t translate-DEMONSTRATE
 ASK
 Speak naturally

 Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) ( gaya gaya lang sila)

 Army Method
 Heavily oriented towards aural and oral exercises
 Mim-mem (behaviorism and structuralism)
 Drills

 Community (or Collaborative) Language Learning (CLL)( group focus)

 Teachers are counselors & paraphrasers
 Group dynamics
 Ask in L1, answer in L2
 Negative effect: Ringelmann Effect
  Suggestopedia
 “Learning achieves its maximum success when the mind is relaxed”
 Students should feel safe (as if in the womb)
2 methods:
A. desuggestion removing affective fiber
B.Suggestion-> addition of facilitating memory (ex: music)

 Silent Way ( like cuisenaire rods)

 Use of color rods (Cuisenaire Rods)
 Purpose: develop self- awareness and discovery
 Using physical objects
 Discovery learning

 Total Physical Response (TPR)

 Children listen a lot + physical response
 instructor director; students actors

 Natural Approach ( maghihintay hanggang ready na)

 “Silent period” (listening only) until children are ready to speak.

 Situational Language Teaching (SLT) ( they have pattern kaya hindi nag kakamali)
 "Oral Approach"
 English teaching in terms of providing vocabularies and sentence patterns with their frequent
situations through learning materials
 accurate pronunciation and grammar to respond quickly
 Mistakes are banned.

 Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) ( asking them to accomplish the task)

 A lesson or unit is designed to help learners to complete a task: for example; write a letter, make
a reservation, plan a trip, collaborate to design something, or hold a meeting

22. Which principle is not a direct approach in language teaching?

a. It emphasizes natural dialogue in L2.
b. It is based on immersion.
c. It never uses L2.*
d. It takes advantage of kinesthetic memory.

23. How can language acquisition better take place? If learners have
a. Low affective filter, high motivation, low anxiety*
b. High affective filter, high motivation, low anxiety
c. Low affective filter, high motivation, high anxiety
d. High affective filter, high motivation, high anxiety

STEPHEN KRASHEN’S MONITOR MODEL

 A.Acquisition-learning hypothesis
3. According to Krashen, acquisition > learning.
 4. Learning only serves as a monitor or editor, while the former is responsible for the fluent
production of sounds and utterances.
5. Acquisition- natuto ka naturally. Dahil sa pakikipag usap natuto dahil yun yung language
na ginagamit niyo.
6. Learning – Formal education, right grammar

 B.Natural Order Hypothesis ( natututo na ng article, and tenses)

7. Language is learned in a predictable pattern.

 C. Monitor Hypothesis(alam ng I correct ang sarili sa grammar)

8. Learned competence functions as a monitor, editing or self-correcting our language
input.
Krashen warned that the ‘monitor’ can be a barrier. (Kailangan natututo tayo ng grammar)

 D. Input Hypothesis (Dapat 1steo higher lang ang inaaral hindi pwedeng mas mataas)
9. Students have to be exposed to comprehensible (i+1) inputs or those that are a little
beyond their current language ability.
 E. Affective Filter Hypothesis (lower the filter para yung self confidence will go up and will be
anxious)
10. When the filter is high, the self-confidence is low and the lower the chance for input to
be taken in.

24. Which best describes Monitor hypothesis?

A. Language acquisition develops from understanding messages somewhat beyond thelearner’s
present level of proficiency.
B. Genuine communication is preferable to formal learning of language rules.
C. Language acquisition will increase when students have low levels of anxiety.
D. Learning the rules only helps for self-correction but not for the acquisition of the language.

MONOPHTHONGS- single vowel sound in which the positioning

Of the articulators at both beginning and end is fairly fixed and does not glide up or down(
Ex bill, bell, pin, keeper, epic
DIPHTHONGS-two-vowel sound ex: coin, loud, side
TRIPTHONGS- three vowel sounds that glide together ex: hour, fire, player, mower

25. How are vowels classified?

a. Participation of vocal chords
b. Highness and lowness*
c. Roundedness and length
d. Horizontal position of the tongue
26. How do consonants differ from vowels
a. The obstacles in sound production*
b. The voicing of the words
c. The place of articulation
d. The method of articulation

27. What communicative competence is shown by Nina when in her speech, she wanted to use the
word “rummage” by could not think of it so she used “thorough search” instead?
 a. Linguistic
b. Discourse
c. Strategic*
d. Sociolinguistic

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE MODEL (Dell Hymes, expounded by Canale and Swain)

 Grammatical/ Linguistic- mastery of the language code (perfect ka sa grammar)
 Sociolinguistic-appropriateness of utterances( kaya mo I adjust ang pagsasalita depende sa
sitwasyon at sa kausap.)
 Discourse- mastery of producing coherent and cohesive language outputs ( gaano ka kagaling
mag connect connect ng mga salita para maging isang perfect sentences using transition signals)
 Strategic-learner’s ability to solve communication issues( ability to solve communication issues,
you can use body language)

28. How would a child learn best in ZPD?

a. If the child has mastered all the skills necessary
b. If the parents or teachers do not interfere
c. If the child needs little or no help from a parent or teacher
d. If the task is more difficult than what the child can do alone*
29. Which of the following set of antonyms is NOT a gradable pair?
a. Hot-cold
b. Dead-alive*
c. Thick-thin
d. Big-small
30. Bananas are fruits. What is the sense property of the statement?
a. Thematic
b. Analytic*always true
c. Synthetic- could be True or False
d. Contradictory- always false
31. These are also called “pointing language”.
a. Hedges
b. Presupposition
c. Context
d. Deixis* she, that, those , this– could means anything or anyone, nakadepende sa
person saying it. Nakadepende sa kung sinong nagsasabi ang kahulugan nito.
32. Mira is not a native English speaker. She says “filum” instead of “film. What morphophonemic
process is observed in her speech?
a. Epenthesis*
b. Ellision
c. assimilation
d. Vowel lengthening

MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES
A.METATHESIS-put in a different order napag papalit ang order)
Ex: foliage foilage anemone anenome
B. EPENTHESIS-(or “Intrusion”) insertion of a vowel ( nalalagyan ng vowels like in japan)
Ex: strike suturaiku
 C. DELETION-(or “Ellision”) deletion of unaccented vowels ( tinatanggal yung vowels sa
unaccented syllables)
Ex: believe/b’liv/
suppose /s’poz/ ( tinatanggal yung schwa vowels?
E. ASSIMILATION – phonemes change to become more similar to surrounding sounds
( making sounds that similar to each other)
Ex: handbag/haem-bag/
F. DISSIMILATION – change to become less similar to surrounding sounds( making them
different for them to easy to say)
Ex: fifth/fift/

33. What conversational maxim is violated in this conversation:

34.
35. Where are you going? B: Camping.
A. Manner
B. Quality
C. Quantity
D. Relation