Subject Name:

Introduction to Web Technology

Module Number: 1

Module Name:
Introduction to the Internet and
the World Wide Web

1
CONTENTS

• Introduction to Internet

• Internet Design Principles

• Internet Protocols

• World Wide Web

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

• Web Technologies and Web Services

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 Introduction to
Internet - The Network of Networks

3
Client and Server

Client – hardware/software that accesses a service made available by a server.

Server – hardware/software that provides services to other users.

Client Client

Server
Request

Client Client
Reply

4
Client Server Analogy
Server is like waiter
Clients are like customers
-Asks the server for food
-Not allowed in to the kitchen

5
Client Server Communication
The process of establishing a connection between a client and a server is called as
Client-Server Communication

The browser send a

URL Server
Client
The server send html a
page

The Internet uses the Client-Server model.

6
Have you sent an email to a friend living in United States?

Have you connected with friends all over the world on

Facebook?

Have you searched something on the internet?

7
How is it possible for you to communicate with a friend who might be on a different
continent?

You and your friend both need to be connected to the internet to be able to do all these
things.

8
So What is Internet?
Internet is a global network of interconnected networks and devices that exchange
information.

9
 Evolution of Internet

Inter-network
Standalone Computers • These networks were
• When computers were then connected together
first created they were to create what is today
stand alone. called the ‘Internet’.

Networks
• The need for sharing resources
among the computers led to
Need for sharing connecting computers into a
network.
resources led to the
creation of networks
and ultimately the
‘Internet’.
Internet – How it came to be?
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 History of Internet

• The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET funded by the United
States Department of Defense in 1969.
• In 1971 Ray Tomlinson developed a system to send electronic mail.
• Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe developed Ethernet in 1973.
• In the early 80s the, the current versions of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and IP
(Internet Protocol) were developed.
• In 1992, The Computer Emergency Rescue Team (CERT) released the first version of
the “World Wide Web”.
• In 1996, IPV6 – Internet Protocol Version 6 was created.
• In 1999, a wireless technology called 802.11b or popularly known as “Wi-Fi” was
standardized.

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 History of Internet

The Beginning
• In 1964, when Packet Switching was invented it opened the doors for computers to
connect and communicate.
• Unlike Circuit Switching, which required a dedicated channel for the duration of
transmission, packet switching divided the data into small parts called ‘packets’ which
were then transmitted over the network.

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 History of Internet

Advanced Research project Agency Network (ARPANET) – ancestor of today’s

Internet.
• The American Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was ordered by
the American government to create a network spanning the United States so that
information exchange could be ensured during a potential atomic attack by USSR.
• The network that was developed was called the ‘ARPANET’ short for Advanced
Research project Agency Network.
• It was a basic network based on packet switching and providing messaging services for
sharing information. By 1977, over a 100 nodes were connected through ARPANET.

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 History of Internet

ARPANET joins the Century Club

Diagram: The ARPANET – 1969 to 1977

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 History of Internet

Electronic Mail – the initial networking application

• In 1972, the initial network application – the electronic mail was introduced.
• March Ray Tomlinson wrote the basic email software motivated by the need of the
ARPANET users for an easy and better coordination mechanism.
• Email remained the largest network application for over a decade.

The commonly used email protocols are :

1. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used for sending email messages.
2. Post Office Protocol (POP) used for retrieving email messages.

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 History of Internet

Ethernet – the network technology is born

• Developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC in 1973, and is now a dominant network
technology in the Internet.
• Ethernet is a relatively low cost, reasonably fast and very popular LAN technology.

Ethernet Cable

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 History of Internet
ARPANET adopts Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP)

In 1974, ARPANET adopted the TCP/IP protocol created by Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf. By
mid 70s.

Exchange of Data on TCP

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 The Internet emerges!
The original ARPANET grew into the ‘internet’.

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Document and Video Links

Introduction to Internet

Gives an overview of the internet, its evolution and its advantages.

19
Self Assessment Quiz

1. Internet stands for ____________________.

Answer: Inter Network

2. The data sent over the internet is very secure in all ways.
A. True
B. False

Answer: B

20
Self Assessment Quiz

3. To join the internet, the computer has to be connected to a:

A. Internet architecture board
B. Internet society
C. Internet service provider
D. none of the mentioned

Answer: C

4. Internet works on _________________________.

A. packet switching
B. circuit switching
C. both (a) and (b)
D. none of the given options

Answer: A

21
Self Assessment Quiz

5. The device that splits a network connection into multiple computers is called:
A. Hub
B. Switch

Answer: A

6. If we have two different LANs and we want to connect them we use a:

A. Hub
B. Router
C. Switch
D. Protocol

Answer: B

22
Self Assessment Quiz

7. ARPANET started with __________________ nodes.

Answer: 4

8. E-mail is the first network application. State true or false.

Answer: true

9. _____________ is the protocol that helps a user login and retrieve messages from the
mailbox.
A. SMTP
B. POP3

Answer: B
23
Self Assessment Quiz

10. IMAP protocol:

A. Stores the only the incoming mail on the server.
B. Deletes all the mail once downloaded onto the client’s computer.
C. Stores the incoming and outgoing mail on the server.
D. Is a network protocol.

Answer: C

11. Ethernet was developed by ___________________.

Answer: Bob Metcalfe

24
Self Assessment Quiz

12. Ethernet is a:
A. Server
B. Hub
C. Router
D. Network technology

Answer: D

13. Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf created ______________________.

Answer: Transmission Control Protocol

25
Internet Design Principles

26
“The internet design philosophy has changed considerably from the first
proposal to the current standards.”
- Dave Clark

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 Design principles of the internet

1. Multiplexed utilization of existing interconnected networks

Sharing a single communication channel.

2. Survivability in the face of failure

The ability of the internet to keep up the communication services despite loss of
networks or gateways.

3. Types of Services
The internet must support multiple types of services.

4. Support for a variety of Network

The internet architecture must accommodate and provide a way for different
networks like Local Area Networks, home networks and business networks to
connect with each other and exchange information.
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 Design principles of the internet

5. Distributed management
The critical resources are managed in a distributed fashion by various entities to
ensure the fundamental right to freedom is not violated.
6. Cost effectiveness
Making this technology affordable will ensure it is accessible to all and avoid info-
exclusion.
7. Host attachment
connecting a device to the internet should be as effortless as possible to ensure less
overhead and better experience.
8. Accountability
Accountability is not intrinsic to the current internet architecture, migration towards the
accountability framework is ongoing through Host Identity Protocol (HIP) and
Accountable Internet Protocol (AIP).

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Self Assessment Quiz

1. The internet must support a variety of networks to provide:

A. Fault tolerance
B. Scalability
C. Quality of Service
D. Security

Answer: B

2. Multiplexing means:
A. Multi-tasking
B. Sharing the available resources.

Answer: B

30
Self Assessment Quiz

3. The Internet Protocol at the network level does not guarantee that the data packets reach
the destination. State true or false.

Answer: true

4. TCP is a more reliable and faster protocol than UDP. State true or false.

Answer: False

31
Self Assessment Quiz

5. ______________ is defined as the ability of the internet to keep up the communication

services despite loss of networks or gateways.
A. Survivability
B. Flexibility

Answer: A

6.The present internet architecture provides good support in identifying the sender of a
particular data. State true or false.

Answer: False

32
Internet Protocols

33
 What is a Protocol ?

• A protocol can be thought of as an ‘accepted standard’.

• A protocol is a set of rules that the computers use over a network when they communicate.
• These are rules accepted and followed by the network to successfully transmit data.
• There are a host of protocols which allow users to communicate over the internet. Some of
the important ones will be discussed in this chapter.

Diagram: Human protocol and a computer network protocol

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 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The Transmission Control Protocol provides reliable transmission of data in an IP

environment.
Among the services it provides are:

• Stream data transfer

• Reliability
• Efficient flow control
• Full-duplex operation
• Multiplexing

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 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• The User Datagram Protocol is an alternative communication protocol to TCP.
• It is a connection-less protocol that does not provide reliability, order or error-
checking, but is much faster than TCP.
• UDP is more suitable for real-time applications like video calls.

Diagram: TCP vs. UDP

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 Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP) has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the
destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers.

Diagram: The Internet Protocol

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 IP Address
In the same sense that someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter, a remote
computer needs your IP address to communicate with your computer.
There are two standards for IP addresses:

• IP Version 4 (IPv4)
• IP Version 6 (IPv6)

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 IPV4
• An IPv4 address is expressed by four numbers separated by dots.
• Each number is the decimal (base-10) representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2)
number, also called an octet.

Diagram: IPV4 Address Format

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 IPV6
• The explosive growth in mobile devices including mobile phones, notebooks and other
wireless handheld devices created the need for additional blocks of IP addresses.
• IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses and offers 2128 or approximately 3.4×1038addresses.

Diagram: IPV6 Address Format

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 Name or Number!
which is easier to remember?

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 Domain Name System

• “Domain Name is the name given for any website” (ex: yahoo.com).
• “Domain Name System (DNS) is like a phone directory which stores all the
domain names across the web“.

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 Domain Name Server

Domain Name Server(DNS) maps a domain name with its corresponding IP address.

Diagram: Domain Name Server

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• The File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer files from one host computer to the
other over a TCP/IP network. It creates two different connections – a control
connection and a data connection.
• The control connection is used for sending control information and the data
connection is used for sending the actual file.
• Port 21 is used for control connection whereas data connection uses port 20.

Diagram: File Transfer protocol

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 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used for sending e-mail messages between
servers.
• It uses the port 25.
• SMTP because it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is
used with one of two other protocols – POP (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol) which allow the user to save the messages in a
mailbox on the server and retrieve them when they want.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
• This protocol is used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from the server.
• It uses TCP port 110 to establish connection with the server and then it sends a
request for a particular mailbox using user name and password.
• The user can then retrieve the list of mail messages one by one. POP3 has two
modes - Delete and keep. In the delete mode, mail is deleted from mailbox and in
the keep mode, mail resides in the mailbox.
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 SMTP and POP3 Protocols

Diagram: SMTP and POP3 protocols

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 Interactive Mail Access Protocol(IMAP)
• By default, messages that have been downloaded to a recipient's computer are deleted
from the mail server.
• The Interactive Mail Access Protocol(IMAP) is a more sophisticated mail protocol
that stores all incoming and outgoing mail on the server so that mail clients with
mailboxes on the server can access their e-mail from anywhere.
• Mail is not downloaded to the user's PC, and is only deleted from the client's mailbox if
the client specifies that it is to be deleted.

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 TELNET (Telecommunications Network)
• Telnet is a remote login protocol.
• The basic purpose of Telnet is to provide a means by which keyboard commands typed
by a remote user can cross the network and become input for a different computer.
Screen output related to the session then crosses the network from that different
computer (the server) to the client system.
• However, because of security issues its use over public internet should be avoided.

Diagram: Telnet Protocol

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Document and Video Links

Internet Protocols and Addressing

This link describes the important protocols used by the internet, IP

address and Domain Name System. It also explains with example
the difference between URN and URL.

Explains TCP/IP protocols and how they work.

49
Self Assessment Quiz

1. A protocol is:
A. A software.
B. A set of rules that govern communication between computers.

Answer: B

2. The protocol used to transfer files is called _____________.

Answer: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

3. TCP/IP stands for ___________________.

Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

4. Full-duplex operation means that you can send and receive data at the same time.
A. Yes
B. No

Answer: Yes

50
Self Assessment Quiz

5. ________________ is the alternative protocol to TCP.

Answer: User Datagram Protocol

6. TCP is a connectionless protocol. State true or false.

Answer: False

7. While doing a live chat which connection is more suitable?

A. TCP
B. UDP

Answer: B

8. ________________ Protocol delivers packets from source to destination based on the IP

address in the packet headers.

Answer: Internet Protocol

51
Self Assessment Quiz

9. IP address is:
A. Host name of a computer.
B. The numeric address of a computer

Answer: B

10. The maximum number of addresses that can be created using ipv4 are:
A. 3.4 billion
B. 4.3 billion

Answer: B

52
Self Assessment Quiz

11. IPv6 addressed have a size of ________________.

A. 32 bits
B. 64 bits
C. 128 bits
D. 265 bits

Answer: C

12. Domain Name System translates:

A. Domain names into IP address
B. IP addresses into domain names
C. Domain names into URLs

Answer: A

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 Self Assessment Quiz

13. Which protocol is used for retrieving e-mail from a remote server?
A. SMTP
B. POP3
C. FTP
D. SSL

Answer: B

14. The ______________ protocol is a mail protocol that stores all incoming and outgoing mail
on the server for access by clients from anywhere.
A. Interactive Mail Access Protocol(IMAP)
B. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Answer: A

54
 Self Assessment Quiz

15.Simple Mail Transfer Protocol uses port 25. State true or false.

Answer: True

16. The File Transfer Protocol uses control connection for sending ______________ and data
connection for sending __________.

Answer: The File Transfer Protocol uses control connection for sending control information and
data connection for sending files.

55
 Self Assessment Quiz

17. Port ______ is used for control connection in FTP.

A. Port 20
B. Port 21

Answer: B

18. The Domain Name Server maps the:

A. Domain name with its IP address
B. Domain name with URL

Answer: A

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 Self Assessment Quiz

19. TELNET is:

A. A type of network
B. A remote login protocol

Answer: B

20. TELNET is secure enough to be used over the internet. State true or false.

Answer: False

57
World Wide Web

58
Is the Internet same as the World Wide Web?

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 The web was born at CERN
in Geneva in 1990, to allow
its researchers who were
geographically dispersed to
share documents using a
hypertext system.

Tim Berners Lee

Father of World Wide Web
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The web is not the same as the internet, it is a service provided by
the internet.

The World Wide Web is a

system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the
internet.

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 History of the Web

Diagram: World Wide Web Timeline

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 Web 1.0

Diagram: Internet Explorer web page from 1995

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 Web 2.0

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 Web 3.0

Diagram: The Semantic Web

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 The World Wide Web Consortium

In 1994, Tim Berners-Lee with the help of Massachusetts Institute of Technology founded
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international community which is devoted to
developing ‘Open web standards’.
The W3C describes itself as,

“The World Wide Web

Consortium exists to
realize the full potential
of the web”

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 Web Architecture

Diagram: The Web Architecture

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 Web Server

• A web server can be both software and hardware.

• It is a program that responds to the requests made by the client.
• A computer where the websites are hosted or stored can also be called as a web
server.

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 Web Clients
• A web client can be both software and hardware.
• A web client is an application that communicates with a web server, using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• A Web client contains two parts: dynamic Web pages and the Web browser.
• Dynamic Web pages are produced by components that run in the Web tier, and a Web
browser delivers Web pages received from the server.

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 Unified Resource Identifier (URI)

• The web servers host web resources.

• A web resource is a content source, it can be anything from a static file, a live image
from a camera or dynamic content resources.
• Each web server resource has a name to identify the resource uniquely called the
‘Uniform Resource Identifier’ or URI.
• For example:
Below is an example of an image resource URI.

http://www.example.com/specials/polar.gif

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The Uniform Resource Identifier has two forms:

1. Uniform Resource Locator

2. Uniform Resource Name

Uniform Resource
Locator
Uniform Resource
Identifier
Uniform Resource
Name

Unified Resource Locator and Unified Resource Name

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 Unified Resource Locator (URL)
Uniform Resource Locator is the most common form of resource identifier.
A URL defines the specific location of the resource on a particular server.
Example: http://www.yahoo.com/images/logo.gif is the URL for the Yahoo! Website’s
logo.

http:// Scheme

www.yahoo.com Address

Resource
/images/logo.gif location

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 Unified Resource Name (URN)

• Uniform Resource Name serves as a unique name to a resource irrespective of the

location where it resides.
• Being location-independent these resources can move freely and can be accessed by
multiple network access protocols.
• Uniform Resource Names are still in experimental stage and not yet widely adopted.
• For example,
The Uniform Resource Name urn:ietf:rfc:2141 can be used to name the internet
standards document “RFC 2141”.

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 Web Browser

• A web browser is an application program used

to request, view and traverse the web pages.
• It can display information in the form of text,
images, multimedia and more.
• We can upload or download files using the
browser.

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The World Wide Web

This link is an excerpt from a chapter titled “Introduction to World

Wide Web” from "Raggett on HTML 4", by Dave Raggett, Jenny Lam,
Ian Alexander and Michael Kmiec.
Explains what is WWW, its components and how it is different from
the internet.

Explains world wide web and it’s working.

76
Self Assessment Quiz

1. _____________________ is the father of World Wide Web.

Answer: Tim Berners Lee

2. WWW is:
A. Same as the internet.
B. A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet.

Answer: B

3. Is it possible to share a file without using the world wide web.

A. Yes
B. No

Answer: A

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Self Assessment Quiz

4. The World Wide Web Consortium develops _________________________.

A. web standards
B. web sites
C. web servers
D. the web architecture
Answer: A

5. Which of these browsers is a browser for a Linux machine?

A. Internet Explorer
B. Opera
C. Safari
D. Google Chrome
Answer: B

6. Web 3.0 aims at:

A. Data that can be understood by machines.
B. Dynamic web content.

Answer: A

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Self Assessment Quiz

7. WWW is: (Select all that apply)

A. A universal system of information capture and delivery.
B. A collection of documents connected by hyperlinks.
C. An application platform
D. A framework of internet

Answer: A, B

8. Web 2.0 is also called the __________ web.

Answer: Social Web

79
Self Assessment Quiz

9. Communication between the web client and web server happens using:
A. HTTP
B. TCP
Answer: A

10. A computer where your website is hosted is called the:

A. Web browser
B. Web Server
Answer: B

11. URI stands for ____________.

Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier

12. _______ serves as a unique resource name for a resource on the web.

Answer: Unified Resource Name (URN)

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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

81
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol or HTTP is the protocol that is used to enable a web
browser and a web server to communicate.

The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

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 HTTP Kitchen Analogy
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Eating in a Restaurant
1. Suppose I want to access a web page like 1. The first thing you need to do is find the
www.example.com/myvideos/vid1. restaurant you want to eat from.
2. The HTTP protocol uses the URL to 2. Once in the restaurant you would send
identify the server, it makes a connection an order to the kitchen for whatever you
and sends the request to the server and
like to eat.
terminates the connection.
3. The kitchen checks to see if the ordered
3. The server receives the request and
item is available, if yes it is delivered to
checks if the requested resource is
available, if so it reestablishes the you on your table.
connection with the client and sends the
response. 4. You can make multiple orders while in
4. The browser can make multiple requests the restaurant and the kitchen while
and each request is processed processing a given order does not keep
independent of the previous requests. in mind what your previous orders were.
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 HTTP Client-Server Model

HTTP Request

Client Server

HTTP Response

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 HTTP MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Types

Document MIME type

HTML formatted text document text/html

Plain ASCII text document text/plain

JPEG version image/jpeg

GIF format image/gif

Apple quick time movie video/quicktime

Microsoft power point presentation application/vnd.ms-powerpoint

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 HTTP Transaction

Method URI HTTP version HTTP version Status code Start line

Name1: value1 Name1: value1

Headers
Name2: value2 Name2: value2
Name3: value3 Name3: value3

Body
Requested Resource

Request Message Response Message

HTTP Message Formats

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Using the format let us write request and response messages for our index.html
example.

Request Message Response Message

GET /index.html HTTP

HTTP 1.0 200 : OK
1.0
Host: www.example.com
Host: www.example.com
Accept: text/html
Accept: text/html
Accept-language: en-us
Accept-language: en-us
index.html

Request and Response Messages

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 HTTP Methods

Method Description

GET Used to get a named resource from the server using URI.

PUT Replace all representations of the resource with the new

upload.

POST Used to send data to the server like customer information

using HTML form

DELETE Deletes the resource from the server

HEAD Similar to GET, but transfers the status line and header
section of the message

CONNECT Establishes a connection with the server identified by the

URI

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 The HTTP Status Codes

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Document and Video Links

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

A tutorial on HTTP and its working.

Explains HTTP and its working along with the request

response messages.

90
Self Assessment Quiz

1. HTTP stands for _____________________.

Answer: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

2. The communication between the browser and server happens in a:

A. Request/response pair
B. request/message pair

Answer: A

3. The server responds with ______________________________, when it does not find

the web page requested by the browser.
A. HTTP 404 Not Found error code
B. HTTPs 505 Not Found error code
C. HTTP 407 Not Found error code
D. HTTP 400 error code

Answer: A

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Self Assessment Quiz

4. Status code 500 stands for:

A. file not found
B. internal server error
C. unauthorized access
D. Stack overflow

Answer: B

5. Which is an invalid MIME type _______________.

A. text/html
B. application/javascript
C. video/x-flv
D. text/ms-word

Answer: D

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Self Assessment Quiz

6. HTTP is a :
A. Connectionless protocol
B. Connection based but stateless protocol
C. Connectionless and stateless protocol

Answer: C

7. Default HTTP port is:

A. Port 80
B. Port 81

Answer: A

8. Processing of all HTTP requests after the first request are dependent on the previous
request.
A. Yes
B. No

Answer: B

93
Self Assessment Quiz

9. The HTTP response message header contains:

A. File type
B. Status code

Answer: B

10. The HTTP method used to send credit card information is:
A. GET
B. PUT
C. POST

Answer: C

11. Internet allows for automatic updates.

A. Yes
B. No

Answer: A

94
Web Applications

95
 Web Application
A Web application (Web app) is an application program that is stored on a remote server
and delivered over the Internet through a browser interface.
It can be:
Static Web Application
• A collection of related web pages that may contain text, links, audio, images and videos.
• It requires only client-side processing.
Dynamic Web Application
• A dynamic web application is interactive.
• They can automatically update different sections based on information from other
applications or databases. Users see different inputs based on the input given.
• Dynamic web applications require back-end processing in addition to client-side
processing.
• Facebook app is an example of dynamic web application.
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Static and Dynamic Web Applications

Diagram: Static vs. Dynamic Web

Applications
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 Front-end and Back-end Web Development
The web development functions can be categorized into five areas:
1. Preparing page structure.
2. Organizing and managing content hierarchy.
3. Serving content to the user.
4. Capturing user input.
5. Performing back-end processing and integration.

Different web technologies are required to accomplish these functions. Web development
can be divided into two categories:
1. Front-end Web Development
2. Back-end Web Development

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Front-end Development is also called the client-side development
• It is used for developing what the user sees when they open a website or load a web
application.
• It is used to develop the structure and design of websites.

Back-end development - Most of the code that makes a web application work is on the
back-end.
• The back-end code runs on the server therefore, a back-end developer must have a good
understanding of the programming languages, database and server architecture.
• The server-side programming can be divided into four main components:
 The Servers

 Databases

 Middleware

 Programming languages and framework.

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Self Assessment Quiz

1. A _______________ is an application program that is stored on a remote server and

delivered over the Internet through a browser interface.
A. Web application
B. Network application

2. Different users are shown different output based on the input given in a:
A. Static application
B. Dynamic application

3. Static web applications require backend processing as well as client side programming.
State true or false.

4. Front end web development is used to:

A. Design the structure and appearance of the website

B. To store the user data in the database.

5. Middleware is a software that connects the application’s front-end to its back-end. State
true or false.

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Web Technologies
Web Services

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1
 Web Technologies
Web technologies is a general term referring to the many languages and multimedia
packages that are used in conjunction with one another, to produce dynamic web sites. Some
of the important technologies are:
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) - HTML is the standard markup language
for creating web pages and web applications.
• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) - the Cascading Styling Sheets is used to style an HTML
document.
• JavaScript - It is a dynamic programming language which when applied to a HTML
document can make the websites interactive with the user.
• Extensible Markup Language (XML) - it is an extensible language which can be used
to create specific mark-up languages such as chemical mark-up.
• ASP.NET - ASP .NET is a web framework for building dynamic web sites, web
applications and web services.

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2
 Web Technologies
• Servlets – It is a server-side programming language. An efficient and powerful solution
for creating dynamic web content.
• Java Server Pages (JSP) - The Java Server Pages is a server-side technology that is
used to create dynamic web pages based on HTML, XML or other document types. Java
code is inserted into HTML using JSP tag <% ----Java code----%>.
• Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) - PHP is an open source general purpose scripting
language for server-side development. It can be embedded in HTML.
• Asynchronous JavaScript And XML (AJAX) - AJAX is not a programming language
in itself. It uses the XMLHttpRequest object to request data from the server and java
script and HTML DOM to display or use the data. The most appealing characteristic of
the AJAX is that it can communicate with the server, exchange data and update a page
without even refreshing the page.
We will learn about HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML and PHP in the coming chapters.

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3
 Web Services analogy
Consider the aircraft reservation software,
• In addition to doing reservations, the software also requires to communicate with e-
commerce sites like PayPal for payments made online.
• But we know that the reservation system and the PayPal software are separate systems
written in different languages.
• Communication between the two heterogeneous software systems happens through a
special kind of web application known as a web service.

Web
Services

Airline Reservation Software PayPal Software

Service Requester Service Provider

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4
 Web Services
• Web service is a service offered by one electronic device to another via the World Wide
Web.

The W3C defines a web service as,

‘A web service is a software

system designed to support
interoperable machine-to-
machine interaction over a
network.’

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5
 Web Service Components

• SOAP – Simple Object Access Protocol

• REST – Representational State Transfer
• WSDL – Web Services Description Language
• UDDI – Universal Description, Discovery and Integration

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6
 SOAP – Simple Object Access Protocol
SOAP is an XML based messaging protocol which allows programs running on different
operating systems such as Windows and Linux to communicate using HTTP and XML.

Web server hosting the

various web services

SOAP over HTTP

request
Consume Data
XML based
response

INTERNET

SOAP – accessing web services

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7
 REST – Representational State Transfer
• REST was defined by Roy Fielding in 2000.
• REST is an architectural style for developing web services. It uses HTTP for accessing
resources, but unlike SOAP the web service developed using REST are light weight and
use less bandwidth.

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8
 REST – Representational State Transfer
• REST defines a way of accessing resources such as documents, pictures or videos which
reside on a different environment.
• The key elements of RESTful implementation are:
1. Resources – the resource itself.
2. Request Verbs – to describe what to do with the resource. The verbs include GET, POST,
DELETE, PUT.
3. Request Header – additional information such as authorization details.
4. Request Body – contains Data, usually sent when POST is used.
5. Response Body – an XML document with the data.
6. Response Status Codes – returned with the response indicating whether there is any error or
response has been sent.

10
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9
 REST - Example
Let us assume a RESTful web service is defined at a particular location. The client can use
any HTTP verbs to make the request. For Example,
• POST – This would be used to create a new employee using the RESTful web service
• GET - This would be used to get a list of all employee using the RESTful web service
• PUT - This would be used to update all employee using the RESTful web service
• DELETE - This would be used to delete all employee using the RESTful web service

Request Verbs on a single employee record

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0
 WSDL – Web Services Description Language

• A web service cannot be used if it cannot be found.

• The WSDL is an XML-based file which tells the client what the web service does and
where it is located.

WSDL
Defines Defines

Web Client
Web Service
Application
WEB

WSDL defines the location and functionality of the web service

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1
 UDDI – Universal Description, Discovery and Integration

• UDDI is a standard for describing, publishing, and discovering the web services
provided by a particular service provider.
• It acts as a repository on which the WSDL files are hosted.

UDDI, SOAP and WSDL

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Reference Material – Provided and to be used for learning purposes only
2
Web Technologies and Web Services

The link describes web services and its components SOAP,

WSDL and UDDI.

This link explains the REST web services in detail.

This video is the first in a series of 5 tutorial videos which explain

web services, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI in detail. You are required to
refer this entire tutorial for a good understanding of web
services.

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Self Assessment Quiz
1. _____________ is a standard language for creating web pages.
A. HTML
B. CSS

Answer: A

2. CSS stands for ____________.

Answer: Cascading Style Sheet

3. JavaScript is used to:

A. Add interactivity to a website.
B. Add style to a website.

Answer: A

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Self Assessment Quiz

4. ASP .NET is a web framework for building dynamic web sites, web applications and web
services. State true or false.

Answer: true

5. AJAX sands for _________________.

Answer: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

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Self Assessment Quiz

6. PHP is:
A. A client-side scripting language.
B. An open source scripting language for server side programming.

Answer: B

7. AJAX is a:
A. Front-end development technology
B. Back-end development technology
C. A group of technologies which enable web page update without reloading
D. A web service

Answer: C

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Self Assessment Quiz

8. SOAP stands for____________________.

Answer: Simple Object Access Protocol

9. SOAP is an:
A. Web technology
B. XML-based messaging protocol
C. a web service
D. a web application

Answer: B

10. Web Services Description Language is an XML file describing what the web service does
and where it is located. (True/False)

Answer: True

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Self Assessment Quiz

11. ___________________ is an architecture style for developing web services.

A. SOAP
B. REST

Answer: B

12. UDDI stands for_____________________________.

Answer: Universal Description, Discovery and Integration

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Self Assessment Quiz

13. REST stands for ______________________.

Answer: Representational State Transfer

14. UDDI is a:
A. a protocol.
B. an architectural style for developing web services.
C. a repository for WSDL files.
D. a language for developing web services.

Answer: C

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E-book Links
Module
Keyword/Topic E-Book Name Chapter Page Number URL Comments
/Unit
https://passhojao.com/atta
chments/7c8727519c30b
8baa05ee92432e1d9ecdb
8075d7/store/9f2d8d0629
Web Technologies
6185d04b4eb79f6536879
Introduction and - Acomputer Defines internet and
639111d3feef8464d5574
1 history of Science Chapter 1 Page No: 1-4 explains the history of
7a803923/Web+Technolo
internet Perspective by internet.
gies+-
Jeffery C. Jackson
+A+Computer+Science+
Perspective+-
+J.+Jackson+%28Pearso
n%2C+2007%29.pdf
https://passhojao.com/atta
chments/7c8727519c30b
8baa05ee92432e1d9ecdb
8075d7/store/9f2d8d0629
Web Technologies
6185d04b4eb79f6536879
- Acomputer Defines the basic
Internet 639111d3feef8464d5574
2 Science Chapter 1 Page No: 4-9 internet protocols like
Protocols 7a803923/Web+Technolo
Perspective by TCP, IP and UDP.
gies+-
Jeffery C. Jackson
+A+Computer+Science+
Perspective+-
+J.+Jackson+%28Pearso
n%2C+2007%29.pdf

12
0
E-book Links

Module
Keyword/Topic E-Book Name Chapter Page Number URL Comments
/Unit

http://pdf.th7.cn/down/file Defines the World

Creating a Website:
The World Wide s/1312/creating_a_website wide web, web
3 The Missing Chapter 1 Page No: 7-12
Web _the_missing_manual_3rd browser and web
Manual
_edition.pdf server.
https://passhojao.com/atta
chments/7c8727519c30b8
baa05ee92432e1d9ecdb80
75d7/store/9f2d8d062961
Web Technologies Explains the HTTP
85d04b4eb79f653687963
– A computer protocol and HTTP
Hyper Text Page No: 10- 9111d3feef8464d55747a8
4 Science Perspective Chapter 1 Request/Response
Transfer Protocol 20 03923/Web+Technologies
by Jeffery C. message formats in
+-
Jackson detail.
+A+Computer+Science+P
erspective+-
+J.+Jackson+%28Pearson
%2C+2007%29.pdf

12
1
Assignment

12
2
Assignment

Based on the understanding of Subject in Unit I, You need to find solution of below problem
statement:
1. Using the http://whatismyipaddress.com/ link find the IP address of your computer.
2. You can use Google and find out how you can use ipconfig command to find the IP of
your computer and write down the detailed steps.
3. Prepare a document to show how Hyper Text Transfer Protocol works and illustrate
using an example.
4. Find the ISP and speed of internet for your educational institution.
5. Prepare a list of ipv4 and corresponding ipv6 addresses for all computers in the
computer lab.

12
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3