COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Building System Design Activity Manual

ACTIVITY NO. 3: Building Envelope Systems and Assemblies

1.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

a) ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
b) ability to communicate effectively

1.2. Activity Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs) At

the end of the activity, the students shall be able to:
a) Identify the building envelope concept system design
b) Familiarize the air and water tightness of building envelope system design
c) Understand structural adequacy of building envelope

1.3 Aims of the Activity

The aim of this activity is to orient students of the building envelope system design.

1.4 Principle of the Activity

Research on the following topics to familiarize yourself with the background of the activity:
a) Building Envelope Concept Design System
b) Air Tightness of Building Envelope Design System
c) Water Tightness of Building Envelope Design System
d) Structural Adequacy of Building Envelope

1.5. Procedures/Instruction
The activity comprises of the following steps:
1. Applying building envelope design system, redo your design plan.
2. Finalize all design considering water and air tightness and structural adequacy.

1.6. Data and Discussion

1.6.1. Principle of the Activity
a) Building Envelope Concept Design System
The building envelope is the primary element that separates environmental
influences from end-user requirements and controls interactions between the interior and
exterior. It consists of exterior structures that separate a building from the outside and
serves as a filter to ensure that the occupants always have comfortable conditions. In fact,
through the building envelope, environmental and technical factors that must be
considered throughout the whole design and construction process must come to a balanced
synthesis and be able to combine various and occasionally incongruent demands.
Bahnam established the initial parameters for developing the modern idea of the
building envelope in 1969. In his work, he acknowledged the importance of the building
envelope in preserving specified comfort levels, managing and modeling interactions and
exchanges between the inside and outside, responding to environmental variability, and
minimizing thermal losses during the winter while limiting temperature increases in the
summer.
1

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Therefore, it is evident that a building's envelope must be able to meet several
performance standards that have been established by current regulations, considering
various application contexts and legal requirements, as well as the degree of variability in
both the external boundary conditions and the intended use of a building. The building
envelope also serves as a complex filter, controlling internal temperatures and formulating
system consumptions, and is in charge of their management and reduction. For these
reasons, it must be planned as a highly precise system, where each element defines the
overall performance of the structure.
The main functions that a building envelope must perform can be resumed as
follows:
• Support function intends to provide structural support against loads and forces.
Even if the building's structures and facade are frequently detachable, the envelope
still needs to withstand its own weight and the weight of the other building's parts.
• Exchange control function intends to stop unwanted fluxes between the interior
and outside. The parameters that a building envelope must deal with are primarily
temperature, air pressure, and humidity, whose variations are brought on by energy
transfer phenomena resulting to the external dynamic, even though a wide variety
of climatic and thermodynamic phenomena influence the behavior of a façade
conditions;
• Aesthetic-finishing function intends to make the structure appealing while
completing the other two functions.

b) Air Tightness of Building Envelope Design System

A home’s Air Tightness is determined by how much air escapes from it. The
definition of air leakage is a movement or, more accurately, the escape of air through the
walls, floors, and roof of a building. Buildings that are airtight are more comfortable to
live in, are better for the environment, and use less energy. Thus, they simultaneously
safeguard the structure, the inhabitants' health, and their money. When constructing the
airtight building envelope, be careful to use items free of household pollutants to guarantee
that nothing prevents a comfortable environment within the building.

Areas of the House that are considered for Airtightness.

• The fabric envelope - The walls, floor, and ceiling. The ease with which a desired
airtightness in the walls may be achieved varies depending on the building system.
• Windows and doors - We place a lot of emphasis on U values, but we should also be
requesting the airtightness we desire. The window manufacturer is not responsible for
where the frame meets the wall, however, they do have control over how the window
or door closes inside the frame. It must be airtight on the first day of installation, and
the seal must endure at least as long as the window or door.
• Other penetrations to the fabric such as pipes and cables - They are not difficult to
deal with; the main thing is to pay attention to the little things, especially making sure
they are all located and dealt with. Open fireplaces and their chimneys require
substantial attention as they are the antithesis of an airtight home. A tremendous
amount of air is intended to be drawn out of the house by a chimney, which is precisely
what we want to avoid.

Ensure Quality Control for an Airtight Build

An aspect of quality control is performed at the factory with SIPs and some wood
frame systems by individuals who know what they're doing. The same level of attention
and ability is required for any on-site work. The initial step is to guarantee that the primary
2

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
contractor or project manager has previously built and learned how to build an airtight
house.

Test for Airtightness

• There is a nearly endless list of businesses that will carry out the testing, which is
simple, affordable, and necessary. Additionally, a smoke pen or pencil can be helpful
in pinpointing the locations of the leaks.
• Be prepared to take the exam more than once. Prior to installing any interior finishes,
the initial test should always be performed to make sure the fabric meets the required
standard and that any necessary remedial work does not include removing expensive
finishes.

Cost to Build an Airtight Home.

The additional cost of establishing airtightness will vary depending on the building
technology and the amount of airtightness desired. To attain 5m3/hr, spend an additional
5% of the envelope cost for a SIPs build and 15% for a masonry build. The timber frame
and ICF will fall somewhere in the middle. It's worth mentioning that airtightness can and
has been accomplished in renovations as well, however, it's a complex and expensive
process.

We see the main reasons for airtight building in the following points:
• Save energy and heating costs, which means less CO2 emissions.
• No structural damage due to hidden mold
• No draught in the living space
• Better indoor air quality (dust, pollen, odors), fewer pollutants from outside
• Ventilation systems work more efficiently.
• Better sound insulation
• Gas and smoke barrier in case of fire

c) Water Tightness of Building Envelope Design System

A substance's ability to repel water is called water tightness. Therefore, roof
membranes' capacity is crucial. It is obtained from the membrane's intermediate layer's
functional film. A roof must be watertight during construction and use. This is because
water tightness protects property and its thermal insulation from water damage in autumn
and spring when enormous amounts of condensed water vapor develop under a roof
covering before condensing on a roof membrane. Therefore, water tightness is crucial
during roof construction and use. If the roof covering is damaged, the roof's water tightness
protects the thermal insulation and roof structure from rising wetness. Despite aging, a
membrane must withstand water column action.
The detection of air and water leakage is essential for preventing property damage
and reducing energy consumption. Because water can travel so far within a structure, it
can be difficult to pinpoint the precise location of a roof breach. Leak detection can be
utilized not only as a quality assurance method after the installation of low-sloped roofs,
but also as a method of field inspection. Each application is viable. Additionally, leak
detection can be expanded to include terrace slabs in addition to the complete building
envelope. The following are few and common signs of roof leaks:
• Water Stains on Walls and Ceilings: If ceiling and wall stains are yellow, brown,
or faint. Leaky roofs cause it. These water spots may be in the corners, middle, or
external wall.

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 • Mold on exterior Walls: Roof leaks cause exterior wall mold.
• Dripping: Roof leaks cause leakage in the attic and elsewhere in the house.
• Cracked, Damage, or Missing Shingles: If your shingles are compromised,
water can enter your home
• Damaged or Missing Flashing: Water can leak in through broken or missing
metal flashing around vents, roofs, and chimneys. Water enters rusty or loose step
flashing.
It is essential to ensure that a roof is watertight because, if the roof covering is
damaged, watertightness will provide interim protection for the thermal insulation and
protection against rising dampness for the roof structure. Even though a membrane will
ultimately age, it must maintain a consistently high resistance to an action caused by a
water column.

d) Structural Adequacy of Building Envelope

A building envelope, which primarily consists of the exterior of the structure, must
be able to preserve and maintain the structural integrity of the building. The building's
foundation must be able to support the weight of the structure and keep it firmly in place,
regardless of the surroundings or the makeup of the soil. The structure of the building's
walls must be sound, with loading-bearing or purpose-built walls offering adequate
support. Building laws and codes must be adhered to throughout the building process
because they establish essential safety standards and take into account regional risks such
as fires, earthquakes, and other hazards.
The ability of a structure to maintain its stability and load bearing capacity under
unforeseen circumstances is known as structural adequacy. It is employed to determine
the degree of resistance of inert elements.

A. BUILDING ENVELOPE CONCEPT DESIGN SYSTEM

I. Climate
The Philippines has a tropical marine climate. It is distinguished by a generally
warm temperature, high humidity, and extensive rainfall. It has many characteristics with
the climates of Central American nations. The three most significant factors affecting the
country's weather and climate are temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are all
covered here.

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 1. Climate Map of the Philippines

Climate Types
Four distinct climatic types are identified based on rainfall patterns, and they are defined
as follows:
The Philippines' climate and weather are significantly impacted by typhoons.
Typhoons' effects are mostly responsible for the rain, humidity, and cloudiness that is
experienced. They often come from the Caroline Islands of the Pacific and Mariana
Islands, which are located at the same latitude as Mindanao. They move in a northwesterly
direction, preventing the majority of typhoons that traverse the nation from directly
striking Mindanao. Because of this, the southern Philippines is particularly desirable for
industrial and agricultural development.

II. Seasons
The country's climate may be divided into two main seasons using temperature and
rainfall as bases: (1) the rainy season, which lasts from June to November; and (2) the dry
season, which lasts from December to May. The cool dry season, which runs from
December to February, and the hot dry season, which runs from March to May, are further
divisions of the dry season.

III. Temperature
The average annual temperature in the Philippines is 26.6 °C, according to the
average of all the weather stations except Baguio. The hottest month is May, with a mean
temperature of 28.3 °C, while January has the coldest average temperature at 25.5 °C.
While altitude exhibits a bigger variance in temperature, latitude has little bearing on
5

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
temperature fluctuation. At 1,500 meters above sea level, Baguio's typical yearly
temperature is 18.3 °C. Baguio is the summer capital of the Philippines since its
temperatures are equivalent to those in areas with a temperate climate. The mean annual
temperature at Zamboanga, the southernmost station, and Laoag, the northernmost station,
are slightly different. In other words, the mean annual temperature of locations in Luzon,
Visayas, or Mindanao measured at or near sea level essentially does not differ.

Figure 2. Yearly Maximum, Minimum, and Average Temperature

Figure 2 shows the yearly maximum, minimum, and average temperature of

Calamba City, Laguna, from 2009 to the present since it is the location where the
construction project will take place.

Figure 3. Minimum Average Temperature

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
7

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 4-14. Maximum Average Temperature

Calamba City experiences various temperatures every year. Throughout the 15

years, Calamba experienced a minimum average temperature of 24 °C in January 2014
(Figure 3) and a maximum of 30 °C in May 2010, April 2013, May 2014, May 2015, May
2016, May 2018, April-June 2019, May 2020, and May 2021 (Figure 4-14). It can be
observed, and as mentioned earlier, that mostly during the same month every year, it is the
hottest in May.

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 15. Monthly Average Temperature

Figure 15 shows that in Calamba City, January is the coldest, May is the hottest,
and from July to November is kept at a stable temperature.

IV. Rainfall
The Philippines' most significant climatic factor is rainfall. Depending on the
placement of the mountain ranges and the direction of the moisture-bearing winds,
different regions of the nation vary in rainfall distributions.
The Philippines receives 965 to 4,064 millimeters of rain on average every year.
The areas that experience the most rain include Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern
Surigao, whereas southern Cotabato experiences the least amount of rain. Only 978
millimeters of rain fall annually average at General Santos City in Cotabato.

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 16. Minimum Average Rainfall Amount (mm) and Rainy Days

Figure 17. Maximum Average Rainfall Amount (mm) and Rainy Days

Figures 16 and 17 show the yearly rainfall and rain days average of Calamba City
from 2009 to present. We can observe that the minimum average rainfall was experienced
last January to March of 2019, with 1.80mm of rain and a day of rainfall (Figure 16).
While the maximum average rainfall was from July to September 2018, with 410.9mm of
rain and 74 days of rainfall (Figure 17).

Figure 18. Minimum Monthly Average Rainfall Days

10

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 19. Maximum Monthly Average Rainfall Days

March has the least rainfall, with 18.2 mm and 3 average rainfall days (Figure 18).
While July has the most rain of 345.2 mm, and 25 average rainfall days (Figure 19). As
observed, rainy seasons fall from June to November.

V. Humidity and Cloud

Humidity refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere. The Philippines has a
high relative humidity result of its high temperatures and the nearby bodies of water.
Between 71 and 85 percent on average relative humidity each month is found between
March and September, respectively. High relative and absolute humidities with warm
temperatures result in reasonably high temperatures over the archipelago. The worst
comes from March to May when the warmth and humidity are at their highest.

11

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 20. Minimum Annual Cloud and Humidity Average

Figure 21. Maximum Annual Cloud and Humidity Average

Figures 20 and 21 show the annual average cloud and humidity experienced in
Calamba from 2009 to the present. The months from April to June 2023 experienced the
least average humidity of 73% and an average cloud of 32% (Figure 20). While from July
to September 2009, Calamba experienced a maximum average humidity of 276% and an
average cloud of 65.33% (Figure 21). In the span of 14 years, the humidity decreased to
an intense level.

12

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Considering the information about humidity and clouds, the key to reducing the
risk of moisture damage is to control the airflow into and out of the building. A correctly
designed continuous air barrier reduces air leaking, which reduces the possibility of water
vapor condensing on weak wall components, which may be installed on the roof or the
ceiling.
In the proposed two-storey residential house, the type of roof that will be installed
is a flat roof (Figure 22). Flat roofs, sometimes known as low-slope roofs, are a historic
type of roofing. They are frequently constructed horizontally with a little slope, which
demonstrates that, even though they may appear to be level, they have a little slope that
aids in water drainage. The following are common flat roof coverings:
• Sheet materials such as bituminous felt.
• Materials used in situ, like asphalt.
• Metal, such as copper or lead.
These roof coverings are often made to be installed as flat, continuous sheets, and
they are vulnerable to bending, such as at parapets and verges, where they are punctured
by ducts, flues, and other structures, as well as at joints or seams.
The major advantages of a flat roof are as follows:
1. Affordable and cost-effective. One of the uncomplicated strategies to reduce costs and
save money for your building's construction is to use a flat roof. Due to the limited
number of materials required, flat roofs are less expensive to construct than pitched
roofs. In contrast to pitched roofs, which frequently require designed trusses and
rafters, you don't need an extensive workforce.
2. Easily accessible. This is certainly the best benefit of flat roofs. If you're a homeowner,
you may quickly inspect your roof by going to the rooftop. The roof, in particular,
needs regular care. Thus, this is the ideal method to do it. This does not apply to the
pitched roof because you may need specialized tools like a ladder and extensive
knowledge to access it. Additionally, accidents might happen if you're not adept at
climbing sloped rooftops. With flat roofs, this is not the situation.
3. Ease of maintenance. Flat roofs are simple to maintain since they are easy to reach.
Since repairs are quick and simple, their lifespan will ultimately be increased. The roof
is easily accessible, making it simple to find any flaws and quickly fix them.
Additionally, they cost less and are simple to clean. This always aids in keeping debris
13

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 from accumulating on your roof. The best way to clean flat roofs, even flat concrete
rooftops, is with pressure washing.
4. Additional space for your home. You may construct a nice rooftop terrace on a flat
roof to relax with family and friends and host events and BBQ meals. Additionally,
you may put solar panels, HVAC equipment, and a garden directly on your roof.
Because of this, the advantages of this kind of roofing are practically endless, and it
helps to safeguard your possessions.
5. Perfect for home extension. A flat roof is the roofing type to consider if you intend to
expand your property in the future. You can finish your home addition project quickly
since flat roofs are so simple to deal with.
6. Aesthetically appealing. Another benefit of having a flat roof is that, especially when
it is built with originality and beauty, it helps to give your house a lovely radiance.
Ingenuity, like adding a rooftop garden, enhances the building's attractiveness and
glamour. The nicest thing about having this roof type is that it seamlessly blends into
any theme or style of landscaping, especially modern designs. And you get a ton of
lovely patterns from which to draw inspiration.
7. Allows for easy compliance with house height limits. Particularly for multifamily
structures, several states or communities set height restrictions on the homes that are
under their jurisdiction. Judging by the way a flat roof is constructed, it is beneficial
to carefully adhere to such restrictions. A pitched roof might not be able to do this,
especially for large buildings.
8. Enough access to natural light. Since flat roofs don't have slanted overhangs, your
home might benefit from more natural light. Flat roofs don't have slanted overhangs,
unlike pitched roofs, which frequently block light from entering your home.

VI. Wind
The prevailing wind systems in the Philippines are as follows:
1. Northeast (NE) monsoon - from November to February
2. Southwest (SW) monsoon - from July to September
3. Trade winds - winds in the tropics. They generally come from the east. The trade winds
prevail during the rest of the year whenever NE monsoons are weak.

Figure 22. Minimum Annual Wind Speed and Wind Gust Average

14

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 23. Maximum Annual Wind Speed and Wind Gust Average

Calamba City experienced a minimum wind speed average of 4.6 kmph last June
2010, with a maximum wind of 7.9 kmph and an average gust of 10.6 kmph (Figure 22).
However, after nine years, in January, the wind speed average increased to 19 kmph with
a maximum wind of 25.8 kmph and an average gust of 29 kmph (Figure 23).

VII. Ultraviolet Index

The UVI serves as a gauge for UV radiation intensity. The index's values vary from
zero to one upward; the higher the UVI, the greater the risk of skin and eye damage and
the quicker the onset of that damage. The UVI is a crucial tool for warning individuals
about the necessity of sun protection. Worldwide, excessive UV radiation exposure from
the sun and maybe man-made sources like sunbeds is linked to a sharp rise in the incidence
of skin cancer in people with light skin. The most significant individual risk factor for UV
radiation damage is personal practices about sun exposure.

Figure 24. Minimum Annual UV Index Average

15

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figures 25-28. Maximum Annual UV Index Average

As per Figures 25-28, it can be observed that mostly during the months of April to
June, Calamba experienced a maximum UV Index average of 21 during the years 2015,
2018, and 2019. However, in 2023, those months had only an average of 7 UV Index
(Figure 24). There was also a sudden change when Calamba experienced the same
maximum UV Index average of 21 last October to December 2021.

Figure 29. Monthly UV Averages

16

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 During March and April, an average of 7 UV is experienced. While the rest of the
months are kept at a stable UV index (Figure 29).

VIII. Sun hours and Sun days

In the Philippines, the time between sunrise and sunset does not change noticeably
throughout the year. The closeness to the equator is the cause of this. As a result, without
travelling too far, the sun swings between the north and south directions throughout the
year. However, the disparity is far more pronounced in places like Canada and Norway.
The longest days often occur in June and can last up to 13 hours. A Manila night in
December is close to 13 hours long.

Figure 30. Minimum Annual Sun Hours and Sun Days Averages

Figure 31. Maximum Annual Sun Hours and Sun Days Averages

Calamba’s longest sun hours were 246.67 in 89 days last January to March 2019
(Figure 30). And last July to September 2022, the average sun hours were 31 in 22 days
(Figure 31).

17

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figure 32. Minimum Monthly Average Sun Hours and Days

Figure 33. Maximum Monthly Average Sun Hours and Days

Every year, August has the least average sun hours of 68.1 and 6 sunny days
(Figure 32). While April has the most sun hours of 224.2 and 27 sunny days (Figure 33).

IX. Visibility

18

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Figure 34. Minimum Annual Visibility Average

19

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Figures 35-42. Maximum Annual Visibility Average

Due to weather and climate changes, the visibility of a site might vary from time
to time. In this case, during the past 15 years, Calamba was least visible last August 2010
for about 6.5 km (Figure 34). While Calamba was visible for 10km several times from
February to March 2020, March and November 2021, January 2022, March to April 2022,
and March 2023 (Figures 35-42).

B. AIR TIGHTNESS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN SYSTEM

If the exterior of a structure is not airtight enough, significant amounts of energy may be
lost due to exfiltrating air, or damage to structural elements may occur due to condensation. Air
leakage may be minimized with proper design and construction. Test methods for determining the
degree of airtightness and locating individual leaks are available and increasingly employed.

20

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Air leakage of the house -
Air leaking into the house -

(INDICATES WARMER)
(INDICATES WARM)
(INDICATES COLD)

21

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Single-family homes have by far the most air tightness measurements of all the other
building kinds. Many research began by measuring air tightness, using the results to solve issues
like ventilation, energy usage, and indoor air quality. Research on airtightness of energy-efficient
homes and methods to increase airtightness has also recently received some attention. The
solution to reducing energy use and guaranteeing indoor air quality is to regulate air movement.
To prevent condensation and to comfort. Here, in Builders Residence, the roof, ceiling, walls,
doors, and windows are some elements that can impact the building's airtightness. First, cool roof
coatings are made of white or other unique reflective pigments that reflect sunlight from the
roof. Coatings are similar to very thick paints that can shield the roof from ultraviolet (V) light and
chemical deterioration, and some even provide water protection and restorative features. By
doing this, it will reduce the amount of heat that enters the building, making the air produced by
mechanical air conditioning systems much cooler rather than warmer.

22

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
CONTINUOUS AIR BARRIER

23

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 DOOR INSULATION

EDGE SEALS AND WINDOW SPACERS

Windows have edge seals as well. The main purpose of the edge seal is to maintain the proper
space between the glass panes while serving as a barrier to stop water vapor infiltration and gas
(or air) fill leakage. Commercial edge seals typically have thicknesses between 6 and 24 mm.

One factor, as well, is the ceiling, the key to minimizing the damage potential of moisture
is effectively managing the flow of air into and out of the building. A properly installed,
continuous air barrier minimizes air leakage, which, in turn, minimizes the potential for water
vapor to condense on vulnerable wall structures. This can be ins Iled either in ceiling/roof.

24

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 For walls, air sealing prevents leaks that cause an unwelcome interchange of inner and
exterior air, heat, and moisture. This guarantees that all the work put into building a tight and
well-insulated structure doesn't go out the window (or through the walls, ceiling, or foundation).
A seal created by house wrap prevents the flow of hot and cold air through the wall cavity. House
wrap is intended to lower utility bills and raise comfort by decreasing air infiltration and potential
drafts when seams are correctly sealed with "sealing tape."

C. WATER TIGHTNESS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN SYSTEM

Figure (43). Waterproofing

Regardless of the building type, a solid impermeable foundation will be constructed for
structures using the appropriate materials and coatings systems. This will protect surfaces from
potential long-term damage. In addition, waterproofing is required to prevent water damage and
structural deterioration on interior surfaces such as walls, ceilings, basements, floors, rooftops,
and restrooms by reducing moisture levels. Waterproofing is also necessary to reduce the amount
of moisture on exterior surfaces, preventing water damage and structural collapse.

25

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Inadequate waterproofing systems frequently lead to recurring problems caused by water
infiltration. These issues can include fissures, blisters, and mold, all of which can produce mildew
and spores that can cause respiratory difficulties. Therefore, it is in everyone's best interest to take
preventative measures whenever possible, as it will be less efficient and more costly in the long
run to fix problems that have already occurred and perform routine maintenance on them.

Waterproofing Checklist
Waterproofing systems and coatings vary by building type and location during pre-
construction. to be able preserve structures, certain factors must be considered when renovating
ancient buildings or developing new ones:

1. Assess the current underlying conditions and issues of the buildings prior to the
development and construction process.
Before installing waterproofing systems, a comprehensive analysis must be
conducted to ensure they suit the property. Per the construction specifications,
waterproofing membranes such as cementitious membranes, liquid membranes, and sheet
membranes must be evaluated, along with an efficient design, to maximize solution
feasibility. There may be a need for repairs or maintenance before applying waterproofing
to existing structures.

2. Identify Areas that require waterproofing systems.

Comprehensive waterproofing systems are required to prevent water damage to
balconies, cellars, bathrooms, rooftops, and swimming pools. Balconies and basements
made of concrete can be waterproofed to prevent cracking and UV degradation. In
addition, waterproofing prevents the growth of mold and fungi, which can cause structural
problems.

3. Durable solution is key.

Waterproofing systems provide a solid basis for any construction. Thus, they must
be robust. After assessing the property, weigh the advantages and cons of choosing a long-
lasting, cost-effective solution that requires little care or repair.

Specifications:
a. For sanitation and personal hygiene, each dwelling unit includes a water closet, kitchen
basin, lavatory, and bathtub or shower.
b. The sewage is subjected to travel reverse through the plumbing drainage system,
preventing it from backing into the building.
c. Smooth, non-absorbent, ventilated plumbing fixtures.
d. A watertight membrane is not explicitly designated for the walls.
e. The window and door systems are engineered to collaborate with the building facade
membrane to prevent moisture infiltration at the window or door frame.
f. The absence of provisions for constructing and installing low-sloped roofs in the plan is
a significant omission in making a structurally firm building.

To achieve a durable and waterproof exterior and interior surface:

Exterior
a. Installing flashings or performing maintenance on the primary gutters is recommended
to ensure proper functionality.

26

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 b. Selecting the appropriate waterproofing material is crucial.
• Applying a coating paint designed to provide concrete surfaces with waterproofing
properties, provides a permanent seal for both concrete and brick surfaces. A surface
that is free of dirt and has not been coated with paint can be utilized.
• Integral-based concrete waterproofing is a type of waterproofing that is mixed with
concrete to generate a waterproofing effect before it is applied to concrete walls. It is
typically employed in large construction projects and can produce an enduring impact
when combined with concrete waterproofing paint.
• Decks and occasionally walls are frequently waterproofed with polyurethane-based
waterproofing materials. This material consists of two distinct components: a base and
an epoxy. The two constituents are progressively combined and then applied or poured
onto the designated area. The material solidifies rapidly, producing a protective silicon
layer impervious to water.
• The PVC membrane is a hot-applied waterproofing material consisting of a layered
PVC sheet. It is primarily utilized for waterproofing slabs rather than walls, but it can
be an effective solution when properly applied.
• Utilizing a silicon-based concrete sealer has been observed to produce a waterproof
coating upon interacting with masonry and concrete. However, it is noteworthy that
this sealer may not be the most optimal choice for waterproofing as it can be
administered solely to walls that have not been treated or painted.

c. Waterproofing is deemed necessary; it is recommended to incorporate a plaster

waterproofing additive. Adding a waterproofing additive to plaster improves wall
waterproofing. These materials can improve the structure's appearance and water
resistance. Waterproofing paint like Primero, Boysen Flexibond, or Davies is needed to
fix most leaking situations.

d. Surface prepares the area for waterproofing.

e. Apply the waterproofing material. The material is applied with a brush or roller. The initial
coat must cover all affected areas. Apply the second and third coats after many hours.
Apply 2-3 layers of waterproofing for best results.

f. After a few days have elapsed, it is recommended to conduct a test on the wall to detect
any potential leaks.

Interior
a. The initial phase involves surface preparation, which entails the removal of the previous
coating from the concrete base and eliminating of any dust or debris on the floor.

b. Waterproof coatings make insulation easy. Preparing the foundation is the first phase, like
before. When producing a solution with desiccated amalgam, follow the packing
instructions.

27

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
c. The process of waterproofing through penetration. This strategy is regarded as highly
effective because it can withstand the consequences of a significant pipeline rupture.
Implementing penetrating waterproofing measures can effectively prevent reinforcement
corrosion from occurring.

d. Spraying, brushing, or rolling a liquid membrane onto impermeable concrete buildings is

possible. A continuous, impermeable covering on concrete hides cracks and creates a
vapor barrier. Concrete is solid and impenetrable. Jointless concrete floors reduce water
seepage. Joint-free liquid application is an efficient and successful way to waterproof roll
sheets. A liquid waterproofing membrane on concrete lasts longer than sheets and
membranes. Liquid waterproofing seals crack and prevent corrosion in interior
components, bar steels, and joints.

e. Discussing bituminous waterproofing membrane application. Asphalt, or bitumen, is a

black, sticky liquid. A bituminous waterproof coating over structural flooring prevents
water infiltration. To learn why asphalt is applied to surfaces, consult reliable
waterproofing solutions companies like Flooring Solutions. Our expertise should save you
money on maintenance fixes.

f. Construction uses bituminous covering. It protects surfaces from corrosion and damage.
Bitumen, solvents, and fillers make up bituminous coating. This coating is durable and
weatherproof. Pipelines, tanks, and other outdoor constructions employ it.

g. Asphalt coating, or bituminous coating, is prepared and polymerized to form a flexible,

vapor-proof protective covering. Polymer grade determines flexibility and vapor and
water resistance. This coating protects piping systems economically. It waterproofs
surfaces well. Especially those exposed to water leaks, seepage, dampness, and non-
pressurized water.

h. Liquid applications of polyurethane have the advantage of being solvent-free. This

characteristic makes it an ideal option for structures and facilities prohibiting using
solvents emitting aromas. Flooring Solutions provides its application services through a
systematic procedure that begins with an inspection and continues with surface
preparation. The coating procedure entails the application of three distinct layers, starting
with the basecoat, continuing with the intermediate coat, and concluding with the topcoat.
Applying a topcoat ensures that the flooring material has successfully absorbed the
polyurethane.

D. STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY OF BUILDING ENVELOPE

28

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
29

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Considerations for a Properly Functioning Building Envelope
To have a properly functioning building envelope, the system needs to have these three
key elements:

1. Support
A building envelope must keep the building structurally sound. It comprises the building’s
exterior. The building foundation should adequately support the weight of the building
and hold it firmly upright, regardless of the soil composition or environment. The walls
must also be structurally sound, with loading-bearing—or purpose-built—walls providing
enough support to keep the building safe. Almost every building is subject to regulations
and building codes that construction must comply with. These codes set up basic safety
requirements and account for regional concerns, such as hurricanes, tornados, or
earthquakes.

2. Climate Control
Building envelopes must facilitate climate control. Air conditioning, heating, and air
circulation systems treat the internal air to make it comfortable and safe. The building
envelope ensures the air does not escape and that external, untreated air does not replace
it. Each building envelope should be constructed with the surrounding climate and regional
considerations in mind. For example, a building in the northern United States needs more
protection from cold air than a building in the Southeast, which must contend with hotter,
more humid air.

3. Finish
A building envelope provides aesthetic value. Commercial, residential, and industrial
buildings need to maintain certain levels of curb appeal, and the building’s exterior plays
a significant role in that. Using appealing exterior building materials and following
popular styles provides for a high-quality finish. For example, a metal roof helps lock in
air, but it also has a higher-quality appearance than a traditional shingle roof.

30

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Wall System

31

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Building Element

32

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
1.6.2. Design Attachments/Illustrations (See attached)
Attachment 1: Reflected Roof Plan

Attachment 2: Air leakage

33

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
Attachment 3: Continuous Air Barrier

34

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Attachment 4: Door Insulation

Attachment 5:

Attachment 6:

1.6.3. Observation
A building's envelope is an enclosure that safeguards the structure from damage. This
envelope protects the building from environmental factors, aids in mechanical load support,
and safeguards the inside from outside pressures or threats.
Similar to how climate control is one of a building envelope's essential duties. In
climate-controlled structures, heating and cooling systems are built to create a secure and
comfortable interior environment. Building envelopes help in managing the internal climate,
retaining conditioned air within the building, controlling ventilation and circulation, and
reducing energy waste.

35

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 Furthermore, including attractive finishes while keeping its internal condition
controlled may enhance the project's visual value. The following are essential components of
an effective building envelope:
• Support. Regardless of the soil composition or environment, the building
foundation must support the structure's weight and keep it securely upright. The
building envelope must retain the structural integrity of the building design.
• Climate Control. As previously mentioned, building envelopes are required for
temperature management. To make indoor air conductive and safe, air
conditioning, heating, and air circulation systems are used. The building envelope
limits both air infiltration from the outside and air egress. Additionally, it's crucial
to remember that any building envelope should be constructed with the local
climate and geographic features in mind.
• Finish. An equally effective means of achieving aesthetic appeal is building
envelopes. Commercial, residential, and industrial projects all need to have good
curb appeal, and their outside design is crucial. To get a high-quality finish, use
attractive exterior building methods and follow fashion trends.

When developing and maintaining building envelopes, numerous components must be

considered. Most of a structure's outside components are included in the entire building
envelope. The essential parts of a structure often include:
• Foundation;
• Wall assemblies;
• Roofing systems;
• Doors and doorways;
• Other components such as vents and windows.

However, when the abovementioned components were failed to consider, below are the
possible causes of building envelope failure:
• Design flaws. Every structure needs a building envelope that is appropriate for its
surroundings and demands. Designs that are overly vague or do not satisfy all
criteria may not adequately account for thermal movement, water exposure, and
structural needs.
• Inadequate materials. Glass, metal, and chemical adhesives are materials utilized
in building envelopes. It's possible for some materials to fail if they are exposed to
moisture content, temperatures, or pressures outside of their ideal range.
Additionally, production process faults might result in defective materials.
• Low-quality workmanship. If the materials are not constructed properly and in line
with the building's design, they will not function as intended. Construction sites
with incompetently qualified contractors, hasty construction activities, and
projects managed by several stakeholders without sufficient management can all
compromise the integrity of the building envelope from the outset. By paying close
attention to every last detail while building a structure, the likelihood of these
circumstances happening can be decreased. Regular inspections and rehabilitation
mitigation measures can help building owners identify early warning signs of
failure even if poor design, materials, or workmanship are not recognized until
after construction is complete.

By using a weather barrier coating, these barriers may be kept from failing dangerously
and the consequences that follow. These consist of:

36

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
 • Efficiency. Building envelopes with a weather barrier integrated from the start can
be developed to satisfy environmental laws with fewer resources, expenditures,
and construction delays.
• Long-lasting protection. Corrosion and weathering are not able to penetrate
weather barrier coatings. They were also abrasion resistant. No environmental or
moisture damage will affect the weather barrier or the substrate it covers.
• Energy saving. The weather barrier layer shields the insulation from long-term
degradation and moisture damage, enabling it effectively to safeguard the building
and control air movement.

1.6.4. Conclusion
Moreover, a building envelope separates a building's inside and exterior. The
architectural envelope, which separates the inside from the exterior, is vital. This system aims
to keep occupants comfortable while considering environmental and technical factors. Bahnam
proposed the building envelope in 1969, emphasizing its role in regulating internal ecological
conditions, promoting interior-exterior interactions, and reducing energy loss. Building
envelopes must meet performance standards, legal requirements, and contextual requirements.
The mechanism above regulates energy use and thermal conditions. In addition, building
envelopes provide structural stability, regulate heat, air pressure, and moisture transmission,
and enhance tower aesthetics.
The building envelope serves as a protective barrier for the occupants and contents of
a building. The structure functions as a protective enclosure, shielding the interior from external
elements. Wherein, airtightness, watertightness, and structural adequacy are some significant
concepts of the building envelope.
"Airtightness" refers to the amount of air that leaves a residential building. Air leakage
through walls, floors, and roofs must be reduced for several reasons. Hermetically sealed
homes are more comfortable, eco-friendly, and energy-efficient, benefiting both the tower and
its residents. A hermetically sealed building envelope with a pleasant interior requires
household pollutant-free materials. The building's fabric envelope—walls, floor, ceiling,
windows, doors, and penetrations like pipes and cables—must be considered for air tightness.
Construction quality monitoring is crucial. Airtightness testing should be repeated using smoke
pens and professional services. Airtightness costs 5% for SIP structures, and 15% for masonry
builds. Airtight buildings save energy, prevent mold damage, eliminate drafts, improve indoor
air quality, improve ventilation, soundproof, and increase fire safety.
And to prevent water damage, all architectural constructions must have a solid,
impervious base. Waterproofing prevents water penetration from damaging a building's
structure and aesthetics. Insufficient waterproofing can cause cracks, blisters, and mold, which
can harm the building's structure and residents. Thus, the tower must be assessed before
waterproofing. Waterproofing these vulnerable areas requires strong and suitable
waterproofing materials. Different surfaces can use cementitious membranes, liquid
membranes, sheet membranes, and polyurethane-based waterproofing. Waterproofing requires
surface preparation and numerous layers. In addition to external waterproofing, liquid
membrane, and penetrating waterproofing are recommended. Waterproofing often uses
bituminous and polyurethane coatings. These criteria and high-quality waterproofing materials
can ensure a structure's lifetime and impermeability. Water tightness prevents fluids from
passing through walls. Water tightness in construction depends on penetrations and joints and
wall cladding material.
Finally, it is imperative to maintain the underlying structure of a building during
construction. Therefore, structural adequacy is the primary focus of the context. The term "it"
refers to the exterior of the building. The foundation of a building must possess sufficient

37

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0
capacity to bear the structure's load and maintain its vertical stability, irrespective of the soil
type or prevailing conditions.

1.6.5. Documentation

References:
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-77606-0_1
• https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines
• https://www.worldweatheronline.com/calamba-weather-
averages/laguna/ph.aspx
• https://www.maramani.com/blogs/home-design-ideas/flat-roof-pros-cons
• https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Flat_roof#Types_of_flat_roof_deck
• https://www.fao.org/3/ac061e/AC061E16.htm#:~:text=The%20prevailing%20wi
nd%20systems%20in,winds%20%2D%20winds%20in%20the%20tropics
• https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-the-
ultraviolet-(uv)-index
• https://www.worlddata.info/asia/philippines/sunset.php#:~:text=With%20up%
20to%20approximately%2013,Manila%20lasts%20almost%2013%20hours.
• https://www.angi.com/articles/4-signs-leaky-roof.htm
• https://danpal.com/considerations-comes-water-tightness-wall-
cladding/#:~:text=Water%20tightness%20is%20the%20instance,used%20for
%20the%20wall%20cladding.
• https://professional.nipponpaint.com.my/case-study/the-key-benefits-of-
waterproofing#:~:text=Waterproofing%20is%20essential%20to%20help,floors
%2C%20rooftops%20and%2C%20bathrooms.
• https://engineerx.decorexpro.com/en/santeh/vanna/gidroizolyatsiya-pola.html
• https://flooringsolutions.ph/waterproofing-philippines/
• https://thermacote.com/knowledge-center/building-envelope/
• https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/airtightness?fbclid=IwAR2uObqX3KG
metyOUi5qAdU0lqWPCvy-ZHsX_kGlnM3ZLRwGWsDt6lbbkPQ

38

FO-ACAD-SDE-00X/20MAR2020/REV.0