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Definite Integrals

The document summarizes key concepts about definite integrals: 1) Definite integrals have upper and lower limits specified, so the answer is a specific value rather than a general solution. 2) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that the definite integral from a to b of a function f(x) is equal to evaluating the antiderivative F(x) between the limits a and b. 3) Several examples are provided to illustrate properties and theorems of definite integrals, such as integrating constant multiples of a function and breaking up an integral over multiple intervals.

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Matthew Jordan
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59 views

Definite Integrals

The document summarizes key concepts about definite integrals: 1) Definite integrals have upper and lower limits specified, so the answer is a specific value rather than a general solution. 2) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that the definite integral from a to b of a function f(x) is equal to evaluating the antiderivative F(x) between the limits a and b. 3) Several examples are provided to illustrate properties and theorems of definite integrals, such as integrating constant multiples of a function and breaking up an integral over multiple intervals.

Uploaded by

Matthew Jordan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

06/02/2023

Lecture 2:

Definite Integral

Dolfus G. Miciano
Assoc. Prof. I, CoE

Some Key points on Definite


Integral

• It has the upper and lower limits


• The answer is specific (not a general
solution)
• The procedures performed follows the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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06/02/2023

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

• Given that F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)


and a, b are real numbers, then
b
 a
f(x)dx = F(x) |ab

= F(b) − F(a)

Theorems on Definite Integral


a
1.  a
f(x)dx = 0
b a
2. a
f(x)dx =   f(x)dx
b
b b
3.  a
k  f(x)dx  k  f(x)dx
a
; k is constant
b b b
4. a
[f(x)  g(x)]dx =  f(x)dx   g(x)dx
a a

5. f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx ; 𝑐 (𝑎, 𝑏)

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06/02/2023

Examples
a
Ex.1. Prove that
 a
f(x)dx = 0
Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Substitute x by a
f(x)dx =F(x) | = F(a)−F(a) = 0

b a
Ex.2. Show that a
f(x)dx =   f(x)dx
b

Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛


Substitute the upper
f(x)dx = 𝐹(𝑥)| = 𝐹(𝑏) −𝐹(𝑎) and lower limits

= −[−𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐹(𝑎)] = −[𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)]


Interchange terms
= −𝐹(𝑥)| =− f(x)dx

Examples
b c b
Ex.3. Show that  a
f(x)dx =  f(x)dx   f(x)dx
a c

Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ∊ 𝑎, 𝑏 ,


𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

f(x)dx + f(x)dx = F x | + F(x) |


=F(c)−F(a) + F(b)−F(c)
=F b − F(a)
 F(x) |ab
b
 
a
f(x)dx

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06/02/2023

1
 2x
2
(4) Evaluate the definite integral dx
-1
1
1 x3
Solution :  2 x dx  2 
2 Use properties
and theorems
-1
3 -1 and integrate

Substitute the
2(1) 2(−1) limits for x and
= − simplify
3 3
2
=
3
4

3

(5) Evaluate the integral ∫ 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

∫ 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = − + 5 Substitute the
limits for x
and simplify

( )
= − +5(3) - − + 5(0)

= 36 – 9 + 15

= 42

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06/02/2023

Chain Rule

(6) Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑥 12 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

∫ 𝑥 12 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (12 − 3𝑥 ) / 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Rewrite radical into exponential
form and arrange x term with dx

Using chain rule for


= ∫ 12 − 3𝑥 (−6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 integration, multiple a
quantity equivalent to
1 using negative -6
and -1/6 then integrate

=
/

= 12 − 3(2) − 12 − 3(1)
Substitute the limits
= 0− 9 9 = 33 = 27 for x and simplify

= − 27 =3

(7) Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑡2 𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑡


Solution: using change of Variable = ∫ (𝑡 + 1) /
𝑡2𝑑𝑡
Let u = 𝑡 + 1
du
du = 3𝑡 dt =∫ 𝑢 /
 Rewrite radical to expo,
change variable from t
Solve the du to u and change also
values for u = 𝑡 dt the limits
/
(for limits)
using
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
equation
Lower limit: If t = 1
above ≫ 𝑢= 1 +1 / Substitute the limits

=2 = for u values
/
Upper limit: If t = 2 23 = (4)2
/ /
≫ 𝑢= 2 +1 = 9 −2 Extract the square
root then simplify
=9
4
= 27− 2 2 = 6 − 2
9

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06/02/2023

Exercises: Solve the following integrals

(1) x+1)2

(2)

(3)

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