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Pci Final Project

This document provides an index and overview of delta modulation. It discusses: 1. Delta modulation encodes analog signals into 1-bit digital signals by encoding the difference between samples. 2. It has advantages over PCM at lower bit rates and is useful when data quality is less important than rapid delivery. 3. Applications include voice transmission, ECG encoding, and television systems. Delta modulation approximates analog signals with segments and encodes the changes in signal amplitude between samples.

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R Jadhav
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36 views10 pages

Pci Final Project

This document provides an index and overview of delta modulation. It discusses: 1. Delta modulation encodes analog signals into 1-bit digital signals by encoding the difference between samples. 2. It has advantages over PCM at lower bit rates and is useful when data quality is less important than rapid delivery. 3. Applications include voice transmission, ECG encoding, and television systems. Delta modulation approximates analog signals with segments and encodes the changes in signal amplitude between samples.

Uploaded by

R Jadhav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

SR. No. Content Page No.

1 What is Delta modulation 4

2 Main features 5

3 Principal 6

4 Wave form 7

5 Advantages and Disadvantages 8

6 Applications 9

7 Block Diagram 10

8 Conclusion 11

9 Reference 12

1
What is Delta Modulation?
Nyquist rate or frequency is defined as the minimum rate at which a
finite bandwidth signal needs to be sampled to retain all of the information.
In order to get a comparatively better sampling rate in the differential pulse
code modulation process, the signal’s sampling rate is maintained higher than
the Nyquist rate.
In the Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) process, when the
sampling interval is reduced, the sample-to-sample amplitude difference
becomes small, like the difference is of 1-bit quantization. Hence the step-
size will be very small.
Delta modulation is a process mainly used in the transmission of voice
information. It is a technique where analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
signal conversion are seen. Delta modulation (DM) is an easy way of DPCM.
In this technique, the difference between consecutive signal samples is
encoded into n-bit data streams. In DM, the data which is to be transmitted is
minimized to a 1-bit data stream.

Delta modulation reduces the delivered data to a 1-bit data stream. It has the
following characteristics:

o To mimic the analog signal, a series of segments is employed.


o The next bits are determined by comparing the previous bits to each
section of the expected signal.
o The change in information, i.e. an increase or decrease in signal
amplitude from the previous sample, is sent.
o Whereas the no-change condition retains the modulated signal in the
same 0 or 1 state as the sample provided.

2
Its main features are:
 The analog signal is approximated with a series of segments.
 Each segment of the approximated signal is compared to the preceding
bits and the successive bits are determined by this comparison.
 Only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or
decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas
a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same
↗ or ↘ state of the previous sample.
To achieve high signal-to-noise ratio, delta modulation must
use oversampling techniques, that is, the analog signal is sampled at a rate
several times higher than the Nyquist rate.

3
Principle

The modulator is made by a quantizer which converts the difference between


the input signal and the integral of the previous steps. In its simplest form,
the quantizer can be realized with a comparator referenced to 0 (two levels
quantizer), whose output is 1 or -1 if the quantizer's input is positive or
negative. The demodulator is simply an integrator (like the one in the
feedback loop) whose output rises or falls with each 1 or -1 received. The
integrator itself constitutes a low-pass filter.

4
Waveform Representation of Delta Modulation

The delta modulation waveform is represented by the below figure.

Here, the analog input signal is m(t) and the quantized signal is denoted by
u(t).

5
Advantages of Delta Modulation

Some of the advantages of Delta Modulation in comparison with other


digital modulation techniques are given below-

 It was found that at lower bit rates Delta Modulation is better than the
standard PCM. In a Delta modulation system, operating on voice signals
under optimum conditions, the SNR is increased by 9dB by doubling the
bit rate.
 The increase of SNR with bit rate is much more dramatic for Pulse code
modulation than for Delta modulation. Therefore this modulation is
recommended only in certain special circumstances such as when it is
necessary to reduce the bit rate below 40 kilobytes per second and limited
voice quality is tolerable.
 This modulation method is used if extreme circuit simplicity is of over-
riding importance and the accompanying use of a high-bit rate is
acceptable.
 Delta modulation works with lower channel bandwidth. This makes the
system cost-effective and simple to implement. The feedback mechanism
present in this Modulation system ensures the quick and robust delivery of
data bits.

Disadvantages of Delta Modulation


Some drawbacks include:

 Slope overload distortion. This distortion arises because of large


dynamic range of input signal. ...
 Granular noise. Granular noise occurs when step size is too large
compared to small variations in the input signal.

6
Applications of Delta Modulation
Some uses of delta modulation are listed below –

o This modulation method is widely used in voice transmission systems


such as telephones and radio communications.
o Delta modulation is particularly beneficial in systems where data
quality is less critical than rapid data delivery to the receiver.
o For database reduction and real-time signal processing, this modulation
is used for ECG waveforms.
o This modulation technique is used for analog-to-PCM encoding.
o Delta modulation is a technique used in television systems.

7
Block Diagram of Delta Modulation

Block diagram of Delta modulation transmitter


 Sample and hold circuit will sample the analog input signal into Pulse
amplitude modulated (PAM) signal.
 The generated PAM signal is given as one of the input to the
comparator and the other input is a signal from DAC output.
 The Up-down counter stores the magnitude of the previous sample in
the binary value.
 This binary number is converted into equivalent voltage in the Digital-
to-analog converter (DAC).
 The PAM signal and the DAC output are compared in the comparator,
which implies that the sampled signal is compared against the previous
sample to increase or decrease the amplitude of the DM signal.
 The Up-down counter is incremented or decremented depending on
whether the previous sample is larger or smaller than the current
sample.
 This counter is clocked at a rate equal to the sample rate, which is
updated after each comparison.
 Depending on the results of comparison, the output of the comparator
generates the Delta pulse code modulated signal.

8
Block diagram of Delta modulation receiver

 The receiver of the delta modulator consists of DAC, up/down counter


and LPF. It does not contain the comparator.
 The Delta PCM signal is fed to the up/down counter which works at the
same sample rate as transmitter.
 Depending on the binary input received the value in the up/down
counter is accordingly incremented or decremented.
 Based on the input received from the up/down counter, DAC will
generate the output PAM signal.
 The output signal of DAC in the transmitter and receiver is identical to
reconstruct the signal.
 This signal is then allowed to pass through a low pass filter which will
filter out the high frequency components from the signal and thus
produce the original analog signal.

Conclusion
9
Thus we can see that we can be able to generate Delta Modulation and
Demodulation technique of an analog signal. We know in Delta
Modulation it transmits one bit per sample but it has the drawbacks (slope
overload distortion and granular noise). We can use Adaptive Delta
Modulation Signal to overcome these problems. Here, in practical, we get
the output of delta modulation but some noise present there, though it has
been overcome using appropriate parameters of right values
References
[1] J. C. Bellamy, Digital Telephony, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1982.
[2] J. A. Greefkes and K. Riemens, “Code Modulation with Digitally
Controlled Companding for Speech Transmission”, Philips Tech. Rev.,
pp.335-353, 1970.
[3] A. Gersho, “Principles of Quantization”, IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems, pp. 427-436, July 1978.

10

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