JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

BEEKAR DATIA (M.P.)

SESSION 2023-24

BIOLOGY PROJECT ON TOPIC - POLLINATION

SUBMITTED BY - ANKIT SAGAR

CLASS - 12th 'A'

GUIDED BY - MISS PRATIMA SINGH

Acknowledgement
I Ankit sagar of class XII Science,session 2023-24 would like to express my
deepest gratitude to my teacher Miss. Pratima Singh PGT ( BIOLOGY), for
enlightening me with this valuable guidance, motivation and enthusiasm.
Besides my teacher, I am grateful to my Principal honorable Shrichand Singh
for bestowing upon me this golden opportunity and providing me with all the
facilities required for the successful accomplishment of this project. Last but
not least I am really thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly
extended every possible support for the completion of this project.
Sign -

Name - Ankit sagar

 Certificate
This is to certify that Ma. Ankit sagar Roll no. ............
of class XII Science, session 2023-24 has
completed the project titled - "POLLINATION" with
sincerity and obedience. He is obedient an
hard working. I hereby declare he is well behaved to
the best of my knowledge. This project may be
considered as ful llment for AISSCE
conducted by CBSE board
INTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL
 Content
8. Advantages & Disadvantages of cross-
1. Introduction pollination
2. Structure of ower and its types 9. Agents of Pollination
3. Pollination 10. Abiotic Agents
4. Kinds of Pollination 11. Biotic Agents
5. Self Pollination 12. Methods to ensure Cross pollination
13. Pollen-Pisti Intraction
6. Advantages & Disadvantages of
self-pollination 14. Arti cial Hybridization
7 Cross Pollination 15. Bibliography
 Introduction
All living organisms have one major goal in common, which is to pass along
their genetic information to the next generation by creating o spring.
Flowering plants create seeds, which carry the genetic information of the
parents and develop into a new plant.
There are two critical stages in the life cycle of a owering plant:
1) The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
2) The dispersal of seeds away from the parent plant.
The vast majority of owering plant species are pollinated by insects; in fact,
it seems that owering plants and many major groups of insects co-evolved
together. Animals other than insects can also be important pollinators: bats,
birds (especially hummingbirds), and even a few mammals.
STRUCTURE OF FLOWER AND ITS TYPES
FLOWER- It is the reproductive part of the plants (angiosperms)
There are four-whorls of ower which are follow
Whorl 1 THE CALYX
It is the outermost whorl of a ower, • protects the inner parts, especially when
the ower is its bud state... or individual appendages of calyx is called sepals.
These are essentially green in color
Whorl 2 THE COROLLA
The second whorl of the ower is the corolla which is composed of ower's Petals.
The petals serve two purpose-
• To protect the reproductive organs of ower To a ract pollinators.
Because of this second purpose, they are usually brightly coloured and scented so that animals and insects
will come close to them and move around the ower's pollen.
Note - The rst two whorls of the ower- the calyx and corolla are collectibaly -called the Perianth
Whorl 3 THE STAMEN
The third whorl of a ower is the stamen the male productive part. The
stamen is made of thin vertical thread like structure called a lament and
circular or ablong structure called an anther. The anther produces pollen,
which is the male contribution to the production process in plants. It
consists of microsporangium which may be monothecus for dithecous."
Whorl 4 THE CARPELS
at the centre of ower is the fourth whorl the carpels, which contain the
pirtil of the ower. The pistil is the plant's female reproductive organ, which
is compared of the three parts: the Ovary , the Style and the Stigma
The Stigma contains the eggs or ovules, of the plant, and when the ovules
are fertilized, the ovary sometimes twin into a fruit to have the seed."
The top of the ovary leads to a vertical structure called a style which
supports the Stigma. The stigma catches grains of pollen that the wind or
pollinators dispose, and the pollen grains travel down the style. to the
ovary
 POLLINATION
Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male
anther of a ower to the female stigma. The goal of every living
organisms, including plants, is to create o spring for the next.
generation. One of the ways that plants can produce o spring
is making seeds.
KIND OF POLLINATION
1. Self Pollination
2. Cross Pollination
Self Pollination
The pollination of a ower by pollen from the same ower
(autogamy) ar from another ower on the same plant
(Geitonogamy) | Ex-Pea Plant, groundnet, barley.
Cross Pollination
Transfer of pollen quains from anther to the stigma of a
di erent plant.
Ex-Papaya, maize.
 Self Po ination
Depending upon the source of pollen grains, pollination of following there
types- is
Autogamy - it is a type of self- pollination (in which an intersexual or perfect
ower is pollinated by its own pollen
Autogamy occurs by two methods -
1. Cleistogamous avors
2. Chasmogamous owers.
Cleistogamous owers - In cleistogamous owers, the anther dehisence
inside closed a owers. Growth of style beings the Pollen "grains in contact
with stigma Pollination "and seed are assured. Pollinators are not required.
Ex-Viola, Mirabilis alis & commelina
Chasmogamous ower - The anthers and stigma of Chasmogamous or
open ower. are brought together by growth", bending ar folding.
Ex-Catharanthus and Mirabilis.
Geitonogamy - It is a type of pollination in which pollen grains of one ower.
are transferred to the stigma of anther ower belonging to either the same
plant or genetically similar plant. In Antonogamy owers after shows
modi cation
Ex- Cucurbita Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
Advantages of self Pollination New useful characters are seldom
• It maintains the parental characters or purity of the race inde nitely.
introduced Vigor and vitality of the race
• Self-pollination is used to maintain рurе lines for hybridization experiment decreases with prolonged self-pollination.
Immunity to dehiscence decreases.
• The plant does not need to produce large no. of pollen grains. Variability and hence adaptability to
changid environmental are reduced."
• Flowers do not develop devices for a racting insects. It insures seed
production.
• Rather it is used as fail safe device for crosspollinated owers.
• Self pollination eliminates some bad recessive characters.
 Cross po ination
XENOGAMY - Cross pollination is the transfer of
pollengrains from the anther of one ower to the stigma
of genetically di erent ower.
It is also called Xenogamy. (G.k-xenos strange gamos -
marriage ).The term autogamy (GK: alios-ather, gamos
marriage). Cross Pollination is perform with the help of
of an external agency.
Advantages of cross pollination-
Cross pollination introduces genetic re-combination and
hence variations in the progeny.. Cross pollination
increases the adaptability of the o spring towards
changes in the environment. It makes the organisms
be er ed in the struggle for existence.
The plants produced through cross pollination are more resistant
to diseases."
The seeds produced are usually larger and the o spring have
characters be er than the parents due to the phenomenon of
hybrid vigour.
New and more useful varietis can be produced through class
pollination. The defective character's of the race are eliminated
and replaced by be er.
Disadvantages of Cross-pollination
It is highly wasteful because plants have to produce a longer
number of pollen quains and other accessory structures in order
to suit the various pollinating agencies. I factor of chance is
always involved in cross pollination. It has less economical. Some
undesirable characters may creep in the rau. The are very good
charioters of the rare likely to be sprined
 Agent of po ination
In angiosperm, pollen are immotile and thus have to be carried to the stigma by external
pollination agents.
"Depending up on their nature the agents may be-
1. Biotic agents- Insects, birds, snails.
2. Abiotic agents- wind, water.
ABIOTIC AGENTS
I. Amemophily
It is amade ofcross pollination or transfer of pollen grains through the agency of wind. Ex-
Coconut palm, Date palm, Maize, many quasses et..
Characteristics:-
The owers are colourless odorless and nectarless. - Pollen grains are light, small and winged
or durty, dry, smooth, non-sticky & non wet table Stigma is hairy, feathery, or branched to catch
the wind-borne pollen quains.
Pollen grains are produce in very large number.
I. Hydrophily
It is the made of pollination or transfer of pollen grains through the agency of water. Ex-Zostera
Vallisneria.
Characters:-
- Flowers are small & inconspicuous.
- Nectar and odor are absent
- Pollen grains are light and non-we able due to presence of nucilage cover
- Stigma is long, sticky but we able.
It is further divided into two parts:-
• Epihydrophily-Pollination occuring the water surface.
Ex-Elodes, Hydrilla, Vallisneria
• Hypohydrophily. Pollination occuring beneath the water surface.
Ex-Najas. Ceratophylum.
Biotic Agents
1 Entomophily - It refers to the transfer of pollen grains through the agency of
insects like moth, be er ies, waspes, bee's eth.
Ex-Salvia, Yucca, Ficus
Characters-
•They are showy or brightly colored.
• Most insect pollinated owers have landing plation
• The pollen grains are spiny, heavy and surround by a yellow oily sticky
substances called pollen kit
• Stigma are after substance inserted & sticky.
• Some owers provide safe place to insects for laying egg. e.g-Yucca!
Ornithophily
It refers to the pollination brought about by birds.
Psychophily-
Pollination by bu er y, example the Indian paintbrush (astilija sp) by swallowtail
bu er y.
Methods to Ensure Cross Pollination-
1. Dichogamy - The maturation of the stamens and pistils of a bisexual ower at
di erent times, so that self pollination is prevented.
2. Heterostyly-In some other species, the anther and stigma are placed at
di erent positions, so that the pollen cannot come in contact with the stigma of
same ower is called Heterostyl
3 Self-in compatibility. It is the third device to prevent inbreeding It is a genetic
phenomenon of preventing of the pollen from fertilizing ovales of the same
owers by inhibiting pollentube growth in the pistil.
4. Dicling or unisexuality. It is the presence of unisexual owers in plants that
prevents autogamy but not geitonogamy, eg 1. cartor, maize, etc.
5 Herkogamy - It is seen in orchids where male or female sex organs
themselves prove as a barrier to prevent self. pollination by some
structural abnormalities.
6. Dioecy- In this both autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented in
several species. like papaya, where male and female ow are present
on di erent plants, ie. each plant is either male or female (dioecy).
Pollen Pistil Interaction
all pollinations do not lead to successful fertilization because for
successful fertilization, the pistil of a ower has to recognize the
pollen of the same species. Therefore, the interaction blw pollen
grains and Stigma needs to be understood "properly. Once
compatible pollen is accepted by pistil , events for fertilization
proceed, whereas incompatible pollens are rejected. This interaction •
where a pistil is capable of recognizing its pollen is the result of Long
term pollen- pistil interaction and chemicals released by pollen.
Events of po en-pistil interaction proc d as fo ows-
• The landing of true pollen on compatible pirtil
• Germination of poller and formation of pollen tube where pollen grains released its contents.
• The entry of male gametes into the ovule and then to synergid.
• Pollen tube growth through the style of pistil towards the ovary.
Artificial Hy idization
Arti cial hybridization- refers to instances in which there crossing occur under controlled.
conditions, after under the direction of
plant or animal breeders.
Procedure-
1. Emasculation :-
The removal of the anthers during the bud condition of a ower in order to prevent self-pollinate
or the undesirable pollination of neighboring plan
2. Bagging
The emasculated owers are immediately covered by paper, plastic an polythene bags. The
process is calt bagging
Bibliography
Following books and websites
were a sowice for my project.
#NCERT Textbook
#WWW.google.co.in
# www.wikipedia.org
# BYJU'S BIOLOGY
# www.slideshare.net
# www.biology reference. com
THANK YOU