In Direct Speech we give the exact words somebody said and use quotation

marks. In Reported Speech we give the meaning of what someone said, but with
some changes and without quotation marks.
Direct Speech: She said, "I'm tired. "
"I'm tired, " she said.

REPORTED SPEECH Reported Speech: She said (that) she was tired.
We usually introduce Reported Speech with the verbs tell (when there is a person/
pronoun as an object) and say (when there is no person/pronoun as an object).
That is optional.
"I'm leaving, Tom," she said. ---+-She told Tom (that) she was leaving.
"I'm leaving," she said. ---+-She said (that) she was leaving.

Changing from direct to reported speech Changing from direct to reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech
Present He said, "I want to buy Past simple He said that he wanted
simple a new car." to buy a new car.

Past She said, "I was

She said (that) she was
TENSES

TENSES
progressive Past staying with a friend."
Present She said, "I'm learning learning Spanish.
Progressive
Progressive Spanish." She said (that) she had
Past Perfect been staying with a
"I missed the train, " Progressive friend.
Present She said, "I have been
Simple Past he said. perfect staying with a friend."
Past Perfect He said (that) he had
Progressive
Present "I've missed the train," Simple missed the train.
perfect he said.
 Changing from direct to reported speech Changing from direct to reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech
Will She said, "I'll call you." Would She said (that) she Must not She said, "You mustn't Must not She said (that) Ilwe
would call me. smoke." (Prohibition) mustn't smoke.

MODALS
He said, "I can run very
Can fast. " Could He said (that) he could Need She said, "I need to go She said (that) she
MODALS

run very fast. shopping. " Needed/Had to needed/had to go

shopping.
They said, " We may Might They said (that) they He said, "I needn't
May go on holiday." might go on holiday. Needn’t hurry." Needn’t/ didn’t He said (that) he didn't
have to have to hurry.
Had to She said (that) she had She said, "You needn't (present)
She said, " I must get (obligation) to get up early every pick me up tomorrow." She told me (that) I
up early every day." day. Wouldn’t have wouldn't have to pick
Must would, could, might, should, ought to (Future) her up the following
He said, " You must be Must He said (that) I must be to do not change in Reported day.
tired." (deduction) tired.
Speech.

Changing from direct to reported speech No changes are made in the following cases :
Direct speech Reported speech 1. When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect tense.
He says, ''I'll be a lawyer when I grow up."
now then
He says (that) he will be a lawyer when he grows up.
EXPRESSIONS

today/tonight that day/ that night

yesterday the day before/ the previous day 2. when the sentence expresses a general truth or something that is unlikely to
TIME

tomorrow the next/following day change .

last week (month, etc.) the previous week (month, etc.)
the week (month,etc.) before She said, "The days are longer in the summer."
next week (month, etc.) the following week (month, etc.) She said (that) the days are longer in the summer.
ago before She said, "I prefer coffee to tea."
She said (that) she prefers coffee to tea.
this/these that/those
changes

3. The past perfect (simple or progressive) does not change in Reported speech
Other

here there
pronouns/ possessive adjectives they change according to the context
She said, "I had prepared dinner in advance."
She said (that) she had prepared dinner in advance.
 7. When something, although said earlier, will take place in the future.
4. The Past Progressive does not usually change; Past tenses in time clauses do not
John said, "I'm flying to Rome tomorrow." John said (that) he is flying to
change.
Rome tomorrow. (It is still today.)
"I was speaking on the phone when the doorbell rang," she said.
8. When there is a Conditional (Type 2or 3) or a sentence with wish/ If only.
She said (that) she was speaking on the phone when the doorbell rang.
Peter said, "If I were rich, I would travel a lot."
5. When something is reported immediately after it is said.
Peter said (that) if he were rich, he would traveI a lot.
"This dress looks awful," Mary said. ~ Mary said (that) this dress looks awful
Karen said, "If I hadn't woken up late, I wouldn't have missed the bus."
6. The Past Simple inc colloquial speech can either change or remain the same.
Karen said (that) if she hadn't woken up late, she wouldn't have missed
"I got my school report yesterday,"said Jim.
the bus.
Jim said (that) he got/had got his school report the day before.
Susan said, "I wish I knew his name."
Susan said (that) she wished she knew his name.

Reported questions Notes

Reported Questions are introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder, want to
know, etc. The auxiliaries do, does, did and question marks are not used. The word
order is the same as in statements and the tenses change according to the rules.
Whether often indicates uncertainty or doubt. It is used when there is a choice
Type Form Example between two alternatives.
He wondered whether I had posted the letter or not.
Ask +if/ whether + "Do you speak German?"
Yes/ No questions
Wonder subject+ verb She wondered if I spoke German
Question Tags are omitted in Reported Speech.
"They haven't arrived yet, have they?" he said.
Ask +question word+ "Where do you live?" He asked if/whether they had arrived yet.
Wh-questions
Wonder subject+ verb She wanted to know where I lived.
 Commands- Requests- Advice Other Reporting Verbs

refuse/ offer/ promise (+ object) / threaten (+object) / claim / agree , etc. + full
To report commands, requests, advice, warnings or suggestions, we use the verbs infinitive
tell, ask, beg, order, command, advise, forbid, warn, encourage, etc. + "I' II pick you upfrom the airport, " he said. He offered to pick me up from the
(object) + full infinitive
airport.
The flight attendant said, "Please return to your seats and fasten your seat
accuse sb of / complain to sb about/insist on/admit (to)/ deny/ apologise for + -ing
belts."
form
The flight attendant asked us to return to our seats and fasten our seat belts. Susan said, "He stole the old woman's handbag. "
"Don't talk so fast, " he said. Susan accused him of stealing the old woman's handbag.
He advised me not to talk so fast. "I didn't write anything on the desk, " he said.
He denied writing/having written anything on the desk.

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