NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH COMPANY LIMITED

SUBSTATION DESIGN MANUAL

PREPARED BY
CHIEF ENGINEER (SUBSTATION DESIGN) NTDC, WAPDA HOUSE LAHORE
Table of Content:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION DESIGN STANDARD .............................................................. 1

1.1 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 CODE STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE AND DEVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS ............................................................................................................ 3

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 STANDARD NOMINAL VOLTAGES AND RESPECTIVE SYSTEM HIGHEST VOLTAGES ........................................................ 3
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 BUS SWITCHING ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 4
2.5 PROTECTION IN GENERAL ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 SITE CONSIDERATION ..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................. 7
2.8 SYSTEM PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.9 STANDARD EQUIPMENT AND RATING .............................................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER 3 DRAWINGS AND DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................... 15

3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 GENERAL GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 CONTOUR PLAN .......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................................. 16
3.5 GENERAL LAYOUT DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 SWITCHYARD LAYOUT DIAGRAM .................................................................................................................... 18
3.7 FOUNDATION PLAN ..................................................................................................................................... 19
3.8 EARTHING PLAN.......................................................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 4 INSULATION COORDINATION ................................................................................................ 21

4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 21

4.2 SYSTEM OVER VOLTAGES.............................................................................................................................. 21
4.3 SELECTION OF INSULATION LEVEL ................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 INSULATION LEVEL USED IN NTDC NETWORK .................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 5 CLEARANCES .......................................................................................................................... 24

5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 24

5.2 GENERAL GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................................. 24
5.3 PHASE TO EARTH AIR CLEARANCES ................................................................................................................. 24
5.4 PHASE-TO-PHASE AIR CLEARANCES ................................................................................................................ 25
5.5 CLEARANCES FOR SAFE ACCESS AND CONDUCTOR SPACING ................................................................................. 25
5.6 STANDARD BUSBAR AND EQUIPMENT CLEARANCES IN PRACTICE .......................................................................... 29

CHAPTER 6 PHYSICAL LAYOUTS ................................................................................................................ 30

6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2 LAYOUT CONSIDERATION .............................................................................................................................. 30
6.3 SUBSTATION LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................... 31
6.4 TYPICAL SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENTS IN NTDC NETWORK ................................................................................ 33

CHAPTER 7 SITE DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 35

7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................... 35

7.2 TYPES OF GRADE YARD................................................................................................................................. 35
7.3 PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 36
Table of Content:
7.4 DRAINAGE CONSIDERATION .......................................................................................................................... 37
7.5 EARTH-WORK CONSIDERATION AND DESIGN..................................................................................................... 37
7.6 ROAD AND OTHER ACCESS ............................................................................................................................ 38
7.7 SECURITY FENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 39
7.8 OUTDOOR FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 39
7.9 CABLE RACEWAYS ....................................................................................................................................... 45
7.10 CONTROL HOUSE BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 47
7.11 FINISHED LEVEL IN A SUBSTATION ................................................................................................................... 51

CHAPTER 8 GROUNDING AND SHIELDING ................................................................................................ 52

8.1 GROUNDING .............................................................................................................................................. 52

8.2 SUBSTATION SHIELDING................................................................................................................................ 61

CHAPTER 9 MAJOR EQUIPMENT .............................................................................................................. 64

9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 64

9.2 POWER/AUTO TRANSFORMERS ..................................................................................................................... 64
9.3 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS ........................................................................................................................... 68
9.4 DISCONNECTORS AND EARTHING SWITCHES ..................................................................................................... 69
9.5 SURGE ARRESTERS....................................................................................................................................... 70
9.6 SHUNT REACTOR ......................................................................................................................................... 71
9.7 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ....................................................................................................................... 71
9.8 CABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 72

CHAPTER 10 AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS (AC/DC) .................................................................................... 75

10.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 75

10.2 STANDARD AUXILIARY SYSTEM VOLTAGES ........................................................................................................ 75
10.3 AC AUXILIARY SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 75
10.4 DC AUXILIARY SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 77

CHAPTER 11 HVAC AND FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM .............................................................................. 79

11.1 HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ............................................................................................... 79

11.2 FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................ 80

CHAPTER 12 REVENUE METERING/SECURED METERING SYSTEM ............................................................... 82

12.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................... 82

12.2 LOCATION OF METERING POINTS ................................................................................................................... 82
12.3 PRINCIPLE OF METERING .............................................................................................................................. 82
12.4 METERING REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 82
12.5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 82
12.6 MODALITIES OF REVENUE METERING .............................................................................................................. 83

REFERENCES: .................................................................................................................................................. 84

ANNEXURE-A: ................................................................................................................................................. 86
 Substation Design Manual

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Substation Design Standard

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of “Substation Design Manual” is to clearly define the design philosophy and practices in
view of the result of experience gained and lesson learned over a number of years by National
Transmission and Despatch Company Limited (NTDCL) – Design Department. It will enable the design
engineers to develop the cost-effective design of substations which will meet the customers / end users’
requirements relating to reliability, power quality, safety and flexibility.
This manual is intended to serve as reference and to give fundamental guidelines, relating to design,
construction, testing and commissioning of substations in NTDC and DISCO networks, to not only
NTDC – Substation Design engineers but also consulting engineers, designers, manufacturers and EPC
contractors. However, it is assumed that user of this manual shall use these guidelines together with his
experience and knowledge.
The main objective to develop this manual is to adopt the economical approach from system standpoint
which eventually result in evolution of standard design for given system. The ultimate goal / objective of
development of this document is “Standardization” which shall be pursed.
Technical advances and changes in the international codes and standards have caused some discrepancies
between NTDC prevailing practices together with outdated specifications and international practices, this
manual shall try to highlight and bridge that gap to harmonize the NTDC design practices and procedure
with international practices and standards.
This manual has been prepared by the Substation Design Department and all the references and design
manuals of other utility referred to develop this manual has been mentioned at the end of this book.

1.2 Scope
This manual shall:
i. cover primary transmission and sub-transmission class substations within voltage range of
132kV ~ 500kV.
ii. deal with basic design philosophy and design practices adopted by NTDC over the past many
years.
iii. provide basic environmental consideration viz. temperature, altitude, humidity, wind speed etc.
iv. provide basic system parameters and their tolerance limits viz. frequency, voltage etc.
v. indicate equipment rating, standardized and used in NTDC network
vi. gather the maximum information at one place and makes the life of the design engineer easy
vii. not replace any international or national standard
viii. not specify the material standard specification for various material/ equipment which are
covered separately by NTDC specifications.
ix. assume that all material and equipment used in the substation is in accordance with the NTDC
specifications.
Note:
At the time of development of this document, Ultra High Voltage, 765kV has been proposed for the
evacuation of power from Dasu, hydropower projects. Therefore, only some basic parameters relating to
system has been mentioned in this document and detailed practices regarding design and material /
equipment has not been discussed.

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1.3 Code Standards and References

While compiling this document, the standard code and practices followed by NTDC over past many years
have been taken care of. Beside it, reference has also been made to different international utility practices
and international standards i.e IEC/IEE, ANSI etc. The complete list of references is given at the end of
this document.

1.4 Order of Precedence and Deviations

1.4.1 Order of Precedence
In case of any conflict between this manual and standards or specifications, the order of precedence shall
be as follows:
i. The Employer’s Requirement and Technical Specification for any project
ii. Relevant NTDC specification for material/ equipment/ works
iii. If there any conflict between different chapter of this manual, then applicable chapter will have
precedence over other chapters
iv. Applicable International Code and Standard
1.4.2 Deviation
i. The design engineer who shall prepare the Scope of work of any project is responsible to obtain
the necessary approval of any deviation from NTDC relevant specifications or any deviation
from this manual. This approval shall be sought for any change over specification and under
specification
In case of any deviation from this manual during the preparation of design for approval, it is the
responsibility of the engineer preparing the design to sought the approval of this deviation from the
concerned NTDC department.

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CHAPTER 2 Basic Design Aspects

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, NTDC practices with respect to standard nominal voltages, substation classification and
switching arrangements are highlighted. It also defines the basic criteria required to design a substation.
These includes environmental consideration, system parameters, system convention and standard
substation equipment and their ratings.
Other relevant aspect of substation engineering, like grounding, lighting, surge protection, lightning
protection, insulation coordination, clearances, cable laying etc. shall be discussed in the forthcoming
chapters.
The design shall make adequate provision for safety of operation and maintenance personnel, reliability
and continuity in service, ease of inspection and maintenance, ease and clarity of operation, avoidance of
false alarms, ability to withstand the severe service conditions specified, freedom from undue vibration
and noise, exclusion of vermin, birds and animals, precautions to minimize fire risk. To limit the required
stock of spare parts all equipment and parts thereof performing similar duties shall be interchangeable.
All support structures for electrical equipment shall be designed to suit the service conditions specified
hereafter, the loads imposed on them, and the appropriate electrical clearance requirements as mentioned
in forthcoming chapters. The portal structures and foundations shall be designed considering spans
required by the substation layout.
The SI system of units shall be used for all Engineering and Design.

2.2 Standard Nominal Voltages and Respective System Highest Voltages

The standard nominal voltages used by NTDC in the network are as under:
Table 2-1: Standard Nominal Voltages and System Highest Voltage
Sr. # Nominal System Voltage1(kV) System Highest Voltage2 (kV)
Distribution Voltages
1 11kV 12kV
2 33kV 36kV
Sub-Transmission Voltages
3 66kV 72.5kV
4 132kV 145kV
Extra High Transmission Voltages
5 220kV 245kV
6 500kV 550kV
Ultra High Transmission Voltage
7 765kV 800kV

2.3 Classification of Substations

2.3.1 Air Insulated Substation
The conventional Substations use air for insulation between various live parts and ground in the
substations and mostly are being used in power sector. These substations require more space than Gas

1 Suitable approximate value of voltage used to designate the system

2 Highest value of phase-to-phase operating voltage (r.m.s value) which occurs under normal operating conditions at any time and at any point
in system

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insulated Substations. The switching schemes shall generally be adopted at different voltage levels in
AIS depending on the importance of the installation.
2.3.2 Gas Insulated Substation
A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major structures are contained
in a sealed environment with sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. The clearance required
for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipment is much lower than that required in an air
insulated substation.
Gas insulated substations offer other advantages in addition to the reduced space requirements. Because
the substation is enclosed in a building, a GIS is less sensitive to pollution, as well as salt, sand or large
amounts of snow. Although the initial cost of building a GIS is higher than building an air insulated
substation, the operation and maintenance costs of a GIS are less.
2.3.3 Hybrid Substation
Beside the two basic (conventional) designs, there are also compact solutions available that can be
realized with air-insulated and/or gas insulated components. Here is HV substation portion is installed in
air on platforms instead of building.

2.4 Bus Switching Arrangements

The typical bus configurations may be used for distribution, transmission, or switching substations at
voltages up to 500 kV. Details will vary depending on the type and voltage(s) of the substations. The
physical size, type, and arrangement of major equipment, such as power transformers, power circuit
breakers, and switches, may cause variance in the layouts to suit individual requirements. Portions of
different layouts may be combined as required to achieve desired configurations.
Four types of bus-bar schemes are generally in use:
i. Single bus bar scheme
ii. Double bus bar scheme
iii. One and half Breaker Scheme
iv. Ring / Mesh Scheme
2.4.1 Single Bus Bar
This is the simplest switching scheme in which each circuit is provided with one circuit breaker. This
arrangement offers little security against bus-bar faults and no switching flexibility resulting into quite
extensive outages of bus-bar and frequent maintenance of bus-bar isolator(s). The entire Sub Station is
lost in case of a fault on the bus-bar or on any bus-bar isolator and also in case of maintenance of the bus-
bar.

Figure 2-1: Single Bus Single Breaker Scheme

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2.4.2 Double Bus Bar

In this scheme, a double bus-bar arrangement is provided. Each circuit can be connected to either one of
these bus-bars through respective bus-bar isolator. Bus coupler is also provided so that the circuits can
be switched on from one bus to the other on load. This scheme suffers from the disadvantage that when
any circuit breaker is taken out for maintenance, the associated feeder has to be shutdown. This Bus-bar
arrangement is used in 220 kV, 132kV and 33 kV GIS Substation/ Switchyard.

Figure 2-2: Double Bus Single Breaker Scheme

2.4.3 One & Half Breaker
In One and Half Breaker Scheme, three breakers are connected between the two buses. Each Breaker is
provided with two Isolators in each side of the breaker. These Isolators are provided to physically isolate
the circuit breaker for maintenance. During any fault on any one of the buses, that faulty bus will be
cleared instantly without interrupting any feeders in the system since all feeders will continue to feed
from other healthy bus.

Figure 2-3: One and Half Breaker Scheme

2.4.4 Ring / Mesh Scheme
Ring or mesh bus-bar scheme has two circuit breakers for every circuit and maintenance of any circuit
breaker can be performed without compromising the supply of the associated feeder(s).

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Figure 2-4: Typical Ring/Mesh Scheme

2.4.5 Bus configuration used in NTDC network
In NTDC network, AIS substations deploy the following bus-bar scheme:
Table 2-2: Bus Bar Schemes used in NTDC
Voltage Level Bus-Bar Scheme
500kV One and half breaker / Ring Main (Mesh)
220kV One and half breaker / Double Bus Single breaker3
132kV Double Bus Single breaker
132kV (DISCO) Single Bus / Double Bus Single breaker

2.5 Protection in General

The substation has to be constructed so that all the possible faults can be eliminated and the system
remains stable. Selectivity is the basic feature of substation protection. Protection is necessary for
equipment and personnel safety and for the fulfillment of safety code requirement.
For every protection item back-up protection is usually provided and important main protection is
duplicated. Protection system can be divided into following groups according to the protected item
i. Line Protection
ii. Transformer Protection
iii. Bus bar Protection
iv. Breaker Failure Protection
v. Compensating Equipment Protection
Or according to the type of Protection
i. Short-Circuit Protection
ii. Earth-fault Protection
iii. Sub-harmonic Protection
iv. Overload Protection
v. Overvoltage Protection
vi. Automatic switching schemes (Load shedding, auto-reclosing , network sectionalization and
splitting of the network)

2.6 Site Consideration

Two of the most critical factors in the design of a substation are its location and siting. Failure to carefully
consider these factors can result in excessive investment in number of substations and associated
transmission and distribution facilities.

3
Not used in new substation, some old substation has this switching scheme.

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Following factors must be considered before finalizing the substation site:

i. Location of present and future load center
ii. Location of existing and future sources of power
iii. Availability of suitable right-of-way and access to site by overhead and underground
transmission and distribution circuits
iv. Alternative land use consideration
v. Location of existing distribution lines
vi. Nearness to all-weather highway siding, accessibility to heavy equipment under all weather
conditions, and access road to inside
vii. Possible objections regarding appearance, noise or electric effects
viii. Site maintenance requirements including equipment repair, watering, mowing, landscaping,
storage and painting
ix. Possible objections regarding present and future impact on other private or public facilities
x. Soil resistivity
xi. Drainage and soil conditions
xii. Cost of earth removal, earth addition, and earthmoving
xiii. Atmospheric conditions: salt and industrial contamination
xiv. Cost of cleanup for contaminated soils or buried materials
xv. Space for future as well as present use
xvi. Land title limitations, zoning, and ordinance restrictions
xvii. General topographical features of site and immediately contiguous area; avoidance of earthquake
fault lines, floodplains, wetlands, and prime or unique farmlands where possible
xviii. Public safety
xix. Public concern; avoidance of schools, daycare centers, and playgrounds
xx. Security from theft, vandalism, damage, sabotage, and vagaries of weather
xxi. Total cost including transmission and distribution lines with due consideration of environmental
factors
xxii. Threatened and endangered species and their critical habitat
xxiii. Cultural resources
xxiv. Possible adverse effects on neighboring communications facilities

2.7 Environmental Considerations

2.7.1 Landscape
Wherever possible, the substation will be sited in the areas of little scenic values. Also, sites in the
woodland should be avoided. The best site, as far as landscaping is concerned, is such that the substation
is not visible from the most common view points.
The choice of site should take into account the size and shape of the visual field affected. The greater the
latter, the broader or longer it is, the greater will be visual vulnerability. With the aim of minimizing the
scenic impact of the substation and helping it to blend in with the background, a landscaping project
should be drawn up in the interests of definite landscaping restoration.
Landscaping restoration should achieve the best possible harmonization of the substation with shapes,
texture and colors of the surroundings. The project thus has to deal with such matters as earth movements,
the definition of surfacing coverings and use of plantation of trees and bushes as these basic means to this
end.

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2.7.2 Public Safety

Substation shall be safe for people carrying out operation and maintenance as well as to public in the
vicinity of the substation.
The primary means of ensuring public safety at substations shall be by erection of suitable barrier such
as boundary wall or metal fence. Where power transformers are very near to boundary limits, perimeter
wall in front of the transformer may be of removable precast panels to provide easy access for installation
and maintenance.
Additional means of protecting the public shall be taken through adequate design of all facilities inside
fence/wall wherever required.
Appropriate warning signs shall be posted on the peripheral barrier of substation.
Every substation shall have fire detection and protection system in accordance with the requirement
mentioned in forthcoming chapter. Surface treatment of metals and building exterior shall be such to
minimize as far as possible the risk of fire and resultant damage in case of fire.
The design and erection of the substations shall be such that noise level limits of equipment in service
and out of service are not exceeded 65db(A) during day time (06:00~22:00) and 55db(A) during night
time (22:00 ~ 06:00) at substation boundary including background noise, unless otherwise specified in
local regulation.
The orientation of the transmission substation and location of the gates shall be decided based on location,
available plot size and/or right of ways. The preferred orientation of transmission substation located in
urban area shall be such that public road is available at the power transformer side.
2.7.3 Site / Service Condition
2.7.3.1 Service Conditions
Unless otherwise stated in the bidding document or relevant specification, the equipment/ material shall
be suitable to operate under typical following typical service condition:
Table 2-3: Typical Service Conditions
Ambient Air Temperature (outdoor)
Maximum 50oC
Maximum mean over any 24 hours 45oC
Mean in any year 30oC
Minimum -10oC
Ambient Air Temperature (indoor)
Maximum Temperature for switchgear building 40oC
Other Air conditioned building 25oC
Ventilated Building with forced air and/or exhaust fans where
40oC
no air conditioning is provided
Relative Humidity
Range 0-100%
Maximum Humidity in Monsoon About 95%
Rainfall
Average rainfall per year 150-330 mm
Solar Radiation
Approximate highest density solar radiation averaged over
1.10 kW/m2
summer months
Contamination Level
0.25~1.0 mg/cm2
Equivalent Salt Deposit Density

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Altitude
Suitable for outdoor installation Up to 1000 meters above sea level
Wind Load
122kg/m2 (corresponding to wind speed of
Suitable for withstanding maximum wind load
44.2 m/s
Seismic Conditions
Richter-scale up to 7 (horizontal acceleration
Suitable to withstand the seismic stress / magnitude
up to 4 m/s2 (0.4g)
Soil Bearing Capacity 0.5 to 1 kg/cm2
Enclosure Protection Class
Out Door IP 55
In Door IP 51
Metal-clad switch-gear IP 51 CH

2.7.3.2 Site Conditions

i. Surface conditions include salt flats, marl, eolian sand and rock. Preferably substation shall not
be located in the area of salt flats. If can’t avoided, necessary soil improvement shall be carried
out as approved by NTDC.
ii. Ground table water varies from near surface in costal and river basin zone to several meters
below grade in the inland area.
iii. Soil investigation including soil resistivity must be carried out for each substation site before
finalizing the design and engineering.
2.7.4 Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Field Effects
i. Consideration should be given to preventing radio and television interference that could result
from visible corona. Significant corona could be caused by energized parts having small radii
or from small-diameter conductors, particularly when conductive climatic conditions prevail.
ii. Induced electromagnet disturbances at interfaces of secondary system, as a result of switching
in high voltage system, shall not exceed 1.6kV common mode for normal EMC severity class,
and 0.8kV common mode for reduced EMC severity class.
iii. Proper considerations shall be given to the size of connectors/ conductors connected to
equipment such as voltage transformer and coupling capacitor to reduce corona.
iv. In all substations, equipment layout and design shall be for ultimate development and arranged
such that during maintenance in a de-energized bay the electric field from adjacent energized
bays at power frequency shall not exceed 5kV r.m.s / m and magnetic field shall not exceed 0.1
mT at a height of one (1) meter above ground. This value shall also apply to access roads,
walkways and working areas to reduce the likelihood of station personnel receiving annoying
shocks from ground structures e.g. switchgear support structure, low voltage lamp etc.
v. Directly under energized 132kV, 220kV, 500kV and 765kV outdoor conventional equipment,
the electric field at power frequency shall not exceed 10kV r.m.s / m and magnetic field shall
not exceed 0.5 mT at a height of one (1) meter above ground.

2.8 System Parameters

2.8.1 Frequency
The nominal frequency of electric network in Pakistan is 50Hz and as per Grid Code, permissible
variation in the frequency is allowed between 49.8Hz~50.2Hz under normal condition and under N-1
contingency the frequency may vary from 49.4Hz~50.5Hz.

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2.8.2 System Nominal Voltage

The System operating voltages shall be maintained with in the specified limits for both normal operating
conditions (N-0) and contingency conditions (N-1) excluding transient and abnormal system conditions
shown in the table: 2-2 below:
Table 2-4: System Nominal Voltages under N-0 And N-1 Contingency
Normal Condition (N-0) Contingency Condition (N-1)
Nominal System Voltage (kV)
Max (kV) Min (kV) Max (kV) Min (kV)
500 kV 525 475 550 450
220 kV 231 209 245 198
132 kV (As per Grid Code) 139 125 145 119
66kV 69 63 72.5 59
11kV 11.5 10.5 11.5 10.5

These limits are provided strictly for voltage regulation purposes. These limits are not to be construed as
connection system voltages.
2.8.3 Short Circuit Levels
Table 2-5: Short Circuit Level and Duration
Nominal System System Highest Three phase Symmetrical Short Circuit Current
Sr. #
Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Short Circuit Current (kA) Duration(sec)
1 11 12 25 3
2 33 36 25 3
3 66 72.5 31.5 1
4 132 145 40 1
5 220 245 40/50/63 1
6 500 550 50/63 1
7 765 800 63 1

2.8.4 AC Auxiliary Voltages

Unless otherwise specified in Scope of Work and Technical Specification, AC Auxiliary voltage to be
adopted for NTDC/DISCO substations are 415/240V, 50Hz. The permissible operating voltage range is
-15% to +10%.
2.8.5 DC Auxiliary Voltages
The standard DC auxiliary voltages adopted by NTDC in the substations is 220Vdc for 220kV and 500kV
equipment protection and control and 110Vdc for 132kV and below while 48Vdc is used for telecom
equipment. The operating ranges are given below:

Table 2-6: Standard DC Auxiliary Voltage

Nominal DC Voltage Operating Range
(Vdc) (Vdc)
110 93 ~ 121
220 187 ~ 242
48 42 ~ 56

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2.8.6 Insulation Levels

The insulation level for all transmission, sub-transmission and distribution voltage level equipment in
NTDC network is categorized in to two ranges in accordance with IEC 60071-1 “Insulation
Coordination”:
Range I (1kV<Um< 245 kV): For equipment in range I, the rated insulation level is defined by the
standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltage and the standard rated short-duration power-frequency
withstand voltage
Range II (Um>245 kV): For equipment in range II, the rated insulation level is defined by the standard
rated switching impulse withstand voltage, and the standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
Table 2-7: Standard Insulation Level for Range I
Nominal System Highest Voltage for Standard rated short- Standard rated lightning
Voltage, Un equipment, Um 4 duration power-frequency impulse withstand voltage
(kV) (kV) withstand voltage (kV)
(kV)
(r.m.s value) (r.m.s value) (r.m.s value) (peak value)
11 12 28 95
11 17.5 38 95
33 36 70 170
66 72.5 140 325
132 145 275 650
220 245 460 1050

Table 2-8: Standard Insulation Level for Range II

Nominal System Highest Standard rated switching impulse Standard rated lightning
Voltage, Un Voltage for withstand voltage impulse withstand voltage
(kV) equipment, Um (kV)
(kV) Longitudinal Phase- Phase-
Insulation5 to-earth to-phase6
(kV) (kV)
(r.m.s value) (r.m.s value) (peak value) (peak (peak value)
value)
500 550 1050 1175 1.5 1550
765 800 1300 1550 1.6 1950/2100

Basic lightning impulse insulation levels (BIL) are specified with respect to a standard 1.2/50 µs wave
shape and the basic switching impulse insulation level (BSL) is specified for 250/2500 µs impulse with
tolerances specified by IEC/IEEE.
Insulation level for low voltage less than 1kV (AC & DC) shall be 2/3kV Power frequency withstand
voltage for one minute.
2.8.7 Creepage Distance
2.8.7.1 Switchyard / Substations
i. All outdoor bushings/insulators for switchyard/substations shall have a minimum creepage /
leakage distance of 31mm/kV, system highest voltage, line to line.

4
Highest value of phase-to-phase voltage (r.m.s value) for which equipment is designed in respect of its insulation as well as other
characteristics which relates to this voltage in relevant equipment standard.
5
Insulation configuration having two phase terminals and one earth terminal. The phase terminal belongs to the same phase of a three-phase
system temporarily separated in to two independently energized parts (e.g. open switch devices)
6
ratio to phase-to-earth peak value

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ii. All air insulated bushing / insulators mounted inside cable box/ cabinet of equipment installed
outdoors shall have minimum creepage / leakage distance of 25mm/kV, nominal voltage, line
to line.
2.8.7.2 Indoor installation
The minimum creepage/leakage distances for indoor installations shall be as under:
Table 2-9: Minimum Creepage for Indoor Installations
12mm/kV For enclosed insulators such as those installed inside a metal-clad switchgear or
cabinet which are type tested for impulse level and routine tested for power
frequency withstand test.
25mm/kV For exposed insulators such as wall mounted bushings

2.8.8 RTV Coating

Unless otherwise specified in the relevant Scope of Work, Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) Silicon
Rubber coating shall be applied to substation outdoor ceramic insulators, equipment bushings and
equipment housings etc. in all substation located within 25 km radial distance from sea coast line or
located in highly polluted area.
2.8.9 System Conventions
2.8.9.1 Circuit Configuration
Three phase, three wire (3ɸ,3W) circuit configuration shall be used throughout NTDC and DISCOs
system in Pakistan for all voltage levels from 765kV down to 11kV. Three phase, four wire (3ɸ,4W)
circuit configuration shall be used for all AC auxiliary circuits.
2.8.9.2 System Grounding
Unless otherwise specified in the project Scope of Work, the system neutral shall be solidly grounded for
all service voltages. Power/Auto Transformer secondary neutral (wye neutral point) shall be solidly
grounded.
2.8.9.3 Phase Designation
The phases in all new substations shall be designated as R (Red), Y (Yellow) and B (Blue) throughout
substation when viewed from Top to Bottom. As the convention in any new substation, if a person is
facing toward HV side of the transformer, the Red phase shall be on the left side of that person. According
to this convention, all the substation shall be marked.
2.8.10 Equipment Designations
In any substations, the circuit breaker and their associated isolators switches are designated as Q while
earthing switch as E and numbering is done as under:

Figure 2-5: Equipment Designation

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It shall be kept in consideration that breaker number is mentioned in single digit, while isolator/earthing
switch is mentioned in double digit where second digit represents bus to whom it is connected. For line
and transformer Isolators first digit represents bus number while second digit is always zero e.g D1Q10.
Also, it may be noted that the bay/dia numbering is done from left to right in increasing order.
Table 2-10: Designated Letter for different Voltage Level
Voltage Level Designation
132kV E
220kV D
500kV B

The transformer is designated as T or ATB (Auto-transformer Bank) and their numbering is done from
left to right in increasing order.

2.9 Standard Equipment and Rating

2.9.1 Power & Auto Transformer
Unless otherwise stated in the project scope of work, standard power transformer capacities (MVA) shall
be one of the values from following Table.

Table 2-11: Standard Power/Auto Transformer Ratings and Vector Group

Nominal Voltage Transformer Capacity (MVA)
Rating Vector Group
ONAN/ONAF ONAN/ONAF1/ONAF2(OFAF)8
(kV/kV/kV7)
270/337.5/450 (ATB)9
525/231/23 - 375/480/600 (ATB) YNa0d1
468.75/ /750 (ATB)
100/125/160
220/132/11 - 160/200/250 YNa0d1
200/250/315 (ATB)
220/11 12/20 - YNzn11
6.3
10/13
132/11.5 20/26 - Dyn11
31.5/40
50/63
132/34.5 10/13 - Dyn11
132/66/11.5 31.5/40 - YNyn0d1
66/11.5 10/13 - Dyn11
66/34.5 10/13 - Dyn11
2.9.2 Circuit Breaker
Unless otherwise stated in the project Scope of work or Technical Specification, the continuous current
rating of circuit breaker rated 11kV and above shall be standardized at design ambient temperature of
50oC.

7
Applicable for tertiary winding only. The rated MVA of tertiary shall be min 1/3 of HV or LV winding capacity of auto-transformer.
8
OFAF cooling shall only be used when approved by NTDC.
9
Auto-Transformer Bank

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Table 2-12: Continuous Current Rating of Circuit Breakers

Sr. # Nominal System Voltage (kV) Rated Continuous Current (A)
1 11 400,630,1250,2500 (VCB)
4 132 2000,3150,4000
5 220 2000, 3150
6 500 2000, 3150,4000
7 765 2000, 3150,4000

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CHAPTER 3 Drawings and Documents

3.1 Introduction
This chapter demonstrate the preparation of Electrical Diagram for a new Substation. The primary step
in development of substation is to produce or supervise the formal plans from which a substation can be
constructed. The following are basic documents & drawings required for construction of a new
substation:
i. Contract Document / BOD Approval / Technical Clearance
ii. Contour Plan
iii. Single Line Diagram
iv. General Layout Plan
v. Switchyard Layout Plan
vi. Foundation Layout Plan along with Equipment Foundations & Cable Trenches Drawings
vii. Earthing Plan Drawings with calculations
viii. Shielding Plan Drawing and calculation
ix. Switchyard Lighting/illumination Drawing and calculations
x. Buildings Structural & Architectural Drawings including structural design calculations
xi. Misc. Controls & Protection (Wiring & Interconnection) Drawings
xii. A.C / D.C Schematic Drawings
xiii. A.C / D.C Distribution Drawings
xiv. Miscellaneous Drawings (CHB electrification Fire Protection, Ventilation, Cooling & other
Auxiliary Services)
xv. Manuals / Literature of Equipment
xvi. Technical Data and Test Reports & Relay settings
xvii. Equipment Structures & Gantries Drawings
xviii. Equipment Erection Drawings
All the reference drawings are attached as Annexure A.

3.2 General Guidelines

The general guidelines for all drawings are as follows:
i. Drawing shall be simple and clear. Drawing should avoid ambiguities, incompleteness, lack of
clarity, misleading emphasis, etc.
ii. Each drawing shall have a Title block clearly showing Employer Name, Consultant/Contractor
Name, Project/Contract title Name & No., Drawing title & drawing No., Drawing dates (input
date the drawing is issued for approval). This block shall also show the Names & initials of
iii. Detailers who initially made the drawing
iv. Design Engineer’s who checked the drawing
v. The person who approved the drawing.
vi. Each drawing shall have Revision block showing the No. of revisions, date of revision, Name
and initials of persons who initially made the revision, checked and approved the revision.
vii. Each drawing shall also demonstrate the units & scale chosen for the drawing.
viii. Drawing coordinate system shall be provided on border margins. Top and bottom margin of each
drawing shall be marked with number 1, 2, 3 ... 8 from left to right at equal intervals. Left and
right margin of each drawing shall be marked with letters A, B, C.... F at equal interval from top
to bottom (to facilitate quick reference to other drawings or drawing sheets). Any location on the

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drawing shall be indicated by the letter of the row and number of the column. These indications
shall be preceded by the sheet number, the drawing identification number or item identification
number.
ix. North point (reference to grid, true, or magnetic north) shall be marked on upper left corner of
the drawing.
x. Scales and lettering sizes shall be chosen appropriate for the type of drawing. All major drawings
shall be prepared on A0 paper size.
xi. All acronyms shall be expanded in the legend and notes of the drawing. Legends, notes, symbols
shall be carefully reviewed for correctness and completeness.

3.3 Contour Plan

Contour plan shows the geographical representation/map of the site selected for the new substation. The
contour plan shall be prepared with the following information:
i. Contour plan shall indicate all line entry positions.
ii. Approach road to the site shall be shown.
iii. All Site elevation levels with respect to benchmark on a 1meter spacing shall be shown for
reference.
iv. Site plan along with co-ordinates shall be indicated.
v. Any other information such as any buried facility, borrow area etc. if necessary, shall be shown.

3.4 Single Line Diagram

A single line diagram is a simplified representation of a circuit in single-line form and graphic symbols
showing only the essential parts. It shows the manner of operation and functional grouping of an electrical
system. In addition, the single line diagram must contain the busbar configuration, status of tiebreaker
i.e. NO or NC, voltage, type of current & frequency, conductor cross-sections, rating and identification
of electrical equipment and outgoing circuits.
The single line diagrams are the important substation reference drawings and it shall be the first drawing
to be prepared. The layout of the drawing shall be an electrical representation of the equipment arranged
as simply as possible.
A substation shall have “Switching” and “Relaying and Metering” One-Line Diagram separately.
However, for 132kV substation combined (“Switching” and “Relaying & Metering”) single line diagram
can be issued in consultation with Protection & Control department of NTDC.
3.4.1 Switching Single Line Diagram
Annexure A illustrates a typical Switching Single line Diagram. The Switching Single Line Diagrams
shall be prepared as follows:
i. Appropriate standard symbols as included in the latest revision of IEC 60617 or IEEE 315/ANSI
Y32.2 shall be used.
ii. The circuit flow shall be from the top to the bottom with higher voltage at the top. Crossing of
lines shall be avoided as far as possible.
iii. Lines or equipment connected directly at power system voltages or in series with power carrying
conductors shall be heavier than those connected at auxiliary/secondary voltages or in series with
secondary current circuits.
iv. The numbering scheme for major electrical equipment i.e. Circuit Breaker, Isolators and earthing
switch shall be applied as specified in Chapter No. 2.

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v. Neutral and Ground Connections shall be shown for all equipment or components in power
system, which have such connection.
vi. Winding connection or vector connection and associated abbreviations for transformers (power,
grounding or others), generators, reactors, capacitor banks, VTs etc., shall be shown.
vii. Ratings such as MVA/kVA capacity, ampere capacity, voltage, frequency, impedance,
interrupting capacity, transformation ratio, No. of cores, accuracy class, short time withstand
rating, inductance, resistance, capacitance, number of phases etc., shall be marked for all
equipment as applicable. The additional functions of any equipment not intended for normal use
shall be identified under “Notes & Legend” of the drawing.
viii. Busbars shall be identified with the number of phases, material/size of the conductor(s) and rated
quantities of voltage, normal current, short time withstand current and duration of short circuit.
ix. The transmission lines shall be identified with the material, size and number of the
conductor/cable and the far-end substation name.
x. Minimum information for the CTs shall be ratio (including all taps for multi-ratio CTs), accuracy
class, burden, short circuit current etc., as applicable.
xi. Minimum information for VTs shall be ratio (including extended tap, if any), accuracy class,
burden etc., as applicable.
xii. Current Transformer (CT) shall be installed towards bus bar in both Line and Transformer bay
in case no bus bar differential protection is used at the substation i.e. DISCOs Substation.
xiii. Current Transformer (CT) shall be installed towards Line/before circuit breaker in Line bay and
towards Transformer/after circuit breaker in Transformer bay when bus bar differential
protection used at the substation.
xiv. Following No. of 11kV outgoing feeders shall be shown on single line diagram with respect to
132/11.5kV Power transformer:
Table 3-1: Proposed 11kV Outgoing Feeders
Max No of Proposed 11kV Outgoing
Rating of Power Transformer (MVA)
Feeders
10/13 4
20/26 6
31.5/40 8

xv. Future expansion of the bus-bar system at least in a near future may also be considered.
3.4.2 Relaying and Metering Single Line Diagram
This will have the following requirements in addition to switching single line diagram requirements.
i. The operating source, current and/or voltage, shall be shown for instruments, meters, relays and
associated switches by connecting lines together with any transformations at all levels as
applicable. All equipment shall be shown in the diagram.
ii. Functions of relays shall be shown by the use of appropriate device numbers as per IEEE C37.2.
iii. Supplementary information (like prefix, arrow mark etc., as required) shall be added to a device
whenever needed for clarity. Graphic symbols for electrical and electronic devices that form part
of the diagram shall be in accordance with IEEE Std 315 or IEC 60617. All secondary devices
such as meters, transducers, relay operating coils etc., shall be of same size as far as possible.
iv. The number of instrument transformers and their ratios shall be shown. The connected ratio shall
be indicated for multi-ratio current transformers. Unused current transformer shall be shown as
shorted secondary. Polarity marking shall be shown for all instrument transformers.

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v. Detailed equipment information and conductor material/size shall not be shown on Relaying and
Metering single line diagram.
vi. Appropriate numbering scheme for major electrical equipment shall be applied as specified in
Chapter No. 2.
vii. Legend and Notes of the drawing shall contain the following information:
a. Each and every relay device number and its functional designation.
b. Tripping and lockout relay function, if energization of trip coils cannot be shown in the drawing
part.
c. Each and every meter, transducer shall be identified.
3.5 General Layout Diagram
General Layout plan shows a detailed layout of proposed site and work with respect to the boundary and
vicinity. GLO is a plan which indicates what is existing, what is proposed and what is to be dismantled
as per scope of work.
For a new substation, a general layout plan shall indicate natural, geographic and humanoid neighborhood
of substation to be constructed as mentioned in submitted site/contour map. Moreover, arrangement of
switchyard, control house building, residential colony and other auxiliary structures shall be clearly
displayed with exact dimensions on the GLO plan.
For extension work in an already existing substation, the GLO plan already prepared shall incorporate all
the proposed extension work as well as indicate the structures to be dismantled through cross-hatching.
The General Layout Diagram shall be prepared as follows:
i. General Layout plan shall be drawn on a scale of 1:500 or 1:1000 as per site area.
ii. All dimensions shall be in millimeters. Dimension are measured from center to center.
iii. Legends shall be marked on the drawings with reference to the symbols used in the drawing.
iv. Physical dimensions of plot allocated for construction of G/S shall be mentioned on General
Layout Plan.
v. Temporary Benchmark (T.B.M) shall be marked on the drawing.
vi. Location of main road/highway to the plot, water bodies/Drain near or inside the plot (if located),
Location of building or any other structures such as residential colony, graveyard, bridge etc.
located adjacent to plot shall be shown on the General Layout Plan.
vii. Location of Entry gate shall be shown at a suitable place on the boundary for providing access to
the substation from approach road.
viii. Watchtower shall be shown on the boundary wall. Security guard cabin along with attached
washroom shall be shown near the main gate inside the boundary.
ix. Residential colony shall be proposed and located at a suitable place as per site keeping in mind
the best utilization of the available land and have a separate access road. Residential colony shall
not affect future extension of the switchyard.

3.6 Switchyard Layout Diagram

Substation layout diagrams provide scale drawings of the location of each piece of equipment in a
substation. Annexure A illustrates a typical Switchyard Layout Diagram. The Switchyard Layout
Diagram shall be prepared as follows:
i. The diagram shows the actual position of each equipment and structures including but not limited
to fence, switchyard gate, Metering/Security room, dead-end structure, Breakers, Disconnectors,

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Control building, Instrument transformers, Power/Auto transformer, Reactors, Bus supports,

Capacitors, Surge arresters, Cable trench and designated drive paths.
ii. The diagram must show the distance between each equipment, phase segregation distance, phase
to ground clearance and section clearance. All the clearances shall meet NTDC criteria of safe
clearances described in Chapter 4.
iii. Drawing shall indicate transmission line and Bus phases clearly marked as R, Y & B.
iv. Overhead/Shield wire (for protection against lightning stroke) shall be marked on the layout
drawing.
v. Name and voltage levels of incoming and outgoing circuits shall be marked on drawing.
vi. Drawing shall indicate the Section and Detail reference callouts.
vii. Drawing shall indicate the position of future equipment.
viii. Switchyard Section Layout Drawing shall have Bill of Material Call out.
ix. Switchyard Section Layout shall indicate dimensions between centerline of equipment, phase to
ground clearance, total height of equipment, Conductor and static wire takeoff heights, stranding,
and maximum allowable tensions in each section.

3.7 Foundation Plan10

The switchyard foundation plan provides an overview of the substation foundations according to the
Switchyard layout plan. Foundation design primarily depends on the density and strength/strain
properties of the land where foundations need to be located.
A detailed knowledge of geotechnical surface parameters is essential to provide reliable and cost
effective foundation design. The objective of the soil investigation is to evaluate the surficial and
subsurface conditions at the site, selection of appropriate geo-technical parameters and to make
recommendations for the design and construction of foundations including the selection of most
appropriate foundation types, their depth and the allowable bearing pressures for design.
Soil investigation report shall indicate the following:
a. Soil bearing capacity for designing of the civil works
b. Soil conditions including water level, water logged etc.
Based on the soil investigation report, wind zones, weight of the structure and the equipment, proper type
of foundations need to be proposed. Annexure A illustrates a typical Foundation Plan drawing. Keeping
in view the layout of the equipment in switchyard, foundation plan is prepared accordingly with the
following instructions.
i. Foundation plan drawing shall indicate foundations of all equipment, dead-end structures, static
masts (if any), control building, cable trenches and oil containment system.
ii. This drawing shall indicate dimensions to centerline of all foundations, dimensions of cable
trenches, Manholes and handholes, equipment to equipment distances and ±0 level.
iii. Drawing shall indicate foundation key, Table of Content (T.O.C) elevations, Baseline and Fence.
iv. Foundation plan drawing shall indicate control building foundation and miscellaneous
foundations.
v. Special measures shall be taken to avoid overlapping of foundation of any two equipment.

10
It should be kept in consideration that standard drawings are being proposed/designed for different areas as per soil, weather conditions and
seismic and non-seismic zones as well as type of masonry/RCC for 132kV switchyard. The list of standard foundation drawing is attached as
Annex-A. All these standard drawings have been designed for bearing capacity from 0.5kg/cm² to 1.0 kg/cm². In case the soil bearing capacity
is less than 0.5kg/cm2, the standard foundation drawings are modified by the civil department as per requirements.

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vi. The detailed information regarding civil parameters and dimension shall be mentioned on
foundation drawing of each equipment.

3.8 Earthing Plan

The Earthing Plan is the construction drawing of the grounding grid which is a system of horizontal
ground electrodes that consists of a number of interconnected, bare conductors buried in the earth
providing a common ground for electrical devices and metallic structures usually in one specific location.
Design of Earthing Grounding for Substation shall be as per criteria provided in Chapter 7.
Annexure A illustrates a typical Earthing Plan. While preparing Earthing plan, following guidelines shall
be incorporated:
i. Earthing Plan shall indicate dimension of grounding grid.
ii. Drawing shall indicate the position of Earth rods.
iii. Drawing shall indicate cable trench ground and fence ground.
iv. Drawing shall indicate riser locations.
v. Drawing shall indicate placement of Earthing Mats for Disconnector and Earthing switches.
vi. Typical equipment grounding, structure grounding, power transformer grounding, switch
grounding, fence and gate grounding details shall be mentioned on drawing.

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CHAPTER 4 Insulation Coordination

4.1 Introduction
This application guide indicates the guidelines which have been followed for selection of insulation levels
of equipment for installation for three-phase electrical system in NTDC network.
The purpose of insulation co-ordination shall be to correlate the insulation with-stand levels of protected
equipment and circuit with protection characteristics of surge arresters, such that the insulation is
protected from over voltages with overall economy. Clearances are to be determined in line with Chapter
5 by applying the principles and practices of insulation coordination based on following three main
elements:
i. The knowledge of voltage stresses which may occur at work-site.
ii. The knowledge of the electrical strength of the work site insulation when submitted to such
voltage stresses.
iii. The assessment of the probability of occurrence of insulation failures in the considered
situation of voltage stresses and electrical strength.
Insulation coordination shall be verified correlating the internal dielectric strength of electrical equipment
and the characteristics and location of protective devices with expected type of over-voltages. Electric
strength reduction of the external insulation due to worst case atmospheric humidity/pollution and change
in dielectric strength due to change in altitude with corresponding changes of air density shall be
considered wherever applicable.

4.2 System Over Voltages

Following over-voltages stressing dielectric strength of insulation shall be considered:
 Power frequency over-voltages (permanent and temporary low frequency)
 Switching over-voltages (slow front impulse)
 Lightning over-voltages (fast front impulse)
The classes and shapes of these over-voltage stresses are shown in the following Fig. 4-1.
The voltage stresses within these classes have several origins:
i. continuous (power-frequency) voltages: originate from the system operation under normal operating
conditions;
ii. temporary over-voltages: they can originate from faults, switching operations such as load rejection,
resonance conditions, non-linearities (ferro resonances) or by a combination of these;
iii. slow-front over-voltages: they can originate from faults, switching operations or direct lightning
strokes to the conductors of overhead lines;
iv. fast-front over-voltages: they can originate from switching operations, lightning strokes or faults;
v. very-fast-front over-voltages: they can originate from faults or switching operations in gas insulated
substations (GIS);
vi. combined over-voltages: they may have any origin mentioned above. They occur between the phases
of a system (phase-to-phase), or on the same phase between separated parts of a system (longitudinal).

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Figure 4-1: Classes and Shapes of Over-Voltages, Standard Voltage Shapes and Standard Withstand
Voltage Tests

4.3 Selection of Insulation Level

The procedure for insulation coordination consists of the selection of the highest voltage for equipment,
Um together with a corresponding set of standard rated withstand voltages which categorizes the
insulation of the equipment needed for application. As mentioned under 2.8.6 above, the insulation level
of Range-I voltages is defined by rated lightning impulse withstand and short duration power frequency
withstand voltages while for Range-II voltages, rated switching impulse withstand voltage and rated
lightning withstand voltage defines the insulation level. For the details IEC 62271-1 may be referred as
it provides complete procedure which is to be adopted from determination of these withstand voltages.
The selection of the rated insulation level consists of the selection of the most economical set of standard
rated withstand voltages (Uw) of the insulation sufficient to prove that all the required withstand voltages
are met.
The highest voltage for equipment is then chosen as the next standard value of Um equal to or higher than
the highest voltage of the system, Us where the equipment will be installed.
For equipment to be installed under normal environmental conditions relevant to insulation, Um shall be
at least equal to Us.
For equipment to be installed outside of the normal environmental conditions relevant to insulation, Um
may be selected higher than the next standard value of Um equal to or higher than Us according to the
special needs involved.
In case equipment to be installed other than normal service condition, necessary altitude/atmospheric
correction factor shall be applied in accordance to guideline given in IEC 62271-1.

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4.4 Insulation level used in NTDC network

Table 4-1: Insulation Levels for Power/Auto Transformers

System Voltage Nominal Voltage Power Frequency Lightning Impulse Switching Impulse
Us Um withstand voltage Voltage Voltage

550 kV 500 kV 680 kV 1550 kV 1175 kV

245 kV 220 kV 395 kV 950 kV 850 kV
145 kV 132 kV 275 kV 650 kV NA
72.5 kV 66 kV 140 kV 325 kV NA
36 kV 34.5 kV 70 kV 170 kV NA
24 kV 23 kV 50 kV 125 kV NA
12.5 kV 11.5 kV 38kV 110 kV NA

Table 4-2: Insulation Levels for Disconnectors / CBs

System Nominal Power Frequency Lightning Impulse Switching Impulse Voltage
Voltage Voltage withstand voltage Voltage
Us Um Across To earth Across To earth Phase to Between Across
Isolating and Isolating and phase phases the
Contacts between Contacts between isolating
phases phases contacts
1550 900 +
550 kV 500 kV 800 kV 620 kV 1550 kV 1175 kV 1760 kV
+(315) kV (450) kV
245 kV 220 kV 530 kV 460 kV 1200 kV 1050 kV NA NA NA
145 kV 132 kV 315 kV 275 kV 750 kV 650 kV NA NA NA
72.5 kV 66 kV 160 kV 140 kV 375 kV 325 kV NA NA NA
36 kV 33kV 80 kV 70 kV 195 kV 170 kV NA NA NA

Table 4-3: Insulation Levels for other equipment

System Voltage Nominal Voltage Power Frequency Lightning Impulse Switching Impulse
Us Um withstand voltage Voltage Voltage

550 kV 500 kV 680 kV 1550 kV 1175 kV

245 kV 220 kV 460 kV 1050 kV NA
145 kV 132 kV 275 kV 650 kV NA
72.5 kV 66 kV 140 kV 325 kV NA
36 kV 33 kV 70 kV 170 kV NA
12 kV 11 kV 38 kV 95 kV NA

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CHAPTER 5 Clearances
5.1 Introduction
The definition of the required electrical clearances in air is fundamental to the design of the AIS
substation. (It should be noted that at altitudes in excess of 1000 m, the reduced air pressure results in the
need for larger clearances). The clearances are required as it is not practical to test the entire AIS
substation installation with test voltages to confirm the required insulation level.
These clearances ensure that the substation design minimizes the risk of a breakdown of insulation and
that the substation can be operated reliably. In addition, IEC 61936-1 gives some guidelines on
appropriate values which may be considered.
The design of the substation must restrict access to danger zones, taking into account the need for
operational and maintenance access.
External fences, or walls, are required particularly for AIS substations. Where safety distances cannot be
maintained, permanent protective facilities are required.

5.2 General Guidelines

These guidelines define minimum clearances to protect personnel, vehicles and equipment against
inadvertent contact or hazardous proximity to exposed conductors and defines the minimum basic
clearances required in AC switchyards.

5.3 Phase to Earth Air Clearances

The standard highest voltage of equipment is divided into two ranges.
Range I: 12kV,36kV, 72.5kV, 145kV and 245kV
Range II: 550kV
Tables 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 and 5-4 are suitable for general application, as they provide minimum clearances
ensuring the specified insulation level. The air clearances applicable in service are determined according
to IEC 60071-1 and IEC 61936.
Range I:
The phase-to-earth air clearances is determined from Table 5-1 for the rated lightning impulse withstand
voltage:
Table 5-1: Minimum Phase to Earth Clearance for Range I
Highest Voltage of Minimum Phase to
Nominal Voltage Rated Lightning Impulse
Equipment Earth Clearance
Un Withstand Voltage
Um Mm
(kV) kV
(kV r.m.s) N
11 12 95 160
33 36 170 320
66 72.5 325 630
132 145 650 1300
220 245 1050 2100
Notes:
i. The standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltages are applicable phase-to-phase and
phase-to-earth.

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Range II:
The phase-to-earth air clearances for is determined from Table 5-2 for the rated switching impulse
withstand voltage.
Table 5-2: Minimum Phase to Earth Clearance for Range II

Rated Switching
Highest Rated Lightning Minimum Phase to Earth
Nominal Impulse Withstand
Voltage of Impulse Clearance
Voltage Voltage
Equipment Withstand mm
Un kV
Um Voltage
(kV) Rod-Structure Conductor-
(kV r.m.s) kV Phase to Earth
N structure
500 550 1550 1175 4100 3100

5.4 Phase-to-Phase Air Clearances

Range I:
The phase-to-phase air clearances is determined from Table 5-3 for the rated lightning impulse withstand
voltage.
Table 5-3: Minimum Phase to Phase Clearance for Range I
Highest Voltage of Rated Lightning
Nominal Voltage Minimum Phase to Phase
Equipment Impulse Withstand
Un Clearance
Um Voltage
(kV) mm
(kV r.m.s) kV
11 12 95 160
33 36 170 320
66 72.5 325 630
132 145 650 1300
220 245 1050 2100
Notes:
i. The standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltages are applicable phase-to-phase and
phase-to-earth.
ii. f values are considered insufficient to prove that the required phase-to-phase withstand voltages
are met, additional phase-to-phase withstand tests are needed.
Range II:
The phase-to-phase air clearances for is determined from Table 5-4 for the rated switching impulse
withstand voltage.
Table 5-4: Minimum Phase to Phase Clearance for Range II

Rated Switching
Impulse Withstand Minimum Phase to Phase
Highest
Nominal Rated Lightning Voltage Clearance
Voltage of
Voltage Impulse kV mm
Equipment
Un Withstand Voltage
Um
(kV) kV Conductor-
(kV r.m.s) Rod -
Phase to Phase Conductor
Conductor
parallel
500 550 1550 1760 5000 4200

5.5 Clearances for Safe Access and Conductor Spacing

This section sets out the minimum clearances required for safe access to AC switchyards, and also
includes the minimum conductor spacing requirements for new AC switchyards.

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5.5.1 Fundamental design requirement for safety

Designs must ensure that competent personnel can carry out operating and maintenance procedures
without inadvertently encroaching within the danger zone.
The danger zone is defined by the minimum phase to earth clearance (N) to live conductors as shown in
Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-1: Danger zone concept

5.5.2 Walking access clearances

New AC switchyards shall be designed to have minimum safe clearances from all surfaces that are
accessible to competent employees walking throughout the substation.
The minimum walking access clearance to live parts from accessible ground, or accessible platforms shall
be W, where W = N + 2100.

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Figure 5-2: Minimum design dimensions for safe access

5.5.3 Electrical Installation on mast, pole and tower
The minimum height H' of live parts above surfaces accessible to the general public shall be
 H' = 4 300 mm for rated voltages Um up to 52 kV;
 H' = N + 4 500 mm (minimum 6 000 mm) for rated voltages Um above 52 kV;
where N is the minimum clearance.
Where the reduction of safety distances due to the effect of snow on accessible surfaces needs to be
considered, the values given above shall be increased.
Isolating equipment shall be arranged so that they can be operated without danger. Isolating equipment
accessible to the general public shall be capable of being locked. The operating rods shall be compliant
with the relevant standard.
Safe phase-to-phase connection and earthing of the overhead line shall be possible.

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Where
N minimum clearance
H’ Minimum clearance of live parts above accessible surface at the external fence
a If this distance to live parts is less than H, protection by barriers or obstacles shall be provided
b If this distance is smaller than 2 250 mm, protection by barriers or obstacles shall be provided
Figure 5-3: Boundary distances and minimum height at the external fence/wall

Figure 5-4: Minimum approach distance for transport

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5.6 Standard Busbar and Equipment Clearances in Practice

This section sets out the standard clearances in practice in AC switchyards.
5.6.1 Busbar Phase to Earth Heights
Table 5-5: Busbar Heights in NTDC System
Nominal Voltage Standard Busbar Heights in Practice Shield wire Height
Un (mm) (mm)
(kV) High Level Low Level Low Level
Strain Bus Strain Bus Rigid Bus
132 13800 10000 7000 16900
220 18500 13000 9000 22500
500 30750 20000 13500 40000

5.6.2 Busbar Conductor to Conductor Spacing

Table 5-6: Busbar Phase to Phase Clearances
Nominal Voltage Standard Busbar Spacing in
Structure Un Practice
(kV) (mm)
132 3500
Conductor Structure 220 4750
500 9000
132 2500
Tubular/Rod Structure 220 4000
500 8000

5.6.3 Equipment Height

Table 5-7: Equipment Heights
Nominal Voltage Standard Equipment Heights
Un Practice
(kV) (mm)
132 4500
220 5500
500 9000

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CHAPTER 6 Physical Layouts

6.1 Introduction
This chapter presents general information concerning the design of the substation physical arrangement.
It describes various types of substations, illustrates typical layouts, and presents guidelines to be used
during detailed design. The three component parts of the substation are defined as follows:
a) Primary System
The primary system comprises all equipment which, in whole or in part, is in service at the highest
operating voltage of the system
b) Secondary System
The secondary system comprises all the equipment which is used for the control (local and remote),
protection, monitoring automation and measurement of primary system.
c) Auxiliary system
Auxiliary systems are those which are required to enable the primary and secondary system to operate.

6.2 Layout Consideration

6.2.1 Initial Design Parameters
A careful analysis of basic parameters establishing the purposes and design criteria for the substation has
to precede the detailed design. In addition, circuit quantities, configurations, and ratings;
system and equipment protective relay schemes; the necessity for specialized equipment (such as
capacitor banks, current-limiting reactors, Static VAR compensators and neutral grounding devices);
details of surge protection equipment; and requirements for direct stroke protection should be considered.
6.2.2 Selection of Switching Scheme
The power system as a whole has to be considered when deciding the substation-switching scheme.
Factors influencing the selection of a bus-bar scheme in the substation design are operational flexibility,
system safety, reliability, availability, ability to facilitate system control and cost. Future system growth
based on long-range forecasts may indicate the necessity for an economical, basic arrangement initially
with possible future conversion to a more sophisticated scheme as the number of circuits increases.
Equipment maintenance requirements may necessitate bypassing facilities to enable circuit operation
during maintenance periods. Since the equipment that can be out of service for maintenance or during
faults without sacrificing system operation depends on alternative supplies and duplication of circuits,
the flexibility of the switching scheme is often one of the most important selection criteria. Large
substations with many circuits handling great amounts of power need to have high degrees of both
flexibility and reliability to continue service without interruption during the most undesirable conditions.
Since flexibility and reliability are directly proportional to cost, the ultimate configuration has to be the
result of a compromise.
6.2.3 Substation Expansion
Frequently, after initial substation construction, requirements change, and plans for the ultimate
capabilities of the substation are altered. As a result, expansion of the substation facilities may deviate
from the anticipated initial plan. To accommodate unforeseen future system modifications, consider the
flexibility of the arrangement. Since a typical substation can be expected to continue in service

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indefinitely, maintaining maximum flexibility throughout each stage of expansion will ensure the least
costly and most efficient use of the facilities during the service period.
To facilitate future expansion, arrange the initial design to accommodate all requirements of a current
long-range system forecast. The site should be as large as practical to allow for future development. Large
areas readily allow for changes in the basic substation configuration and switching scheme should future
conditions so dictate. Leave at least one and preferably both ends of all major buses open for future
expansion. When a basic initial arrangement is planned, placement of equipment should take into account
future expansion of the substation into a more complex, reliable, and flexible configuration. Frequently,
additional bus supports are installed initially to facilitate future expansion.
6.2.4 Substation Profile
The profile of substation structures and equipment has become an increasingly important aspect to
consider in substation layout. In the past, large lattice and box-type structures supporting overhead strain
buses were commonly used. Most substations currently being designed and constructed use low-profile
structures and rigid bus-work. Low-profile construction generally uses lower structures with a minimum
number of members for support.
6.2.5 Equipment Removal
Substation arrangements have to include adequate space for the installation and possible removal of large
pieces of equipment such as power transformers and power circuit breakers. Buses, particularly in low
profile arrangements, even when at acceptable operating elevations, can block the removal of equipment.
Consequently, it is important to consider equipment removal routes during the structure layout. Often the
most desirable arrangement has the main buses at higher elevations than the buses and equipment in the
substation bays. In this way, the main buses will not block the removal of equipment located in the
substation interior.
Removable bus sections can also be provided to permit movement of large equipment. This, however,
requires bus de-energization during the procedure.

6.3 Substation Layout

Although it is impossible to provide construction details for various types of layout corresponding to
given bus bar scheme, it is advisable to suggest a few general guidelines with reference to the more usual
design situations.
6.3.1 Primary Circuit
Layouts with conductor disposition with only two level are preferred, e.g. the upper for bus bars system,
the lower for the switch gear connections
Heavy components, such as circuit breakers and measuring transformers should be installed in line and
on the side of appropriate routes for mounting, dismounting and maintenance. Usually the maintenance
should be carried out by means of equipped vehicles. In this case it is very important to fix the width of
the route and its distance from the bay taking into account the safety distances between the operator
handling work tools and the live parts. For safety distances, follow the IEC standard evolution.
In order to avoid long service interruptions due to clamps and conductors failures, it is advisable that
energy conductors or earth wires span do not overpass more than one bus bars system.A good solution
is, when possible, the adoption of line bays on both sides of substation.

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Line and transformer bays sequence should, if possible, be fixed minimizing the possibility of
overloading bus bars and or connection conductors.
It is necessary to consider in the layout design, the possibility of extension of the substation. This topic
is more important in the case of substations with ring scheme bus bars. A particular design allows for an
easy transformation from a ring scheme to a double bus bar with one and half breaker scheme.
Lightning protection is necessary to protect the substation from lightning strokes .This protection can be
arranged in either overhead earth wires. Special protection has to be paid to the elimination of the risk of
the earth wire fall down on the switchgear.
6.3.2 Secondary Circuit
In order to minimize the electromagnetic interference between primary circuit and control equipment and
for economic reasons (especially when cables are employed), an alternative is to decentralize the control,
protection and automation equipment. Following this way kiosks containing secondary equipment should
be installed as near as possible to the switching equipment. However, In hard climate conditions (very
cold/ hot), this solution may not be economic.
6.3.3 Criteria for the choice between Rigid or Flexible Conductor
At present, the substation design with voltage level up to 500kV, rigid conductors are preferred as it is
simpler and more economic. In this case aluminum alloy tubes are employed. For higher voltage levels,
it can cause more difficulty to set up tube bundle conductors with equivalent diameter suitable to contain
corona effect to an acceptable limit.
Of course, the choice of best solution is influenced by the availability of materials that’s changes from
country to country, and by different company experiences.
In the following table advantages and disadvantages of both solutions are illustrated:
Table 6-1 : Rigid Conductors Solution vs. Flexible Conductors Solution
Rigid Conductors Solution Flexible Conductors Solution
Advantages
 Simplicity, easy reading of operation  Use of the same material employed for overhead
configuration lines lines
 Plant disposition with only two levels  Bundle multiple conductors with appropriate
 Easy access to the transformers or to the diameter to reduce corona effect in ultra-high
switchyard for maintenance voltage substations are easily fulfilled.
 Easy use of pantograph or semi pantograph
disconnectors
 Easy substation extension
 Easy verification of electrodynamics forces effect
 Short erection time
 Lower grounding area for plant installation
Disadvantages
 Uneasy temporary bypass of circuit breakers on  Complex layout for simplex schemes
both sides of bus bars  Difficult verification of withstand to
 Possibility of mechanical resonance between the electrodynamics forces
tube structure and the wind gust frequency, can be  Bus bars over passes are to be provided
prevented by suitable damping devices.  Considerable environmental impact consequent
 Difficulty for availability of tubes and support to three levels of conductors in the substation
material in some countries.  Considerable construction cost
 Difficulty in employing pantograph or semi
pantograph disconnectors
 Difficulty in substation extension

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6.4 Typical Substation Arrangements in NTDC network

The NTDC substation switchyards are normally of two types, straight or L type. In a straight switchyard,
the connected lines at different voltage level enter/leave the substation in same angle. In L type switchyard
they are at 90-degree angle. The preference of the switchyard type shall be depending upon the
availability of the plot size according to the scope of respective substation.
6.4.1 500kV Switchyard
The considerations of area in 500kV Switchyard as discussed here. The 500kV Switchyard can be with
or without shunt reactors. The switchyard shall be so designed that the provisions for the inclusion of
shunt reactors shall be specified in terms of land. The connection of the shunt reactor shall be such as that
it can be connected to the line as well as busbar.
The switchyard starts with the line equipment including surge arrestor and CCVT etc. The conductor
from the tower shall be terminated at the substation gantries. The gantries of 500kV switchyard shall have
a center to center distance of 32m. The width of the 500kV switchyard can be determined from the
multiplication of number of lines with gantry width. The equipment to equipment distance between
phases shall be kept 8m, minimum, at 500kV level. For the equipment to equipment distance within a
phase, the guidelines given in IEC and substation clearances chapter shall be followed.
The shunt reactor at 500kV level shall be breaker operated and sufficient area in the switchyard shall be
specified for the same. A road of minimum 4.5m width, or as determined by the Design (Civil) NTDC,
shall be laid down with the area specified for the equipment like autotransformer or shunt reactor. The
road shall be at a sufficient distance from the live equipment, considering the safety and live clearances.
Furthermore, the road and access shall be provided with the bay equipment and within phase with the
breaker for maintenance/replacement works. Similarly, the autotransformer area shall be specified for the
placement of the same. Sufficient area shall be left for the future extensions and no other equipment can
be placed in parallel with the transformer area in switchyard. It is important to note that the 500kV
autotransformer and shunt reactor are equipped with the Nitrogen Injection Explosion Prevention and
Fire Protection System which takes considerable area alongwith the fire wall built for this critical
equipment. The area requirement of the same shall be kept in mind while designing the switchyard.
The important portion of the switchyard is the busbar. In NTDC system 33m gantry span is used for it.
The phases has a distance of 9m between them. The length of a typical AIS 500kV Switchyard can be
from 300-325m and width depends upon the number of lines. Considering a substation with six 500kV
lines, the approximate are required for the switchyard at 500kV level will be 62,400 m2 or (15.5 Acre,
approx.)
6.4.2 220kV Switchyard
The 220kV switchyard can belong to a 500/220kV or 220/132kV substation. On 220kV level, NTDC
substations has gantries with center to center span of 16m. The width of the switchyard depends upon the
number of lines multiplied by this span. The phase to phase distance is kept 4m. The equipment to
equipment distance in a phase shall follow the requirement in IEC and as specified in insulation and
clearances chapter. In this regard, access road for the bay as well as important equipment like breaker
and autotransformer shall be laid down according to the requirements and guidelines.
A typical 220kV switchyard covers 150m in length and area can be calculated from the lines. A
switchyard with 8 220kV lines will have around 5 acres of area required.

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6.4.3 132kV Switchyard

In NTDC system, 132kV switchyards are constructed in 500/220/132kV or 220/132kV substations. The
span for 132kV gantries is standardized at 12m. The phase to phase distance is kept at 2.5m. In 132kV
switchyard side, place for 132/11kV auxiliary transformer is required to be specified. It will be sourced
from the 132kV busbar and will be breaker operated. The arrangement of the 132kV scheme shall be
double bus single breaker scheme. The length of the switchyard is approximately 70m and the total area
can be calculated from the number of lines. The road shall be provided with the auto-transformer for the
transportation purposes.

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CHAPTER 7 Site Design

7.1 General
The objective of site work design for a substation yard and building is to provide as easily accessible,
dry, maintenance-free area for the installation and operation of electrical substation equipment and
structures. Factors related to the actual location of the substation site are covered in Chapter 2.
The Engineer should make a personal site inspection before the design is started. The Engineer should
take advantage of the natural drainage and topographical features in the design consistent with the
electrical layout since coordination of the two is essential.

7.2 Types of Grade Yard

There are generally three basic properties for substation yards:
a) Flat-most prevalent (Figure 7-1)
The basic flat yard is more desirable for the layout and operational function of a substation. It permits
uniformity in foundation elevations and structure heights. Unless there are property restrictions, severe
topographical features, subterranean rock, or other considerations dictate otherwise, the yard should be
graded nominally flat.
b) Sloped-occasional required (Figure 7-2)
Occasionally, property restrictions or economic considerations will outweigh the desirability for a flat
yard and a continuously sloping are property restrictions, severe yard may be advantageous.
c) Stepped-seldom required (Figure 7-3)
Stepped yards are usually created by extreme property restrictions, adverse mountainous terrain, or
underlying rock formations making excavation uneconomical
Modification of any of the three types may be necessary to arrive at the optimum yard design. Sloped and
stepped sites entail extra design considerations and close coordination with the electrical layout. There
may be more structures required and variable foundation elevations.

Figure 7-1: Flat Yard

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Figure 7-2: Slopped Yard on Moderately Slopped Sit

Figure 7-3: Stepped Yard

7.3 Preliminary Requirements

The following lists some of the basic information required for the site preparation design for a substation
yard:
i. Area maps
ii. Topographic drawing of immediate area showing:
iii. Ground elevations on a grid system (Contour Plan) on Auto Cad
a. For flat yard spacing=1000cm
b. For sloped yard spacing=500cm
c. For Stepped yard spacing=300cm
iv. Location and elevation of existing roads, railroads, dich inverts, and culverts
v. Location of pertinent overhead or underground utilities, particularly the exact location and
depth of any pipelines
vi. Property plan (legal description of property)
vii. Location of the area's drainage exits
viii. High water elevation in area, if any
ix. Flood zone designation with base flood elevation, if any
x. Earthquake zone designation
xi. Ground water level
xii. Soil borings in immediate site area

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7.4 Drainage Consideration

Generally, all three profiles land themselves to a surface runoff system. Such a system consists of a gently
sloping (0.5 percent to 0.75 percent) ground surface so that the water drains to the edge of the yard or to
shallow ditches within the yard. The ditches may discharge into culverts or shallow open channels
removing the runoff from the yard.
The yard surface drain has to be considered with the location of cable trenches and roads within the yard.
The yard profile (flat, sloped, or stepped) may present varying drainage design considerations. Careful
review of the quantity, quality, and particularly the location of the discharge water from the yard is
emphasized. Planning the initial drainage system for a future substation addition is sometimes required.
Generally, a good rule to follow is do not discharge any more water into an existing drainage area outlet
than what originally occurred. Small interceptor ditches strategically located will prevent erosion of
slopes or embankments.

7.5 Earth-work Consideration and Design

The computation of earthwork quantities is usually the first step in establishing the nominal rough grade
elevation of the yard. Safety precautions during earth work must be taken.
Clearing and grubbing of the site is required and all vegetation should be removed and properly disposed
of. Generally, the topsoil in the substation area is removed and stockpiled for future use in areas requiring
seeding.
7.5.1 Borrow
When the natural grade of the proposed site is essentially flat, it may be necessary to bring in fill material
(borrow) to improve the drainage condition of the yard. However, the engineer should avoid the use of
borrow in the site design if possible.
The borrow material should consist of a satisfactory soil free from sod, stumps, roots, large rocks, or
other perishable or deleterious matter. It should be capable of forming a stable embankment when
compacted.
7.5.2 Top Soil
Removing topsoil on flat natural sites increases borrow or fill requirements. Conditions when it would
be excessively uneconomical to remove all the topsoil might be:
i. Excessive depth of topsoil - 5 cm (18") and deeper
ii. When borrow material has to be hauled long distances
The engineer should evaluate alternatives to stripping the topsoil in such circumstances. One alternative
when conditions do not seem favorable for removing topsoil is to uniformly mix the topsoil with the
underlying soil. The mixture is very often suitable for embankments up to 100 cm (40”). The mixture
may also be compacted in place and serve as a non-bearing base upon which to build the embankment.
The engineer should make certain that the soil to be mixed with the topsoil is predominantly granular
soil. Silts or clays would not be suitable. The mixture should consist of one or more parts of good soil to
one part of topsoil.
When alternatives to topsoil removal are considered, the foundation design should take into account the
depth at which the soil conditions have been altered.

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7.5.3 Cut and Fill

On other than flat natural grade conditions, the nominal elevation of the yard is usually determined from
a balance between the required earth "fill" for the embankment and the available earth that has to be
excavated or "cut" from the higher areas of the site. All cut-and-fill slopes should be one vertical to four
horizontals if possible. Filling shall be placed in 20cm layers and compacted at optimum moisture content
by mechanical means where possible.
7.5.4 Compaction
Adequate compaction during placement of the fill is necessary to develop the required soil bearing
capacity and lateral resistance for the foundation design. It is necessary also to prevent settlement due to
consolidation of the embankment, which may result in ponding, broken ducts, conduits, cable trenches,
etc. All fill areas should be compacted in 20cm (8”) layers. The base upon which the embankment is
constructed should be loosened or compacted. The material shall be compacted by vibrator plates and/or
mechanical tempers (means).
7.5.5 Cleanup
Upon completion of the site work, all excavated earth not used in backfilling should be leveled off or
shaped to present a neat appearance and not obstruct any drainage. Borrow pits should be graded to a
smoothly contoured shape. It may be necessary to provide seeding mulching to such areas.

7.6 Road and other Access

7.6.1 General Access Road
Access roads into substation yards have to be adequate to sustain heavy equipment under all weather
conditions. Long access roads require design considerations similar to most secondary county or state
roads. Any culverts or sewer crossings also need to be designed for anticipated heavy equipment loads.
7.6.2 Grade
The maximum grade on the access road should generally not exceed 7 percent so that heavy transformers
may be transported to and from the yard by normal movers without problems. Ten percent grades may
be tolerated for short distances of 6000 to 10000 cm (2365” to 3940”).
7.6.3 Curvature
The inside radius of the access road at 90-degree intersections with major roads should not be less than
1500 cm (590”) in order to provide sufficient turning space for long vehicles. Smaller radii may be
adequate for substations below 220 kV.
7.6.4 Design
Where space allows, access roads should be about 600 cm (236”) wide. The road should be crowned at
the center for drainage.
The subgrade for the road should be prepared and compacted to the same requirements as the
embankment for the yard.
The wearing course for access roads in substations up to 132 kV may consist of a 20 cm (8”) deep
aggregate base course. Highway department standard specifications usually contain several different
types of base course material.
For larger substations the access road may consists of a 20 cm (8”) aggregate base course and a 10 cm
(4”) aggregate surface course Highway standard specifications include several types and specify the

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related material and gradation requirements for the base and surface course material. Application of the
wearing courses should be made in accordance with highway standard.
7.6.5 Roadways in the Substation Yard
Many substations do not have any specific drives or roads within the fenced yard. The entire yard is
considered as drivable by light traffic.
If it is desirable to have specific drives within the fenced yard for access to transformer banks or as a
perimeter drive, the wearing surface can be the same as for the access road. The width may be reduced
to 500 cm (197”) or even less. Inside radii for interior drives may be 750 cm (295”) or less as space
allows. Culverts and cable trenches should also be designed for anticipated heavy equipment loads.

7.7 Security Fence

Generally, all outdoor substations are enclosed by a security fence. Safety clearance requirements for
substation fences are covered in Chapter 3.
The fence should be installed as soon as practicable after the site work is completed. Bear in mind that
numerous other rail, post, and gate frame component designs will serve at least equally as well as those
noted in the typical specification.

7.8 Outdoor Foundations

7.8.1 General Consideration
7.8.1.1 Design Basis for Foundation
All foundation design shall confirm to the requirements of International Code of Practice for Foundations
and shall take into account the soil conditions on site. Design calculation shall clearly show the
calculation and design method of all proposed foundations, concrete structures and all ground conditions.
Included in design are applied loads, actual and allowable stresses, overload capacity factors, soil
parameters and other pertinent information.
Foundations shall be capable of resisting all the design loadings and shall be designed to keep differential
and total settlements or other movements included the transmission of dynamic loading. The Design
Engineer shall ensure the stability of buildings and structures as whole or any part of them.
The design of foundation shall take into consideration the requirement of pipes, trenches, cable duct, duct
bank, anchor bolts or structural components and concrete protection.
All foundation in reclaimed areas shall be founded on piles or ground subject to ground improvement, as
recommended by soil investigation agency.
Ground improvement or Piling technique to be used shall be entirely meet the recommendation of the
soil investigation report and shall take into consideration the followings:
i. The water bearing nature and permeability of strata
ii. The presence of unstable sands and slits
iii. The nature of bed rock
iv. The presence of contaminating chemicals in ground water and soil
v. All other geological features
vi. Testing shall be required on each site where piling method or ground Improvement techniques
have been applied.
vii. Spread footing design, all overturning moments, vertical and horizontal loads shall be resisted
by vertical bearing pressures and no passive lateral resistance of the soil shall be considered.

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7.8.1.2 Loadings for Design

Considering the foundation as an extension of substation support structure or building structure, it is
obvious that foundation must resist some loading that structure resists. Analysis on the structural system
and appropriate combination of an axial, shear and moment loads acting on every foundation for each
loading case shall be done by the Design Engineer. For this purpose, information provided in this chapter
and other relevant NTDC specifications may be considered.
For substation structures, the Design Engineer shall analyze the loading combination acting on
foundations.
a) Wind Load
Table 7-1: Wind Loading
i. 10m high or high 0.1 N/cm²
ii. 10m up to 30m 0.125 N/cm²
iii. Above 30m 0.15 N/cm²
iv. Round surface 0.06 N/cm²
b) Imposed load
The value of dead load and live load has been mentioned in this chapter under section 7.10.2.
c) Equipment loads
Equipment load shall be determined by the weight of manufacturer's equipment supplied and by dynamic
or impact effect in case of switchgear and rotating machinery.
d) Temperature Effects
Temperature or Thermal effect shall be considered on structural design by climate based on following
Table:
Table 7-2: Mean Temperature and Temperature Variation

Material Exposed to Sun In Shade

Reinforced Concrete 30 25
Steel 30 25

In addition, where structural component is exposed to a different extent on opposite faces, consideration
shall be given to the thermal effects caused by resulting temperature gradient across the structural section.
In absence of other data, a temperature difference of 15 °C shall be considered.
The table of mean temperature above may not necessarily give maximum surface temperature conditions
and reference should be made to shade temperature. Consideration shall also be given to degree to degree
of exposure during construction.
Allowance shall be made for the stresses induced in any structure due to difference in temperature
between the surface of a member or between parts of structure.
The temperature of a concrete and steel surface exposed to sunshine may be taken as 70°C maximum.
e) Seismic Loads
As per Pakistan Building Code 2007, foundations shall be designed corresponding to seismic zone
probability.

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Table 7-3: Seismic Zones in Pakistan

Seismic Zone Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration
1 0.05 to 0.08 g
2A 0.08 to 0.16 g
2B 0.16 to 0.24 g
3 0.24 to 0.32 g
4 >0.32 g

Figure 7-4: Seismic zoning map of Pakistan according to Building Code of Pakistan (BCP 2007).
f) Crane Loads
All crane ways shall have their design load increase for the impact as follows:
a) A vertical force equal to 25% of the maximum wheel load.
b) The lateral force 20% of the weight of the trolley and lifted load only, applied one half at top of
each rail.
c) The longitudinal force of 10% of the maximum wheel loads of the crane applied at the top of
the rail.
g) Construction loads
Consideration shall be given to construction sequence to ensure that a structure is able to carry the design
loads which act before completion of the structure and, also that exceptional loads resulting from
construction sequence are catered for. This consideration shall include dead, wind and thermal loads
together with suitable imposed loads, as appropriate.

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 Combination of Loads
All parts of structure shall be designed for the worst combination of dead, imposed and equipment loads
with temperature, wind, seismic and other effects. The following load combinations shall be considered:
D.L. + I.L
D.L. + W.L.
D.L. + I.L. + W.L.
D.L. + S.L.
D.L. + I.L. + S.L.
Where,
D.L. = Dead Load
I. L. = Imposed Load
W.L. = Wind Load
S.L. = Seismic Load
The imposed load shall include for dynamic effects where appropriate. The imposed and wind loads shall
be combined with dead load and which each other in such a way to give the worst possible stresses at any
location. In addition, thermal effects shall be considered, where significant, acting in conjunction with
the combined load cases. Load cases need not be combined arbitrarily without regard of practical
possibilities.
Foundations shall be designed by using reactions imposed by the structures they support.
7.8.1.3 Safety Factors
The factor of safety applied to the foundation design shall be greater than the factor of safety applied to
the structure design. The overall factor of safety shall not be less than 3.0 against the maximum
anticipated pressure applied to soil.
Foundation design shall be based on allowable bearing capacity of soil if working load are to
be considered.
The factor of safety against sliding shall not be less than 1.5. For overturning during construction or
erection and other non-recurring load element and for all other conditions, the factor of safety shall not
be less than 2.0 based on working loads. Passive earth pressure from backfill shall be considered in
computing these factors of safety. Unless specified otherwise in detailed soil investigation the coefficient
of friction use in computing the safety factor against for cast -in-place foundation shall be 4.0.
For shallow foundation against uplift, factor of safety shall not be less than 1.5.
Unless otherwise established by soil investigation report or actual pile load test, minimum safety factor,
against long-term operating load shall not be less than 3.0 for compression and 2.0 for uplift.
The factor of safety for bearing pressure for dead loads against soil bearing capacity shall be at least 3.0
and for combined dead and live loads, the factor of safety shall be at least 2.0.

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7.8.2 Soil Information

7.8.2.1 Soil Profile
In accordance of Building Code of Pakistan (2007) - Seismic Provisions, following soil profiles have
been defined:
Table 7-4: Soil Profile Type
Average Properties for Top 30m (100ft) of Soil Profile
Soil Soil Profile
Shear Wave Standard Penetration Test
Profile type/General Untrained Shear,
Velocity, vs N [or NCH for cohesion-
Type Description su kPa (psf)
m/sec(ft/sec) less soil layers] (blows/ft)
SA Hard Rock >1500 >(4920)
750 to 1500 (2460 to - -
SB Medium Hard Rock
4920)
Very Dense Soil and 350 to 750 (1150 to
SC >50 >100 (>2088)
Soft Rock 2460)
175 to 350 (575 to 50 to 100 (1044 to
SD Stiff Soil Profile 15 to 50
1150) 2088)
SE1 Soft Soil Profile <175 (<575) <15 <100 (<1044)
SF Soil requiring Site-specific Evaluation

7.8.2.2 Soil Testing

Of utmost importance in the design of foundations is an accurate and thorough knowledge of the soil
characteristics. Soil boring and testing programs are required and shall be undertaken at any early date.
The relevant standards shall be utilized to promote uniformity in obtaining test data on soil samples
obtained in test boring programs.
For all foundations, site soil parameters must be ascertained from soil borings and from laboratory soil
tests and water sample test
The approval of Geotechnical investigation Agency must be sought from NTDC (Civil) design office
before execution of soil investigation report
Before carrying out soil investigation, the proposal for the soil geotechnical investigation plan shall be
submitted to NTDC for review and approval. Soil investigation report shall also be submitted to NTDC
for review and approval.
Bore logs data must be verified from NTDC representative/respective consultant’s at site and should be
made part in the soil investigation report.
7.8.2.3 Soil Bearing Values
For Spread/Isolated footing and mat foundations, allowable bearing pressure shall be limited by the
following considerations:
i. The factor of safety against ultimate shear failure must be adequate.
ii. Settlement under allowable bearing pressure shall not exceed the tolerable values.
Ultimate bearing capacity shall be analyzed and computed. Allowable bearing pressure shall be calculated
with safety factor not less than 3.0.

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For deep foundations such as drilled piers, the ultimate bearing capacity in cohesive and cohesion-less
soils shall be analyzed and computed.
7.8.2.4 Ground Water Table
Ground water table level is essential in foundation design because excavation below it requires
dewatering which increases the cost. It has a significant effect on the bearing capacity of shallow
foundations. The submergence of soil causes loss of all apparent cohesion and at the same time the unit
weight of submerged soil will be reduced to one half the weight of the same soil above water table. Thus,
bearing capacity shall be analyzed using the highest possible groundwater level derived from the Geo
technical Investigation report.
7.8.2.5 Differential Settlement
Clay, silt and silty sand are usually problematic soils. Weak strata of soil under a thin layer of dense or
good soil shall be carefully examined and taken in to account. To determine differential settlement
between foundations that would cause damage to support equipment, settlement shall be investigated and
reports submitted to NTDC for approval. Foundation shall be sized so that settlement under dead load
will not exceed 6m. Differential settlements of foundations for interconnected machinery is not
acceptable. Foundations for buildings shall be designed so that differential settlement will not produce
excessive stresses in structural members or cause crack in walls.
7.8.2.6 Chemical Tests
Soils may impact foundations and other buried systems as a result of chemical attack on concrete,
corrosion of steel, and other detrimental weathering. Consult a corrosion specialist or engineer familiar
with these chemical tests to determine the appropriate cement type based on prevailing solvable sulfate
and chloride ion concentrations within the soil or groundwater. Resistivity of the soil, pH, sulfides, Redox
readings, and nitrates may also have detrimental effects on concrete, steel, or grounded structures. These
conditions require localized testing and design.
7.8.2.7 Ground Improvement
Any measure taken to improve ground conditions shall be subject to approval of NTDC and in- situ test
shall be conducted to verify improvement ad results submitted for review.
7.8.3 Type of Foundations
The types of foundations mostly used for substation building structures and equipment support structure
can be summarized as following:
7.8.3.1 Drilled Piers
Drilled Piers used to support light equipment and structures having primarily horizontal and uplift loads
such as bus support and gantry structures.
7.8.3.2 Spread /isolated Footings and Mat Foundations
Spread/Isolated and Mat Foundations are usually preferred for foundation of control bu ilding and large
electrical equipment.
7.8.3.3 Pad Foundations
Pad foundations are sometimes recommended as foundations for miscellaneous equipment, and power
transformer.

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7.8.3.4 Driven Piles

Driven piles may be required where adequate bearing or uplift strength cannot otherwise be obtained.

7.9 Cable Raceways

Raceways, in the form of conduits, trays, and trenches, are used in substations to provide protection and
electrical segregation of cables.
7.9.1 Underground Raceways
7.9.1.1 Direct Buried Cable
Direct-buried cable, although the least costly underground method, should generally be avoided except
for lighting branch circuits, and then only in small installations. Circuit reliability can be continually
threatened by excavation. Metallic armored cables can minimize this damage and potential personnel
hazard but sacrifice the lower cost.
Most control and power cables, with insulation suitable for any below-grade installation, are suitable for
direct burial. However, without a surrounding case (conduit), the cables are subject to damage by
burrowing animals.
7.9.1.2 Direct Buried Conduit
In a small distribution substation, direct-buried nonmetallic conduit for control and power cable including
lighting circuits should offer the most economical underground system or cost/benefit ratio,
Select non-metallic conduit with a wall thickness suitable for direct earth burial. Except for equipment
risers, avoid conduit bends to limit cable pulling tension. Pulling tension should be limited to 454 kg
(1000 Ibs) when pulled with a basket grip. Control cables with conductors No. 16 AWG and smaller
should be limited to 40 percent of this value or lower if recommended by the manufacturer.
7.9.1.3 Concrete Encased Conduit (Duct Bank)
Concrete-encased duct bank is decreasing in popularity, giving way to cable trenches. In spite of the
growing popularity of cable trench use in substations, cases exist where duct banks have to be used, either
with or without concrete encasement. Cases in point could include conduits passing under heavy traffic
roads, posing a barrier to equipment movement, or blocking natural drainage. Resolve this or similar
situations when determining the preferred raceway system.
When several cables are placed in the same duct bank, the operating temperature of the inner cables could
exceed the safe operating temperature of the cab le insulation. To prevent this situation, the current
carrying capacity of the cable is de-rated, based on the NEC. Make sure the correct articles and tables of
the NEC are applied when determining the current-carrying capacity for concrete-encased duct bank
installations. The engineer can change the current-carrying capacity of the cable significantly by selecting
different duct bank configurations and spacing, etc.
7.9.1.4 Cable Trenches
The most significant advantage of cable trench use is the saving of labor during cable installation plus
the absence of cable pulling damage. Trenches are becoming the most acceptable cable installation
method, particularly in large installations.
Trenches may be constructed using blocks, cast-in-place concrete and pre-cast slabs. However, in NTDC
cast-in-place concrete trenches are used. Normally there are four types of trenches used in NTDC network
which are given in below table:

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Table 7-5: Type and Size of Cable Trenches

For 500kV Grid Station For 220kV Grid Station

Type Size (width) Type Size (width)

Type "1" 310 cm Type "A" 2x70 cm
Type "2" 2x80 cm Type "B" 70 cm
Type "3" 95 cm Type "C" 50 cm
Type "4" 65 cm Type "D" 30 cm

Figure 7-5: Type-D Trench used in NTDC

Figure 7-6: Trench to Handhole Conduit installation

7.9.2 Manholes
A companion item to some underground raceway systems is the manhole. Generally used in conjunction
with below-grade duct banks, a manhole serves as a pulling and splicing point for cable runs, as a point
to turn a duct line, and as a place to provide contraction and expansion of power conductors.
7.9.3 Hand-holes
Unlike manholes, hand-holes have a definite place in substation design. A hand-hole is essentially a
miniature manhole installed approximately 61 cm (24”) below grade and measuring about 3700
centimeter square (573.5 inch square). It serves as a pulling point for cables in a direct-burial conduit
system. To prevent floating, no bottom or floor is provided. This feature also allows easy conduit entry.
A split metal cover or a lightweight concrete cover with knockouts is used.

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7.9.4 Raceway Combination

In all but the simplest installation, combinations of the below-grade systems outlined above is used in a
given substation due to vary geographic location. The most common system is one using cable trench,
direct-buried conduit, hand-holes, and conduit rises. Figure 6-4 shows a typical system.
7.9.5 Overhead Raceways
7.9.5.1 Cable Trays
Cable trays offer ease of installation and circuit segregation within one tray. Pay attention to mounting
details to prevent weather damage. Substation structures and/or specially designed support structures can
be used. Consideration should be given for equipment removal in the design phase. It can be used for
fiber optic, control cable, LV cable and MV cable installation.
7.9.5.2 Plastic Conduit
Normally it is used for electric wiring within substation building and it is easy to install.
7.9.5.3 Metal Conduit
Metal conduit comes in three types: electro metallic tubing (thin wall), galvanized steel (heavy wall), and
aluminum. Installation of these conduit require labour as cutting, threading and bending tools are
required. The best application in a substation for this conduit is for serving lighting and convenience
outlets with conduit clamped to structural members.
7.9.5.4 Above Grade Cable Trench
A cable trench of block, cast-in-place, or precast concrete construction is satisfactory for above-grade
raceways. Construction would be identical to a below-grade trench.
7.9.6 Raceway Sizing
Raceway sizing is an important parameter in substation design, particularly for a large installation. When
laying out the underground system, it is important to visualize the station as it will be as expanded,
possibly to the ultimate configuration.
In sizing individual conduits of the system, good practice indicates 40 percent maximum fill for each
conduit. This means the total cross-sectional area (over insulation) of all conductors in a conduit should
not exceed 40 percent of the cross-sectional area of the interior of the conduit or duct. As an example, a
4-inch conduit has an internal area of 12.72 square inches; hence, at 40 percent fill, the total conductor
area should not exceed 5.09 square inches. This practice is allowed by NEC and refers to single ducts.
The NEC outlines the sizing of cable tray. The same article can be used as a guide for cable trench sizing.
The limits in the article can be exceeded within reason because the trench will be located outdoors with
normally lower ambient temperatures than for indoor tray.

7.10 Control House Building

As substations increase in voltage, size, and complexity, the necessity for supplement equipment such as
relays, meters, controls, batteries, communications equipment, and low-voltage distribution equipment
also increases. For larger substations, separate equipment housing is necessary.
A control house provides a weatherproof and, if required, environmentally controlled enclosure for
supplemental substation equipment. Additional space can be provided for workshops, equipment testing
and repair, storage areas, and lavatory facilities. Medium- and low-voltage switchgear can also be
contained within control houses.

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7.10.1 Control House Building Construction

This section discusses general aspects of the control house construction. It does not attempt to cover all
details of construction and relevant specification shall apply and shall be consulted. Normally control
house is a two storey building in NTDC network while single storey in DISCO network.
7.10.2 Foundation
The control house foundation typically consists of a spread footing with either masonry block or cast-in-
place walls. The footing is designed for an allowable bearing capacity based on soil data in the soil
investigation report. If soil data is not available, a maximum bearing of 0.5 kg/cm' can be used. The
footings are installed below frost depth and in accordance with Building Code of Pakistan (Seismic
Provisions-2007). For the structural calculation, the designer may consider the following loading:
i. Dead Loads
Water 9.87 kN/m3
Concrete 23.35 kN/m3
Steel 77.08 kN/m3
Soil 17.652 kN/m3
Sand 19.61 kN/m3
ii. Live Loads
Roof
Access 1.5 kN/m2
No Access 1.0 kN/m2
Floor (live load) 5.0 kN/m2
Live load at control and communication and relay room shall be
Concentrated Load 5 kN (Min)
Distributed Load 7.5 kN/m2 (Min)
Equipment Load To be obtained from equipment manufacturer
iii. Wind Load
The design wind load for building as whole or for individual components and cladding shall be as per
ASCE/SEI 7, with basic wind load of 160 km/hr and exposure category "C". Moreover, importance factor
of 1.15 shall be used in the calculation.
iv. Seismic Load
The lateral seismic zone load shall be computed as per Pakistan Building Code Seismic zone map of
Pakistan (2007). Moreover, importance factor of 1.25 shall be considered in calculations.
v. Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure
In the design of substation basement wall and vertical structure below grade, provisions shall be made
for lateral pressure of adjacent soil. In addition, allowance shall be made for possible surcharge from
fixed or moving loads. When a portion or whole of adjacent soil is below a free water surface,
computation shall be based on weight of soil diminished by buoyancy, plus hydrostatic pressure.

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vi. Load Factor and Combination of Loads

Substation structure shall be designed for the worst combination of dead, imposed and equipment loads
with temperature, wind, seismic and other factors. The load factor and load combination to be considered
as basis of design shall conform to the applicable code of ASCE, IBC and UBC.
Damp/water-proofing of foundation walls is desirable, especially if concrete block /bricks is used. If a
basement level is constructed, damp-proofing should be provided. Footing drains are usually provided
when a basement level is constructed.
7.10.3 Floor
The control house floor is typically a floating concrete slab 12.7 to 15.2 cm (5 to 6 inches) thick reinforced
with welded wire fabric, deformed steel bars, or a combination of both. The finished floor elevation is
usually 80 to 100 cm (31 to 40 inches) above the finished grade outside the control house.
The base beneath the floor slab should be 10.2 cm (4 inches) of compacted sand and gravel, thoroughly
mixed and compacted sand and gravel, or thoroughly mixed and compacted natural soil. A 0.15 cm (0.06-
inch) thick plastic film vapor barrier should be installed between the floor slab and the base.
The method for cable routing in the control house has to be considered before finalization of the floor
slab design. Cable trenches can be formed into the floor slab, or false floors can be installed providing
access to large areas below the finished floor.
7.10.4 Super Structure
The control house superstructure should be constructed from fire-resistant, low-maintenance building
materials. Masonry buildings constructed of block masonry are most economical when masonry module
dimensions are used to size the building and the building openings.
Two types of roof systems are commonly used for masonry buildings: precast, prestressed concrete
panels; and RCC slab. A sloping roof is recommended for both systems and can be obtained by pitching
the roof deck or installing tapered roof insulation. The roof membrane has to be compatible with the
slope. For the slopes of 8.3 cm/m (1 in./ft) and less, built-up pitch and slab is commonly used. For greater
slopes, gravel is used.
The control house should be equipped with at least one double door, possibly with a removable transom,
conveniently located to facilitate equipment entry and removal. In certain circumstances a second exit
needs to be installed in the control house. The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) states:
“If the plan of the room or space and the character and arrangement of equipment are such that an accident
would be likely to close or make inaccessible a single exit, a second exit shall be provided." The National
Electrical Code (NEC) also defines specific requirements for a second exit. The doors should include
locking devices, astragals to prevent water from entering, and adequate weather stripping and hardware
to permit a rapid exit from the control house.
Adequately ventilate the battery area, either by a natural or powered ventilation system, to limit
accumulation of hydrogen gas to less than an explosive mixture. A powered ventilation system needs to
be annunciated to indicate ventilation failure.
Provide portable or stationary water facilities or a neutralizing agent for rinsing eyes and skin in the
battery area in addition to proper eye protection and clothing.
Locate and mark adequate fire-extinguishing equipment in the control house.

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Windows can be provided, if desired, in office and lavatory areas. Battery rooms and control and metering
areas do not need windows.
Consider adequate methods for building insulation. These methods include use of insulated wall panels,
ceiling insulation, storm doors, and windows, and weather-stripping around all openings.
Masonry buildings may be left unpainted or may be painted with portland cement or latex paint. Tint all
prime coats to match the finished coat.
7.10.5 Control House Building Layout
The size of substation building shall provide adequate working space, height and electrical clearances for
all indoor equipment. Wherever possible, similar equipment shall be located to adjacent. Future
expansion shall be considered while allocating space to various equipment. Normally the layout plan of
two storey control house is as under:
i. Ground Floor Plan
Store, Toilet, Workshop, Battery Room, Relay Room, 5witchgear Room, Communication Room
ii. First Floor Plan
Control Room, Relay Testing Lab, Staff Room, Offices, Toilet
In a 132kV substation, single storey building is used and Relay and control panels are housed in a single
room.
iii. Equipment Arrangement
a) Relay and Control Panels
For 220kV and above substation, relay panels shall be installed in relay room while control panels shall
be installed in control room while for 132kV substations, both shall be installed in same room. A
minimum clearance of 1800 mm shall be provided between rows of panels and from wall/ columns face
which is nearest to panel. Panels associated with one feeder or transformer shall preferably be grouped
together.
b) Metal-clad Switchgear
All section of Metal-clad switchgear shall be housed in one room. The dimensions of metal-clad
switchgear cubicle and space required for removal of a circuit breaker shall vary depending of design and
rating of metal-clad switchgear or as per recommendation of manufacturer.
c) Station Battery
A separate battery room shall be provided and additional room for communication battery shall be
allocated. The battery room shall be sized according to number of battery banks, size of battery bank,
layout of racks and as to provide a clearance at least 150 cm between any battery and eye and skin wash
equipment.
The battery room shall be provided with a trapped and vented floor drain to serve eye and skin wash
facilities and wash down of electrolyte spills. The floor drain shall be connected to neutralizing pit before
connecting to drainage system.
d) Battery Charger
Battery charger is normally installed in control room while communication battery charger is installed in
communication room. Working space for battery charger shall not be less than 100 cm in any case.

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e) Auxiliary Panels
Auxiliary AC/DC panels shall be installed in control room and 15 cm space shall be maintained between
panels to facilitate conduit connection. DC distribution panel for the communication system shall be
installed in communication room. Working space for battery charger shall not be less than 1 m in any
case.

f) Communication Equipment
A separate communication room shall be provided to accommodate communication equipment, fiber
optic terminal and carrier equipment. Cabinets and racks for communication equipment shall be of
following types:
1. Swinging-Rack Cabinet
This type can be located with its back directly against the building wall or placed side by side and still
provide convenient access to the rear of the chassis mounted on the rack. Typical dimensions of this type
of cabinets are: H 220 cm , L = 85 cm and width 65 cm.
2. Fixed Equipment Rack
This type of equipment racks shall be floor mounted and installed side by side. Back access may be
needed depending on equipment design. Typical H 220 cm
g) SCADA Equipment
SCADA equipment shall be installed in control room and manufacturer's dimensional data shall be used
for installation shall be used.
h) HVAC
Please refer to chapter No. 10
i) Fire Suppression and Detection Equipment
Please refer to chapter No. 10

7.11 Finished Level in a Substation

Unless specified otherwise the surface of the substation yard must be finished with a 200 mm thick layer
of clean single sized 60 mm crushed fresh dolerite or basalt aggregate and it will act as ±0.00 level for
the substation. With reference to this level, the different finished levels in a substation shall be as under:
i. Substation zero level xcm* from N.S.L
ii. Control House Building 100cm from ±0.00 level
iii. Top of outdoor equipment foundations 20 cm from ±0.00 level
iv. Cable Trench top Level 20 cm from ±0.00 level
v. Access Road +5 cm from ±0.00 level
vi. Transformer way +5 cm from ±0.00 level
vii. Pavement +5 cm from ±0.00 level
* xcm distance from NSL to zero level

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CHAPTER 8 Grounding and Shielding

8.1 Grounding
8.1.1 Introduction
Power System installations and equipment requires grounding system. The performance of grounding
system is very important to ensure safety of humans and operation of protective devices. This section
applies to Grounding design at:
i. All new grid and primary substations.
ii. Existing substations where a material alteration (including a significant increase in fault level)
is to take place.
An effective substation grounding system typically consists of driven ground rods, buried interconnecting
grounding conductor or grid, equipment ground mats, connecting cables from the buried grounding grid
to metallic parts of structures and equipment, connections to grounded system neutrals, and the ground
surface insulating covering material. Currents flowing into the grounding grid from lightning arrester
operations, impulse or switching surge flashover of insulators, and line-to-ground fault currents from the
bus or connected transmission lines all cause potential differences between grounded points in the
substation and remote earth. Without a properly designed grounding system, large potential differences
can exist between different points within the substation itself. Under normal circumstances, it is the
current flow through the grounding grid from line-to-ground faults that constitutes the main threat to
personnel.
For reference material, IEEE Std. 80, “Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding,” is generally recognized
as one of the most authoritative guides available. It is recommended for any person concerned with the
design of substation grounding systems.
8.1.2 Purpose of Grounding System
A substation grounding is for the following functions:
8.1.2.1 System Grounding
i. To provide low fault impedance to the ground fault currents for prompt and consistent
operation of protective devices during a ground fault, and to limit potential rise of substation
equipment.
ii. To stabilize system neutral potential by grounding the neutrals of the equipment.
8.1.2.2 Safety Grounding
i. To provide means to carry electric currents into the ground under normal and fault conditions
without exceeding any operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of
service.
ii. To assure that a person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the danger of
critical electric shock.
8.1.3 Safety Consideration
Following parameter are taken into consideration for a design of an effective grounding system:
i. Tolerable Body Current Limit
ii. Tolerable typical Shock Situation i.e. metal to metal touch (Etouch), Step Voltage (Estep)

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The calculations involved and explanation of these factors are mentioned in the design procedure of
grounding system.
8.1.4 Components of Grounding System
A grounding system of a substation consists of the following components:
8.1.4.1 Grounding Grid /Mesh
The grounding grid/mesh is a combination of network of interconnected horizontally buried conductors
laid as far as possible at uniform spacing which is buried at a depth of 0.8m ~ 1.0 m below final ground
level (excluding the gravel) and shall encompass all of the area within the fence, and shall extend at least
l.0 meters outside the substation fence on all sides (if space permits), including all gates in any position
(open or closed) to enclose as much ground as practicable and to avoid current concentration and hence
high gradients at the grid periphery. A perimeter grid conductor shall also surround the substation
buildings, at a distance of 0.5-1.5 meters. All conductors shall be bonded at points of crossover by
thermoweld process. Following conductor size is used in NTDC network.
Table 8-1: Voltage Level and Diameter of Conductor
Voltage level (kV) Minimum Diameter of Horizontal
conductor (mm2)
132 95
220 120
500 185

8.1.4.2 Gravel
The entire area (except for roads, transformer ways etc.) inside the fence, and including a minimum of
l.0 meters outside the fence (if space permits), is surfaced with gravel of layer 200mm. For NTDC
grounding grid design, soil resistivity of gravel of 5000Ω-m shall be considered.
8.1.4.3 Grounding Rods
Grounding rods are used in a grounding system are used at the corner to avoid concentration of current
and high voltage gradient at the corners. Also, for two layer and multi-layer soil models, where the upper
layer has high soil resistivity, deep driven rods are considered so that the rod is in contact with low
resistivity lower soil layer. Other than corners they are particularly installed at following location in a
Substation:
i. For neutral grounding of a transformer
ii. Additional earthing rod near power and auto-transformer is provided for safety grounding
iii. Surge arresters are also provided with earth rods to provide low impedance path to the surges
In NTDC normally l6mm ɸx 3.0m rods are used, however length of the rod may increase depending upon
the requirement. Ground rods are installed with their top, 0.8 to 1.0 m minimum below grade and bonded
to the grounding grid by thermoweld process.
8.1.4.4 Connections
The required connections of the mesh are made through cross type connection where straight conductor
run along the perimeter.
Pigtails/risers are left at appropriate locations for grounding connections to structures or equipment. The
pigtails/risers are then readily accessible after backfilling for the above grade connections.

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8.1.5 Design of Grounding System

8.1.5.1 Design Procedure
The block diagram of Figure-1 illustrates the sequence of steps to design the grounding grid.
Step 1: The general location map shall provide information of the substation area to be grounded.
Soil resistivity test shall be carried out using Wenner’s four pin method described in
ANSI/IEEE Std. 81.
Step 2: The minimum conductor size shall be determined using Eq. 15.
Step 3: The tolerable step and touch voltages shall be determined using Eqs. 2 and 3.
Step 4: The preliminary design shall include a conductor loop surrounding the entire grounding
area, plus adequate cross conductors to provide convenient access for the equipment
grounds etc. The initial estimate of conductor spacing and ground rod locations shall be
based on IG and the area being grounded.
Step 5: The resistance of the system grounding (Rg) in uniform soil shall be determined using
Eq.16. However, for two layer and multi-layer soil, computer analysis based on modeling
the grounding system shall be used to compute the resistance.
Step 6: Maximum value of grid current IG shall be determined using Eq. 6.
Step 7: If the GPR of the preliminary design, calculated using Eq. 9, is below the tolerable touch
voltage, no further analysis is necessary. Only additional conductor required to provide
access to equipment grounds is necessary.
Step 8: However, in case the safety criterion of Step 7 is not met, then the mesh and step voltages
shall be calculated using Eqs. 10 and 11.
Step 9: If the calculated mesh voltage is below the tolerable touch voltage, the design may be
complete. However, if the calculated mesh voltage is greater than the tolerable touch
voltage, then the preliminary design need to be revised [see Step (11)].
Step 10: If both the calculated touch and step voltages are below the tolerable voltages, the design
needs only refinements required to provide access to equipment grounds. If not, the
preliminary design must be revised [see Step (11)].
Step 11: If either the step or touch tolerable limits are exceeded, revision of the grid design is
required. These revisions may include smaller conductor spacing, additional ground
rods, etc.
Step 12: After satisfying the step and touch voltage requirements, additional grid conductors and
ground rods may be required. The additional grid conductor may be required, if the grid
design does not include conductors near the equipment to be grounded. Additional
ground rods may be required at the base of surge arresters, transformer neutrals, etc. The
final design shall be reviewed to eliminate hazards due to transferred potential.
Note: GPR shall be restricted to around 5000 V as far as possible to safe guard microprocessor based
equipment and communication equipment.

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8.1.5.2 Use of Computer Analysis in Grid Design

Computer algorithms alone shall be used in complex situations for designing grounding system such as
two layer models, multi-layer models etc. Commercially available computer programs can be used with
the approval from NTDC. Computer programs shall be based on IEEE-80 calculation methods.

Figure 8-1: Design Process Flow Diagram

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8.1.5.3 Definitions & Formulae

1. Tolerable Body Current Limit
Shock current that can be survived by 99.5% of persons (weighing approximately 50kg) is governed by
the following formula:

.
= ....... Eq. 8-1

where:
IB = rms magnitude of tolerable shock current through the body in Amperes.
ts = Duration of the current exposure in sec. (Shock duration).

2. Tolerable Step (Estep) and Touch Voltage (Etouch) Criteria

Tolerable step and touch voltages are given by the following formulae:

( ) .
= ....... Eq. 8-2

( . ) .
= ....... Eq. 8-3

Where;
1000=Resistance of a human body in ohms from hand-to-both feet, from hand-to-hand, and from one foot
to the other foot.
Cs=Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer resistivity. It is 1 for no protective
surface layer (Protective layer resistivity equal to soil resistivity).

For protective surface layer of resistivity higher than soil resistivity, the value of Cs is < 1. The actual
value shall be determined by the following formula:

=+ . ....... Eq. 8-4

.

Where;
hs=Thickness of the soil protective surface layer in meter
Ρ=Soil resistivity in ohms-meter
ρs=Resistivity of the surfacing material in ohms-meter

For all grounding design calculations, the value of Cs can also be obtained from Figure-2 given below:
Where

= ....... Eq. 8-5

To ensure safety, the actual step voltage, touch voltage, metal-to-metal touch voltage, or transferred
voltage must be less than the tolerable limits.

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Figure 8-2: Surface Layer Derating Factor (Cs) Versus Thickness of Surface Material (hs)

3. Determination of Maximum Grid Current

The maximum grid current (IG ) is defined as follows:
= ⋅ ....... Eq. 8-6

Where
IG=Maximum grid current in Amperes.
Df=Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault (tf) in seconds. This accounts for the asymmetry of
the fault current, i.e. the effect of DC current offset. Df depends on system X/R ratio and fault duration.
For NTDC system with minimum shock duration of 1sec.
Ig =R.M.S symmetrical grid current in Amperes. It represents the portion of the symmetrical ground fault
current that flows between the grounding grid and surrounding ground. It can be expressed as follows:
= ⋅ ....... Eq. 8-7
Where
Sf=Current division factor relating the magnitude of fault current to that of its portion flowing between
the grounding grid and surrounding ground. This factor is normally computed as per IEEE 80. However,
for NTDC application, the minimum value of this factor shall be taken as 0.7 unless otherwise specified.
If=Breaker short circuit rating.
Taking the above definition into account maximum grid current IG shall be:
= . ⋅ ....... Eq. 8-8
4. Calculation of Grid Potential Rise (GPR)
Grid potential rise (GPR), which is given by the following formula:
= . ....... Eq. 8-9

Where:
IG = Maximum Grid Current in Amperes
Rg = Grid resistance in ohms

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GPR shall be restricted to around 5000 V as far as possible to safe guard microprocessor based equipment
and communication equipment.
5. Calculation of Mesh Voltage (Em)
Mesh voltage Em is represented by the equation:

= ....... Eq. 8-10

Where
Ρ=Soil resistivity in ohm-meter
Km=Spacing factor for mesh voltage
Ki=Corrective factor accounting for grid geometry=0.644 +0.148 x n
LM=LC + LR for grids with no ground rods, or grids with only a few rods scattered throughout the
grid but none located in the corner or along the perimeter of the grid.
Or

+ ⋅ + ⋅ ....... Eq. 8-11

For grids with ground rods in the corner as well as along the perimeter and throughout the grid.
Where:
LM = Effective buried length
LC = Total length of grid conductors in meter
LR = Total length of ground rods in meter.
Lx = Maximum length of the grid in x direction in meter
Ly = Maximum length of the grid in y direction in meter
Lr = Length of each ground rod in meter

The geometrical factor Km, is given by the expression:

( )
= + − + ( )
....... Eq. 8-12

Where
Kii = Corrective weighting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh= 1 for
grids with ground rods along the perimeter,
Or for grids with ground rods in the grid corners, as well as both along the perimeter and throughout
the grid area

1
=
(2 )

For grids with no ground rods or grids with only a few ground rods, none located in the corners or on the
perimeter
Kh = Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth
ℎ
= 1+
ℎ

ho= 1 m (reference depth of grid)

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D = spacing between parallel conductors in meters

d = diameter of the grid conductor in meter
h = depth of ground grid conductors in meters
n = Effective number of parallel conductors in a given grid = na.nb.nc.nd.
where
2
=

nb = 1 for square grids

nc = 1 for square and rectangular grids.
nd = 1 for square, rectangular and L-shaped grids.

Otherwise;

=
4. √

.
.
=

=
+

Where:
Dm= Maximum distance between any two points on the grid
A = Area of the grid in square meter
Lr = Length of each ground rod in meter
Lp = Peripheral length of the grid in meter

6. Calculation of Step Voltage (Es)

Step voltage Es, between a point above the outer corner of the grid and at a point one (1) meter diagonally
outside the grid is given by the equation:

= ....... Eq. 8-13

Where
Ls = Effective buried conductor length in meter = 0.75 LC + 0.85 LR for grids with or without ground
rods

For simplification, the maximum step voltage is assumed to occur at a distance equal to the grid depth
(h) just outside the perimeter conductor. For the usual burial depth of 0.25m < h <2.5m,

= + + ( − . ) ....... Eq. 8-14

7. Minimum Size of the Grounding Conductor

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The following equation shall be used to evaluate the minimum conductor size (in mm²) as a function of
conductor current:

= ....... Eq. 8-15

. ( )

where:
If = Symmetrical ground fault current in kA. (For NTDC system this value shall be breaker rated short
circuit current)
A = Conductor cross section in mm²
Tm = Fusing temperature in °C
Ta = Ambient temperature in °C
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity of conductor material at reference temperature Tr
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conductor at referenced temperature Tr in microohms cm
tc = Maximum possible clearing time. This shall be taken as 1.0 (one) second.
TCAP = Thermal capacity factor from Table 10-1 in J/cm³.°C

1 1
= = −
α α
Where,
Tr =reference temperature for material constants in °C
αr = thermal coefficient of resistivity of conductor material at 0°C in 1/ ºC

Note that αr and ρr are both to be found for the same reference temperature. Table 8-2 provides the material
constants for copper wire at 20°C.
Table 8-2: Material Constants for Copper wire at 20ºC
Description Material αr factor K0 at Fusing ρr 20ºC TCAP
Conductivity at 20ºC 0ºC Temperature (μΩ-cm) thermal
(%) (1/ºC) Tm (ºC) capacity
J/(cm3.°C)
Commercial, Hard
97 0.00381 242 1084 1.78 3.42
drawn copper
Annealed Soft
100 0.00393 234 1083 1.72 3.42
drawn copper

The final choice of conductor after calculation shall be from the nearest higher sizes shown in Table 8-2.

8. Ground Resistance Measurement

The substation resistance depends primarily on the area to be occupied by the ground system, which is
usually known in the early design stages.
The value of substation grounding resistance shall be calculated using the following formula:

= + + ....... Eq. 8-16

√

Where
Rg = Substation ground resistance in ohm
ρ = Average ground resistivity in ohm-m
A = The area occupied by the ground grid in m²

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LT = The total buried length of conductors in m. (In case of grid rod combination LT shall be combined
length of earthing conductor and ground rods).
h = Depth of grid in meters excluding gravel covering. This value is used for calculations even in case
the grid is partly embedded under the control building.

For 220 & 500kV substations, the ground resistance shall be equivalent to 1 ohm or less and for 132kV
substations, the ground resistance shall be equivalent to 2 ohm or less.

8.1.6 Structure and Equipment Grounding Requirements

Table 8-3: Structure and Equipment grounding

Structure/Equipment Safety Grounding System Grounding

Steel Structures Diagonally grounded N/A

Fences /Gates Grounded with flexible Cu. Strip N/A

Cables Metallic sheath grounding N/A

Grounded with bare copper

Cable tray System N/A
conductor

Substation Building Conductor Grounding N/A

Circuit breakers &

Diagonally grounded N/A
Disconnectors
Neutral point Grounded through
Power Transformer Diagonally grounded
stranded copper wires
Neutral point Grounded through
Instrument Transformers Metal Case grounding
stranded copper wires
Grounded through stranded copper
Surge Arresters Grounded through earthing rods
conductors
Station Auxiliary
Diagonally grounded Solidly grounded
Transformer

8.2 Substation Shielding

8.2.1 Introduction
The substations are provided with the shielding protection, to counter lightning strokes beyond BIL level
of the equipment/material and associated damage. Lightning is a natural phenomenon which has different
frequency of occurrence and magnitude in different geographical locations. The geographical profile and
frequency of strokes is available on NDMA site and different maps are available in research publications.
The same may be kept in consideration before designing shielding protection for substations.

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8.2.2 Shielding Design

Guidelines provided in latest version of IEEE 998 shall be followed in order to design the shielding
protection of the substation. Though historically conventional methods are used and there is no possibility
of providing 100% protection to the substation, however the shielding shall be designed to achieve
maximum protection.
The steel wire shall be used for shielding with zinc coating. The properties of the wire shall be in
accordance with the NTDC specification P-12:80. The shield wire of 7 strand shall be used with normal
diameter of 9 mm.
The shielding may be designed according to the fixed angles and rolling sphere method or as
recommended in IEEE 998. The details of the methods are given here.
8.2.2.1 Fixed Angle Method
The fixed angle method is conventionally used for the protection from lightning strokes. This method
uses vertical angles and determine the number, position, and height of shielding wires. The concept of
the shielding with fixed angles is provided below:

Figure 8-3: Concept of Shielding

The angle of shielding depends upon the importance of the substation and area covered. The commonly
used angle for alpha is taken as 45°, however the beta angle can be 30° or 45°. The value of the angle
shall also be reviewed depending upon the height of the substation. For the selection of protective angle,
it is suggested that angle of 40 degrees to 45 degrees is sufficient for heights up to 15 m, 30 degrees for
the substation heights between 15 and 25 m, and less than 20 degrees for heights to 50 m.
The height of the substation shall be according to the high-level gantry and the shielding angle shall be
adjusted according to that. The shielding protection shall be connected to the earthing mesh with great
care and redundancy.
8.2.2.2 Rolling Sphere Method
The rolling sphere method involves an imaginary sphere of appropriate radius, depending upon the
voltage level and other requirements. The sphere is moved on substation structures and checked if the
equipment coincides with it or not. If the sphere and equipment overlap at some point, the same is not
protected against the direct strokes. The demonstration is provided here:

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Figure 8-4: Rolling Sphere Method

The sphere is moved from point to point where shielding mast/wire/fences are present. Since in NTDC
system the shielding wire is used instead of mast, the concept of rolling spheres will be modified as
below:

Figure 8-5: Modified Rolling Sphere Method

It can be seen from the above description that if some area is not covered by the shield wire, it shall be
evaluated by the rolling sphere method shield wire terminating point as the mast.
It is pertinent to mention that the radius of the rolling sphere shall be different for different switchyards
depending upon the voltage level. The final shielding design shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer.

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CHAPTER 9 Major Equipment

9.1 Introduction
Major electrical equipment in a substation is generally categorized by longer delivery time, manufacture
only after receipt of a purchase order, custom design to some degree, and much greater cost per unit than
minor items such as insulators, bare wire, and conduit.
The specifications for such are determined not only by its relationship to other equipment in the substation
but also by pre-established system conditions and performance requirements. The following sections in
this chapter deal with the many possible variations in equipment. Procurement of major pieces of
equipment usually depends on a detailed technical specification.
Selection of the major equipment requires the utmost consideration. Cost, schedule, and performance.
The design process has great flexibility for change in minor items, but very little can be done in the
detailed substation design to overcome deficiencies in major equipment selection.
The forthcoming section highlights the practices with respect to the criteria used in the selection and
application of substation equipment in the electrical system of National Transmission & Despatch
Company (NTDC).

9.2 Power/Auto Transformers

9.2.1 General
Power Transformer shall be either two or multi-winding conventional transformers or auto-transformers.
It can be three phase or three single phase units. Normally selection between three phase and three single
phase units depends upon the required size of the transformer.
In NTDC network, for the conversion of transmission line voltage to sub-transmission line voltage is
done using a three winding auto-transformer which includes main windings (Y connected) and a delta
connected tertiary winding.
At DISCO level, for the conversion of sub-transmission line voltage to distribution line voltage, a two
winding power transformer is used in which the high voltage side of transformer is connected in Delta
while low voltage side is connected in Y.
9.2.2 Ratings
Please refer to chapter No. 2 Table 2-11 for the various ratings of transformers used in NTDC and DISCO
network.
9.2.3 Auto-Transformer
The auto-transformers are generally used for transformation from one transmission voltage to another
when the ratio is 3:1 or less. These transformers are connected in Y with neutral solidly grounded and
provided with closed delta tertiary winding.
The standard voltage transformation ratios of auto-transformers used are 525/231kV and 220/132kV.
Advantages of auto-transformers, when compared with separate winding transformer includes low losses,
better voltage regulation, smaller size, lighter weight and lower cost. The main disadvantages are lower
impedance and complex design problems in providing higher range of tapping.
9.2.4 Tertiary Winding
The application and use of the delta connected tertiary winding are as under

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 Act as the stabilizing winding and provide a path for zero sequence currents. Thus, the third
harmonic voltages are eliminated by circulation of third harmonic current in the short circuit
path of the delta winding.
 In substation applications, to supply auxiliary loads.
The tertiary winding shall be designed to be strong enough mechanically to have requisite thermal
capacity and to have sufficient impedance with respect to two main windings to be able to withstand the
electromagnetic effects of short circuit across main windings.
Normally size of the tertiary winding is one third of the main winding. Tertiary winding is brought out
using four terminals i.e. (open delta) in case of three phase unit and delta connection is completed and
one side is grounded using following arrangements. In case of the three single phase units, the delta is
completed externally and one side is grounded as per following:

Figure 9-1: Corner-Grounded Delta System arrangement

9.2.5 Impedance
Transformer impedance affects transformer voltage regulation, efficiency, and magnitude of through
short-circuit currents. Both regulation and efficiency are generally improved with lower impedance.
However, these desirable results should be viewed along with higher through-fault currents permissible
with lower impedance.
It is now recognized, however, that transformer impedance is an invaluable tool for the system designer
enabling him to determine system fault levels to meet the economic limitations of the switchgear and
other connected plant. The transformer designer is now, therefore, no longer seeking to obtain the lowest
transformer impedance possible but to meet the limits of minimum and maximum values on impedance
specified by the system designer to suit the economics of his system design.
9.2.6 Rating Criteria
The specified forced rating corresponds to single stage of two stage forced air cooling method. Each stage
of forced cooling shall enhance the MVA rating by 33% of ONAN rating. Accordingly, triple rating of
the transformer shall be stated as 60%/80%/100% for ONAN/ONAF1/ONAF2 respectively, unless stated
otherwise.
9.2.7 Types of Windings
The principle three phase connections of transformer windings are star (Y connected) and delta (D-
connected). The winding connection chosen influence the design of transformer and the amount of
material used.
9.2.7.1 Y-Connected
1. It is more economical for high voltage winding.
2. It has neutral point available.

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3. It permits direct earthing or earthing through impedance.

4. It permits reduced insulation level (graded insulation).
5. It permits the winding taps to be located at neutral end of each phase.
6. It permits single phase loading.
9.2.7.2 D-Connected
1. It is more economical for high currents.
2. In combination with star winding, it reduces the zero-sequence impedance in that winding.
9.2.8 Vector Group (Phasor Symbol)
The vector group of two winding transformer used in NTDC network and Disco networks is Dyn11.
While for the unit transformers the vector group used is YNd1 corresponding to phase displacement of
+30o or -30o respectively.
The advantage of delta/star winding is that third harmonic voltages are eliminated by the circulation of
third harmonic current in delta winding. This connection is equally good for step down as well as step up
applications.
The vector group of auto-transformer is YNa0d1.
9.2.9 Cooling
In power transformers, cooling is essential in order not to exceed the temperature rise of oil and winding
at maximum ambient temperature as described in chapter 2 and to prevent the accelerated loss of life of
insulation due to excessive internal temperature.
The most common type of cooling arrangements is specified and identified by a system of symbols in
IEC/IEEE, which indicates the cooling medium in contact with the winding, the cooling medium in
contact with the external cooling system and kind of circulation of each. The nomenclature used to
designate cooling system is as under:

Figure 9-2: Nomenclature for Cooling System

Based upon above analogy of system, various type of cooling methods are ‘ONAN’, ‘ONAF’, ‘OFAF’,
and ‘ONWF’ etc.
In NTDC ONAN and ONAF system is usually used and ONAF system is used in two stages i.e. ONAF1
& ONAF2 which can be controlled automatically.
For triple rated power transformers, the third rating corresponds to second stage of cooling. In order to
maintain the operational reliability of forced cooling system, 25% redundancy in forced cooling capacity
is required.

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Figure 9-3: Cooling Class Letter Description

9.2.10 Tap Changer
On-load tap changer shall be provided on HV windings. The number of taps, number of ± steps and step
voltage shall be as per NTDC relevant specifications. The control of tap changer shall be automatic unless
otherwise specified with supervisory control.
For inter-tie power transformers, operation of tap changers may be operated manually by the NPCC to
allow control of VAR flow.
The voltage regulation of the transformer shall be within the specified tapping range of the OLTC at
principal tap.
9.2.11 Parallel Operation of Transformer
In most cases, the purchase of two smaller size transformers, to be operated in parallel in one circuit, in
lieu of one full-size transformer, is not recommended. Two transformers will cost more than a single
transformer of equivalent capacity, their combined losses are higher, and they require a more elaborate
and expensive substation structure to accommodate them. However, where a situation exists for possible
parallel operation, such as where continuity of at least partial service in event of failure of one unit is of
great importance, the transformers should be individually protected and the following guidelines
considered. Any two or more transformers can be operated in parallel, provided their impedances are in
the same order of magnitude when considered on their own kVA base, their voltage taps and voltage
ratios are essentially the same, and their polarity and phase voltage displacement are or can be made alike.
Equal impedances will permit proportionate sharing of the load between transformers. If not equal, the
load will be divided in inverse proportion to the magnitude of the impedance. However, if the smaller
unit has the lower impedance, it will carry more than its share of the load and may even become severely
overloaded, while the larger unit still has available capacity. This is demonstrated in the following
example. Protecting transformers operating in parallel as a single unit is not recommended. The
sensitivity of the high-side protection is significantly reduced, and the occurrence of nuisance tripping
during energization is increased due to incorrect differential relay harmonic restraint unit operation. The
satisfactory parallel operation of transformers is dependent upon five principal characteristics; that is, any
two or more transformers which it is desired to operate in parallel should possess:
1. The same inherent phase angle difference between primary and secondary terminals.
2. The same voltage ratio.
3. The same percentage impedance

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4. The same polarity.

5. The same phase sequence.
Refer to IEC 60076-8 and J&P transformer book for additional information on parallel operation of
transformers.
9.2.11.1 Condition I - Larger Transformer Has the Smaller Impedance:
Two transformers, T1 and T2, are operating in parallel. T1 is rated 10 MVA with an impedance of 10
percent. T2 is rated 25 MVA with an impedance of 7 percent. On a common 100 MVA base, impedance
of T1 is 100 percent and impedance of T2 is 28 percent. Power flow divides inversely with the relative
impedances on a common base. Assuming a total power flow of 30 MVA, T1 would carry 6.6 MVA and
T2 would carry 23.4 MVA, both within their ratings. The power flow distribution is obtained by solving
two simultaneous equations, where P1 and P2 represent the power flows through T1 and T2, respectively,
and Z_100 is the impedance on a 100 MVA base
+ = ....... Eq. 9-1

= ....... Eq. 9-2

9.2.11.2 Condition II - Smaller Transformer Has the Smaller Impedance:

The same as Condition I, except T1 has an impedance of 7 percent, and T2 an impedance of 10 percent.
On a 100 MVA base, the impedance of T1 is 70 percent and the impedance of T2 is 40 percent. T1 would
carry 10.9 MVA and T2 would carry 10.1 MVA. T1 is clearly overloaded, whereas T2 has capacity to
spare.
9.2.11.3 Condition III - Both Transformers Have Equal Impedances - Preferred Condition:
The same as Condition I, except both T1 and T2 have equal impedances on their own base of 8 percent.
On a 100 MVA base, T1 has an impedance of 80 percent, and T2 has an impedance of 32 percent. T1
would carry 8.6 MVA and T2 would carry 21.4 MVA. Each transformer is carrying its correct share in
proportion to its MVA rating.

9.3 Power Circuit Breakers

By definition, a circuit breaker is a device that closes and interrupts (opens) an electric circuit between
separable contacts under both load and fault conditions.
9.3.1 Selection Criteria of Power Circuit Breakers
There are a few different criteria to consider when selecting a circuit breaker including voltage, frequency,
interrupting capacity, continuous current rating and unusual operating conditions.
9.3.2 Classification of Power Circuit Breakers
Breakers are usually classified as “dead tank” or “live tank” construction. “Dead tank” means that the
circuit breaker tank and all accessories are maintained at ground potential, and the external source and
load connections are made through conventional bushings whereas “Live tank” means that the metal and
porcelain housing containing the interrupting mechanism is mounted on an insulating porcelain column
and is therefore at line potential. For the outdoor applications, now almost every circuit breaker is live
tank circuit breaker. Some old substations have dead tank circuit breakers are installed.
In addition to classification as “live tank” or “dead tank” construction, circuit breakers are classified in
terms of interrupting media as well. Two main types are known as oil and oil-less design. The oil types

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comprise “Minimum Oil” and “Bulk Oil” whereas oil-less comprise “Air Blast”, “Vacuum” and “SF6
Gas” circuit breakers.
Breakers are also classified as three-pole, single-throw, and independent pole operation. Three-pole
single-throw breakers utilize one mechanical device to trip all three poles with a linkage to gang the
operation together.
The operating mechanism of a circuit breaker has to be designed to ensure positive or definite opening
of the circuit breaker, and circuit interruption has to occur whether the tripping or opening signal is
received with the circuit breaker fully closed or in any partially closed position. The operating mechanism
should also be capable of closing, reclosing and latching closed the circuit breaker when applied to the
short circuit current.
9.3.3 Application of Power Circuit Breakers
The oil breakers are no more utilized in NTDC network while Air-blast circuit breakers are also not
proposed due to stringent air quality.
There NTDC has only specifications for Vacuum type and SF6 type circuit breakers.
9.3.3.1 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
The application of VCBs in NTDC/DISCO system is limited to the Metal-clad switchgear up-to voltage
level of 36kV.
Vacuum circuit breakers are generally manufactured up-to 69kV, continuous current ratings up-to 4000A,
and cover almost all standard interrupting ratings up-to 50kA. The pressure in interrupting chamber is
10-11 bar.
9.3.3.2 SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers
The application of SF6 is from 36kV to 800kV voltage level and NTDC/DISCO system utilizes this
breakers for 132kV, 220kV and 500kV voltage level.
SF6 circuit breakers are generally manufactured up-to 800kV, continuous current ratings up-to 4000A,
and cover almost all standard interrupting ratings up-to 63kA. The pressure in interrupting chamber is 6
bar.

9.4 Disconnectors and Earthing Switches

9.4.1 General
By definition disconnector is mechanical switching device which provides in an open position isolating
distance suitable to meet specified electrical withstand requirements. Disconnectors may be used to make
and break the circuit when either the current is negligible or no significant change in voltage occurs across
the terminals of each of the disconnector poles. It is also capable of carrying load currents under normal
circuit conditions and carrying, for a specified time, currents under abnormal conditions such as those of
short-circuit.
An earthing switch is a mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit and capable of
withstanding for a specified time, currents under abnormal conditions such as those of a short-circuit. An
earthing switch is not required to carry current under normal conditions.
Disconnectors are primarily used for isolating equipment such as live apparatus and buses for testing and
or/maintenance purpose. These are also used for sectionalizing the electric circuits. The diconnectors are
designed to carry out the rated load currents and remain closed during flow of fault current. Generally,

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these devices are not designed to interrupt the load current. At transmission voltages it is usual for
disconnectors to be power operated. Earthing switches maybe power or manually operated.
Fault current in excess of specified rating may cause disconnectors to blow open by magnetic forces of
short circuit current. High pressure contacts are used to prevent this opening. NTDC requires silver plated
contacts. High contact pressures ensure self-cleaning action – a characteristic of utmost importance in the
high pollution areas.
9.4.2 Types of Disconnectors
There are four types of disconnectors in common use
1. Center Break (Rotary)
2. Horizontal Double Break
3. Pantograph (Vertical)
4. Vertical Break
The way in which these types of disconnector operate has an important effect on the design of the
substation. Three insulation conditions must be considered while selecting disconnectors
1. Phase to earth insulation level
2. Phase to phase insulation level
3. Insulation level across the open contacts of one phase
The insulation level across particular contact is important in areas where surge over voltages can occur
across the disconnector.
9.4.3 Applications of Disconnectors
The application of Disconnector/Isolator is from 33kV to 500kV voltage level and NTDC/DISCO system
utilizes Disconnector/Isolator for 132kV, 220kV and 500kV voltage level.
Disconnector/Isolator are generally manufactured up-to 550kV, continuous current ratings up-to 3150 A,
and rated short circuit duration up to 3 secs.

9.5 Surge Arresters

9.5.1 General
Surge arresters are the basic protective devices against system transient over voltages that may cause
flashovers and serious damage to equipment. They establish a baseline of transient overvoltage above
which the arrester will operate to protect the equipment. When a transient overvoltage appears at an
arrester location, the arrester conducts internally and discharges the surge energy to ground. Once the
overvoltage is reduced sufficiently, the arrester seals off, or stops conducting, the flow of power follow
current through itself and the circuit is returned to normal. The use of surge arresters provides superior
protection compared to a coordinating gap. A big advantage is that system fault is not caused by the
operation of surge arresters.
9.5.2 Classification of Surge Arresters
The two principal types of surge arresters include gaped silicon carbide and gap-less zinc oxide, the latter
are now most commonly used. The silicon carbide arrester consists of a stack of a silicon carbide blocks
with series gap. There is some variation in voltage at which “spark-over” occurs, especially for steep-
fronted surges where threshold voltage rises (IEC 99.1).

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The zinc oxide surge arrester very simple in construction. It is gap-less and consists of a stack of zinc
oxide block. Its characteristics can be set very precisely and unless temporary over voltages are relatively
high (such as in case of a non-effectively earthed system) then it is usually possible to obtain lower
protective levels compared with the gapped type of arresters.
9.5.3 Application of Surge Arresters
The application of surge arrestor is from 11.5kV to 500kV voltage level and NTDC/DISCO system
utilizes surge arrestors for 132kV, 220kV and 500kV voltage level. Surge arrestors are generally
manufactured up-to 500kV with discharge current ratings up-to 20 kA and short circuit withstand current
up to 63 kA.

9.6 Shunt Reactor

9.6.1 General
By definition shunt reactor is an electrical equipment used in high voltage power transmission systems
to stabilize the voltage during load variations. Shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus
increases the energy efficiency of the system.
9.6.2 Classification of Shunt Reactors
Shunt reactors are classified as oil immersed type and air core dry type. Oil immersed type shunt reactors
can be constructed at all voltages but the use of dry type reactors is limited to relatively low voltages.
Oil immersed type shunt reactors are similar in construction to transformers. Their protection and
accessories are similar.
The installation of dry type single phase reactors can be triangular configuration in order to get good
phase symmetry. Side by side installation is also possible. Dry type reactors need a lot of free fenced
space around them. Special attention should be paid for the location of metallic parts and loops in the
vicinity of the reactor to keep temperature rise and losses at an acceptable level.
9.6.3 Application of Shunt Reactors
Shunt Reactors are generally manufactured for 500kV with maximum current ratings up-to 141 A. Shunt
Reactor is solidly grounded in NTDC system and cooling method generally used is ONAN.

9.7 Instrument Transformers

9.7.1 General
By definition Instrument transformers are the devices used to transform the values of current and voltage
in the primary system to values which are suitable for measuring instruments, meters, protection relays
and other similar apparatus. An essential property of an instrument transformer is that it isolates primary
voltages from accessible parts of the secondary system.
External insulation may be either the porcelain or polymeric type, internal insulation maybe on
impregnated, paper, polypropylene film, SF6, cast resin, mixed dielectric etc.
Traditionally instrument transformers have been either of the electromagnetic or in case of voltage
transformers, capacitive type. These provide an analogue secondary output at a modest power level.
During the recent years a new concept of instrument transformer design has been introduced providing a
digital output on an optical communication link. A number of sensors have been developed some are
based on new concepts such as Faraday’s phenomena (current transformers) and Pockel’s phenomena
(voltage transformers), others are based on conventional sensors (Rogowsk: coil as current sensor,

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resistive divider as a voltage sensor) with analogue to digital signal conversion. Digital optical instrument
transformers can be combined with HV equipment ( e.g Circuit breakers)
9.7.2 Voltage Transformer (VT)
Voltage transformers are either of the capacitor (CVT) or electromagnetic type. CVTs are used singly for
metering/Synchronizing purposes or in three phase sets for protection.
Electromagnetic VTs are used when a higher degree of accuracy than can be provided by a CVT, is
required. For example, for the purpose of high accuracy metering or when no other means of discharging
an overhead line or cable is available.
9.7.3 Current Transformer (CT)
Current transformers are specified by their primary rated current and their accuracy class which are
selected according to their service requirement
The rated current of the current transformers should be selected from the IEC series. Rated current and
ratios should be selected according to the requirements of continuous current rating, accuracy and
protection. Current rating can also be extended (120%, 150% or 200%). Current transformers can
continuously be overloaded by 20%.
When the characteristics of a network are liable to evolve, multi-ratio CTs are necessary to allow
flexibility in future development and an increase in circuit loading. They not only require an adequate
nominal current rating to allow for future requirements but also the ability to operate protection relays
when prospective short- circuit current levels are at minimum. Usually a number of secondary windings
are housed within a single primary housing
The application of accuracy classes is as follow
 0.1, 0.2,0.2s, 0.5 for measurement and metering
 and 5 & 10.0 for protection
Measuring and metering functions require a different secondary winding (core) from the protection
functions (which have different accuracy, secondary power rating and rated overcurrent factor).
9.7.4 Combined Current Voltage
In some cases current and voltage transformers are combined in one primary housing. The main
advantage of these transformers is that only one structure/foundation is required in the switchyard.
9.7.5 Applications of Instrument transformers
Instrument transformers are generally manufactured for 500kV, 220kV and 132kV systems with
maximum symmetrical short circuit current ratings up-to 50 kA and maximum fault duration of 3 seconds.

9.8 Cables
9.8.1 General
A cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or bundled, which is used to carry
current. This chapter highlights cable classification, selection, and sizing and installment practices in
NTDC system.
9.8.2 Cable Classification
Cables used in a substation are classified into following categories:

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9.8.2.1 Power Cables

The term power cable is used for the cables used in Medium voltage and high voltage systems to deliver
the bulk power from one point to another.
In NTDC and distribution network, it is used in the MV system mostly. However, as per circumstances,
HV under-ground cable i.e. 132kV can also be used for connections into, out of and within a substation.
This requirement arises specially in a populated urban area where entry of overhead line is not possible.
Cable have to be terminated in sealing ends which provides transition from cable insulation to other
insulating medium. I.e. air/SF6
9.8.2.2 Small Power/ Control Cables
These cables are applied at relatively low current levels or used for automation and instrumentation. The
nominal voltage rating of these cable is 600/1000 V. Bases upon the application, it can be single core or
multicore. Single core cables are generally used for internal wiring of panels whereas multicore cables
are used in ducts, conduits, trenches or trays on different type of services e.g. connection of protective
devices, monitoring, data recording, conveyance of information, connection of circuits with heavy
magnetic trip or break devices, connection DC circuits etc.
9.8.3 Cable Selection
When selecting cables, the rated voltage, ampacity requirements, operating and environmental
conditions, safety requirements and economic considerations have to be taken into account.
9.8.3.1 Conductor
Conductor of the cables are identified with the material (copper or aluminum), type (solid or stranded)
and finish (plain or tinned) as specified in IEC 60228. Generally, copper is preferred to aluminum because
of the better termination reliability and higher ampacity of copper over aluminum. Stranding of the
conductor depends on the flexibility requirement.
9.8.3.2 Insulation
The most common insulating material used in cables is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or cross-linked
Polyethylene (XLPE). Now a days almost all cables uses XLPE due to its suitability for use in wet and
dry locations, and a continuous conductor operating temperature of 90°C throughout its life.
9.8.3.3 Shielding
Shielding of cable is for the purpose of reducing or eliminating electrostatic interference between
conductors or groups of conductors within the cable or outside interference on cable conductors. Usually
a metallic screen of one or more annealed copper shielding tapes or a combination of copper wires and
tapes is applied helically for shielding purpose.
9.8.3.4 Jacket
Jacket (Sheath) is used over individual insulated wires or over multi-conductor cables to provide
environmental criteria, mechanical protection and fire resistance. Generally used sheathing compound is
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) type ST2.
9.8.4 Cable Sizing
Following are the main factors while doing the cable sizing:

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9.8.4.1 Ampacity
Conductor sizing based on ampacity is made by calculating the current required to serve the connected
load. The cable should be capable of carrying normal and emergency load currents. Since the type of
installation of cable plays an important part in ampacity rating therefore, when cables are routed through
several types of installation conditions, conductor size shall be selected based on the most severe site and
environmental conditions.
9.8.4.2 Voltage Drop
When a circuit supplies power to a load, it experiences a drop in voltage and a dissipation of energy in
the form of heat. The allowable voltage drop shall be limited to 5 % of the system nominal voltage
throughout, from the supply sources to the load ends. Voltage drop restriction will require an increase in
conductor size.
9.8.4.3 Short Circuit Capability
Short circuit current will require an increase in conductor size selected if it is not sufficient to dissipate
the heat generated under fault conditions. In substation LV cable systems, conductor short circuit
capability shall not be considered. However, cable from station transformer to main distribution board
should be checked for short circuit capability. Short circuit capability of the cable size selected for station
transformer to main distribution Board shall be checked with the formula derived on the basis of IEC
60724.
.
= ∗ (For copper conductor PVC insulated)
√
.
= ∗ (For copper conductor XLPE insulated)
√
Where,
Isc = Short circuit current in kilo amperes
t = Duration of short circuit current in seconds
A = Cross sectional area of conductor in mm²

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CHAPTER 10 Auxiliary Power Systems (AC/DC)

10.1 Introduction
The A.C/D.C auxiliary power systems consists of self- contained and self-supporting A.C and D.C
auxiliary service panels which are equipped with circuit breakers for incoming and outgoing circuits,
protective devices, meters, C.Ts, station service transformer and its auxiliary equipment. A.C and D.C
panels are fed through LT underground cables.

10.2 Standard Auxiliary System Voltages

10.2.1 A.C Supply
AC distribution panels are installed in a 3-phase 4 wire L.T distribution A.C system and two wire D.C
system with characteristics given below. The neutral on the LT side is solidly grounded at the 11,000/415
Volts distribution transformer.
Table 10-1: Rating table for A.C Supply
Normal voltage 240/415 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Operating voltage supply limits ±10 %
10.2.2 D.C Supply
Table 10-2: Rating table for D.C Supply
Operating range for 110V 90-130 Volts
Operating range for 220V 180-260 Volts

The D.C supply is usually taken as 110V unless otherwise stated.

10.3 AC Auxiliary System

A substation ac auxiliary system consists mainly of the following parts:
i. Incoming and outgoing panels
ii. Bus bars
iii. Two pad mounted station service transformers
iv. Diesel Generator with Auto transfer switching scheme
In NTDC there is normally one incomer panel and two outgoing panels for 11 kV pad mounted
transformers. Further from pad mounted transformers power is fed to AC auxiliary panels where there
are two bus bars for LT accommodation then one bus bar for diesel generator with Auto Transfer
switching scheme.
10.3.1 Pad Mounted Station Service Transformer
The pad mounted transformer shall be suitable for installation in a three phase underground 11 kV system.
Normally 200kVA pad mounted transformer is used. 400kVA and 630kVA pad mounted transformers
are also used where required.
Table 10-3: Rating table for Pad mounted Transformer
Characteristics Ratings
Nominal System Voltage 11 kV

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Characteristics Ratings
System Highest Voltage 12 kV
Frequency 50 Hz
Maximum Symmetrical short Circuit 12.5 kA or 25 kA
current
Vector Group Dyn11

10.3.2 AC Main Distribution Panel

Ac distribution panels distribute the AC power coming off outfitted with bus bars, fuses, circuit breakers,
and other devices based on system needs. Generally they are designed for indoor use and are mounted on
the floor .AC distribution panel consists of three phase bus bars, main and emergency supplies,
appropriate connections, incoming and outgoing circuit breakers, relays, instruments, meters,
annunciators, cable glands and suitable trays all mounted in a metal enclosure.
10.3.3 Determination of AC circuit Requirement
Substation ac auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads such as:
1. Transformer cooling, oil pumps,
2. Outdoor device heaters
3. Outdoor lighting and receptacles
4. Control House Building
a. Lighting and receptacles
b. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
c. Battery charger input
10.3.3.1Design Requirements
a) Demand Load
Tabulate the connected kVA of all substation ac loads and apply a demand factor to each. Demand kVA
is used to size the auxiliary transformer(s). In auxiliary transformer sizing, examine the substation growth
rate. If expansion is planned in the near future, consider the estimated demand load of the expansion in
the transformer size. If expansion is in the far future, it may be economically advantageous to plan for
the addition of a transformer at expansion time.
b) Number of Primary Feeds
As substation size increases, customer load criticality increases. A decision has to be made as to
Redundancy of substation auxiliary services in light of economics and customer requirements. Large
transmission substations, servicing large load blocks, and distribution stations, should have dual feeders
serving two separate auxiliary transformers. When dual feeds are selected, locate two separate,
independent sources so the loss of one will not affect service of the other. Designate the least reliable as
the alternative supply. A popular option to consider in this case is the use of a tertiary winding of the
power transformer as a normal source. An alternative source could be a distribution feeder at a customer
service level, 480 or 240 volts, single or three phase. Depending on auxiliary secondary voltage level
selected, this could eliminate one transformer.
c) Secondary Voltage Level
Several secondary voltage or utilization levels are available for ac auxiliaries. For the purposes of
standardization, on a given power system it is best that only one level be selected.

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10.4 DC Auxiliary System

10.4.1 DC Requirements
Substation dc auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads consisting of the following:
a. Relaying, supervisory, alarm, and control equipment
b. Emergency control house lighting
c. On-load tap changers
d. SF6 circuit breakers with spring charge mechanism
e. Motor-operated disconnecting switches
The design of the DC auxiliary systems allows the ultimate development of the substation. Each system
must be a high reliability standby system consisting of a battery bank (each battery bank consists of 2
battery strings in parallel), individual isolation and protection (using Isolation and Test Panels), individual
battery charger and DC distribution board. Except where separate 48V DC battery is required. There must
be either one or two 220/110V DC supply systems to supply the control and protection circuits for the
major plant and ancillary systems within the substation, plus one or two 48V DC supply systems if
required, to supply communications and SCADA control equipment. Substation. DC Supplies provides
guidance as to the number of systems required and whether the 48V DC system is to be provided by
DC/DC converters or separate batteries. In some unclear cases DC/DC converters, DC/AC converters,
and DC distribution boards for the 220/110V and 48V DC supply systems batteries and chargers are
required. DC/DC Converters must be used to supply equipment at DC voltages other than 110V.In NTDC
network separate batteries are used rather than DC/DC or DC/AC converters.
10.4.2 DC Main Distribution Panel
Likewise AC system , DC auxiliary system contains positive and negative bus bars ,main and emergency
supplies, appropriate connections, incoming and outgoing circuit breakers, relays, instruments, meters,
annunciators, cable glands and suitable trays all mounted in a metal enclosure forming a panel.
10.4.3 Determination of DC circuit Requirements
Design of the DC supply systems includes selection of suitable capacity, layout within control
Building, allocation of circuits and wiring of all of the following,
1. Battery banks
2. Battery chargers
3. Isolation and test panels
4. DC/DC converters
5. DC Distribution Boards
6. DC/AC inverters (where required)
7. All cabling between the components
The Substation Designers will design and supply the 110V DC Supply Systems with chargers and battery
banks and the Communications Designers will design the 48VDC system. Emergency Lighting must be
provided within control and switchgear buildings, to enable safe entry, passage and exit from the building
and switchyard in the event of AC supply failure at night. A wall switch must be provided just inside the
control room (and switchgear room where installed in a separate building) to enable the emergency
lighting to be enabled or disabled when the normal AC lighting is turned on or off.

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10.4.3.1Batteries
A substation dc system consists of a battery of suitable voltage (number of cells) and suitable size
(ampere-hour capacity) connected in parallel with a control bus together with properly selected voltage
regulated charging equipment (battery charger). Two of the most important components of a substation
dc system are the main battery and charger. These components should be sized correctly. Under sizing
could possibly mean a circuit breaker reclose failure and undue service interruption. Oversizing, while
not damaging, is expensive. However, the cost of the supply is a fraction of total substation cost, and the
economics should be balanced with reliability. At a minimum, the main battery should be sized to allow
normal substation operation for 10 hours. In NTDC network there are two batteries with their separate
battery chargers. Generally, lead acid batteries are preferred but Ni Cad batteries can also be used.
Table 10-4: Standard Rating Table for Battery Bank
Ratings Type A Type B
System Nominal Voltage 110 volts 220 Volts
Normal voltage of cell 2 volts 2 volts
Open circuit voltage of cell 2.055 volts 2.055 volts
at full charge
Number of cell in battery 55 110

10.4.4 Battery Charger

Satisfactory battery life and service are more dependent on the design and specification of the charging
equipment than on any other external factor. The chargers are designed to give fully automatic voltage
stabilization and current limitations to provide proper charging characteristics to the battery.
Table 10-5: Rating Table for Battery Charger
Ratings Type A Type B
Nominal direct voltage 110 Volts 220 Volts
Rated direct voltage
Float 110-132 Volts 220-264 Volts
Boost 121 -143 Volts 242-286 Volts
Rated direct current 25 Amps 40 Amps
Rated AC Supply Voltages 240 Volts Single Phase 415 Volts Three Phase
Rated Supply Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz

The ampere capacity of the charger can be determined using Equation 10.1
= +( . )/ ....... Eq. 10-1
Where:
A = Charge capacity (amperes)
L = Continuous load (amperes)
C = Discharge (amperes hours)
H = Recharge time (hours)
10.4.5 Telecom Batteries
In NTDC network 48 Volts batteries along with their separate battery chargers are required for
telecommunication purposes.

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CHAPTER 11 HVAC and Fire Extinguishing System

11.1 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
This section provides general guidelines & requirements and by no means cover details of each
equipment. The details are listed in NTDC draft specification and have to be provided by the Contractor
along with details of design, performance, construction and technical literature.
HVAC systems are installed to provide comfort, low energy costs, good air quality at reduced noise
levels. The HVAC system in NTDC substations shall be installed in control room, relay testing
laboratory, office, relay room and PLC room. Ventilation shall be installed in battery room, 11 kV
switchgear room, workshop and store.
11.1.1 HVAC Design Parameters
HVAC System has been designed with conditions listed hereunder. These conditions are being given for
the information of the contractor to enable him to perform specified tests under these conditions.
11.1.1.1 Outside Design Conditions
a. Summer Dry Bulb Temp. 43.3 oC
b. Wet Bulb Temp: 28.3 oC
c. Latitude: 32 Degrees North
11.1.1.2 Inside Design Conditions
a. Dry Bulb Temp: 25 oC
b. Relative Humidity: 50(+/-5%)
The HVAC system shall have 50 percent standby capacity for the satisfactory operation of the equipment.
11.1.2 HVAC Duct System
The HVAC duct system shall comply with the applicable requirements of NFPA 90A, SMACNA (Sheet
Metal and Air Conditioning Contractor’s National Association), related NTDC specification and
drawings. The HVAC ducts, air terminal devices, accessories and supports shall be constructed of non-
combustible or fire resistant materials.
Duct insulation and insulation adhesives shall have a flame spread rating of not greater than 25 and a
smoke developed rating of not greater than 50 when tested in accordance with NFPA 255.
11.1.3 HVAC Equipment Shutdown
The HVAC control system shall be designed to shutdown the air conditioning equipment and close all
motorized fire/smoke dampers in case of fire, in conjunction with the operation of the fire detection and
alarm system. Upon restoration of panel to normal condition, the associated auxiliary systems of the
HVAC equipment shall be automatically operated again.
Approved photoelectric type duct smoke detectors with built in sampling tubes shall be installed in both
the main supply and return ducts of the air handling unit to initiate signals for the automatic shutdown of
the air conditioning unit and closure of smoke/fire dampers in case of fire. The operation of the duct
smoke detectors shall be supervised by the fire protective signaling panel. For non-ducted return air
system (plenum type) the return air duct detector will be omitted provided adequate number of ceiling-
mounted smoke and heat detectors are installed in the HVAC equipment room.

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11.1.4 Fire Dampers

All HVAC ducts penetrating fire rated walls, floors or partitions shall be provided with UL listed/labeled
fire dampers in accordance with ANSI/NFPA 90A.
For protection of openings in walls, partitions or floors with fire resistance ratings of less than 3 hours,
fire dampers shall have 1-1/2 hours fire protection rating.
For protection of openings in walls, partitions or floors with fire resistance ratings of 3 hours or more,
fire dampers shall have a minimum 3 hours fire protection rating.
In substations, motorized combination fire and smoke dampers shall be installed in the main supply and
return duct penetrations including the return air grille openings on all adjacent fire rated walls of the
HVAC mechanical room. Combination fire and smoke dampers shall comply with UL555 and UL555S.
All other duct penetrations and openings for louvers and grilles in fire rated walls and partitions shall be
provided with fusible link operated fire dampers with fusible link rating of 71°C. Fire damper shall
comply with UL 555.
The duct penetrations shall be sealed on both sides of the wall with 10 gauge galvanized steel sheet metal
enclosure.
11.1.5 Removal of smoke after fire
The exhaust air shall be moved directly outside, without re-circulating to other sections in the building
by controlled ventilation. Natural or mechanical ventilation for the removal of products of combustion
should be provided in control rooms, switchgear rooms, GIS rooms, battery rooms, basement of
switchgear rooms & GIS rooms, etc.
Panels or sky windows or any other approved methods in exterior walls / roof of the room under
protection, which can be opened remotely from approved locations may be used. Such windows and
panels and their control shall be clearly identified.
Smoke purging fan shall be provided to forcibly remove smoke / Clean Agent gas out of substation
building, with selector switch installed at a readily accessible location outside the protected area. Label
/instruction that read as follows shall be provided:
OFF Position - Normal Setting
ON Position - To be set only by concerned personnel after a fire incident or when extinguishing period
is reached.
11.1.6 Protection
The Contractor shall keep pipe, and other openings closed to prevent entry of foreign matter. All fixtures,
equipment and apparatus shall be covered and protected against dirt, water, chemical or mechanical
damage, before and during the construction period. All fixtures, apparatus or equipment damaged
including damaged shop shall be coated or painted prior to Final Acceptance. All outdoor equipment and
bright finished shafts bearings housings and similar items shall be protected against rust & corrosion.

11.2 Fire Protection

The use of protection systems and/or measures is usually based on :
i. Minimizing the hazard for the operators and the public and protecting the environment.
ii. Limiting the damage to power transformers and to adjacent apparatus, equipment and buildings

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iii. Minimizing the loss of customer’s service.

A Nitrogen Injection Fire Prevention System is generally preferred for outdoor installations,
predominantly to protect power transformers, CO2 for indoor installations
Smoke detectors (indoor), bimetal detectors and quartzoid bulbs with a detecting pipe system pressurized
with compressed air at 0.25-0.8 MPa are the most common fire detecting elements. To prevent inadvertent
operation of the fire protection system, the use of two detection systems is recommended. For starting
the fire fighting system of power transformers the use of the transformer protection relays is also
common.
To minimize the risk of fire damage, passive protection measures should also be taken to prevent a
propagation of fire or to limit damage, e.g. fire barriers between or around transformers, fire resistant
material etc.
i. A 200-300 mm layer of broken stones on the grid above the oil-containing pit.
ii. A stone filled pit
iii. A steel or concrete chamber connected to the oil retaining area by pipe(s), e.g. 5m long by 200
mm
Fire protection of cables in indoor and outdoor HV substations is usually only by passive measures to
reduce the fire propagation- fire stops (concrete, steel. Mineral wool, sand ,silicone) and/or fire resistant
painting. In installing fire barriers care must be taken to ensure that hot spots are not introduced. Power
and control cables should be installed along separate routes e.g. separate cable racks or separate trenches.

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CHAPTER 12 Revenue Metering/Secured Metering System

12.1 Purpose
This section specifies the minimum technical design and operational criteria for revenue metering, for
the purpose of electricity sales and flow, which must be complied with by all Generators and other users
connected to or seeking connection with the transmission system of National Transmission and Despatch
Company (NTDC).
For the purpose of settlement, electric energy (active and reactive) supplied and delivered at each pre-
defined Cut-off Delivery Points (CDP) must be measured and recorded through metering equipment
installed, operated and maintained under the metering code with the accuracy standards defined hereafter.

12.2 Location of Metering Points

Metering Point would be established at the secondary side of the transformers installed at the sending end
i.e. at Generator premises in case of connection between Generator and NTDC and at NTDC premises in
case of connection between NTDC and any DISCO. For that, metering room(s) shall be constructed at
the substation for point of connection between any party and NTDC. The location of Metering Point shall
be such that the cost of transformation losses shall always be with the Entity that owns the transformer.

12.3 Principle of Metering

Metering facility shall be provided at the point of connections between the Generator, NTDC and any
other user to accurately measure and record energy and maximum power (active and reactive both)
supplied to and delivered from the Transmission Network of NTDC for the purpose of billing,
engineering studies and planning. All metered electrical quantities including time and date information
shall be transmitted to the system operator for processing, billing and settlements of accounts. Metering
data shall be made available to all parties.

12.4 Metering Requirements

Metering system shall be installed at a secured location in the substation where connection between the
Generator or other users and NTDC Transmission system is made. Installation and commissioning of the
Metering System including the instrument transformers shall be done by the owner of premises where
they would be installed in such a way that they cannot be tampered with. However, primary metering
panel which is to be installed at the Generator end, shall be procured and supplied by NTDC as per
provisions of EPA.
For metering purpose, the energy meters to be used shall be of accuracy class 0.2s active and 0.5 reactive.
Dedicated CTs having single core, multi-ratio with accuracy class 0.2s shall be used so that it is not shared
for any other metering or protection purpose to prevent tampering. However, Dedicated Voltage
transformer shall have accuracy class 0.2 and will also be single core and multi-ratio. Metering panel
including the energy meters and associated CTs and PTs shall comply with relevant IEC standards and
NTDC specifications. The Generator shall get all technical data and drawings approved from the NTDC
S.S Design Department along with the Type Test Reports as per NTDC Type Test Policy in vogue.

12.5 Performance Requirements

Revenue metering and ancillary equipment must read energy and power (Active and Reactive) delivered
to or received from the NTDC transmission system, with an appropriate degree of accuracy specified in

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relevant IEC Standards and NTDC specifications, but not less than +/- 0.2%. Revenue class metering
shall have the following characteristics:
i. Three elements, four-wire configuration with accuracy class of 0.2s.
ii. Meters shall be capable of measuring and recording at 30 minutes intervals for a period of 180
days with intervals programmable from 5 minutes to 30 minutes.
iii. The meter must have the capability of recording active and reactive power and energy and
maximum load demand for the entire billing period. The meter billing period may be
programmable and capable of being programmed to automatically store the accumulated value
and reset the counter for next billing period.
iv. Multiplier corresponding to the combination of CT and PT ratios may be programmable in the
meter.
v. Meters shall have internal time clock for time and date sampling of data. Time clock must have
high accuracy and synchronize to GPS time signals.
vi. Meters shall have capability for remote meter reading by telemetering or by SCADA.
Communication ports should be provided with optical and serial data communication with
industry / NTDC standard protocol support.
vii. Meter should have self-diagnostic capability and include an alarm to indicate failure and/or
tampering.

12.6 Modalities of Revenue Metering

Revenue metering and ancillary devices shall be provided in secured metal enclosure known as metering
panel. The metering panel shall have doors with locks for easy access. Glass window shall be provided
on the door to allow visual reading. Meter shall be placed in panel where it is accessible for reading the
registers and for testing & maintenance.
Certain pre-requisites are to be fulfilled before allocation of the primary metering panel which are as
follows:
i. Metering room shall have the dimensions of 5x5m.
ii. Metering room shall have an air conditioner installed in it.
iii. Metering room shall have the provision of two (02) separate locks.
iv. Dual power supply shall be provided in for the metering room.
v. Cables from primary CT / PT shall reach primary SMS Room through independent trench.
vi. Metering cables shall be properly tagged so that each cable can be identified easily.
vii. Cable trench inside the metering room shall be properly covered.
viii. Metering cables shall be placed inside GI Pipes.

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References:
RUS Bulletin 1724E-300 “Design Guide for Rural Substation”, 2001
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), Transmission Standards and Specification “Substation Design
Standards” series
Tasmanian Networks - R590634 v1.0, “Substation Civil Design and Construction Standard”, 2018
Cigre-161 Joint Working Group 23.03 “General Guidelines for The Design of Ac Substations” ,2000
Electra-179 CIGRE Joint Working Group 36.01/06 “A Summary of Standards for Human Exposure to
Electric and Magnetic Fields at Power Frequencies”
Martin J. Heathcote, “The J&P Transformer Book – A Practical Technology Of The Power Transformer”,
12th Edition, 1998
IEC 60076, “Power Transformers”
IEC 60071-1, “Insulation Coordination, Part 1: Definitions, Principles and Rules”
IEC 60071-2, “Insulation Coordination, Part 2: Application Guide”
IEC 61869, “Standard for Instrument Transformers”
IEC 62271-1, “High-voltage switchgear and control-gear - Part 1: Common specifications for alternating
current switchgear and control-gear”
IEC 62271-100, “High-voltage switchgear and control-gear - Part 100: Alternating-current circuit-
breakers”,
IEC 62271-102, “High-voltage switchgear and control-gear - Part 102: Alternating current disconnectors
and earthing switches”
IEC 62271-104, “High-voltage switchgear and control-gear - Part 104: Alternating current switches for
rated voltages higher than 52 kV”
IEEE 80, “IEEE Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding”
IEEE 81, “IEEE Recommended Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance and Earth
Surface Potentials of a Ground System”
IEEE 998, “IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations”
P-46-2008, “Power Transformers”
P-169-2009, “Auto-Transformers”
P-41-81, “Three Phase Pad Mounted Transformers”
P-171-2008, “220 kV Alternating Current Circuit Breakers”
P-193-2010, “SF6 Circuit Breakers 145 kV ,72.5 kV and 36 kV”
P-173-1983, “220 kV Disconnectors”
P-128-2011, “145 kV ,72.5 kV and 36 kV AC Bus and line Disconnectors (Isolators)”
P-174-2008, “220 kV and 500 kV Current Transformers”
P-90-2012, “Current Transformers (145 kV ,72.5 kV and 36 kV)”

84 |
 Substation Design Manual

P-129-2011, “Inductive Voltage Transformers (145 kV ,72.5 kV and 36 kV)”

P-181-2012, “metal oxide surge arresters without gaps, “11 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 500
kV AC system.”
P-29-2010, “15kV Power Cable”
P-134:12, “Aluminum Tubing”
P-63-2007, “Aluminum Stranded Conductor”
P-48-1981, “AC & DC Auxiliary Services Panels”
P-132-88, “Station Batteries”
P-133-95, “Chargers, “Station Batteries”
P-205-2005, “Current Transformer, “special Application””
P-206-2005, “Voltage Transformers, “special Application””
P-202-2012, “Energy Meters, “Grid Metering”
P-199-2008, “Metering Equipment, “Electrical Energy Transfer Between Companies”
P-182-1991, “Supporting Steel Structure, “Grid Station Equipment”
P-139-1980, “Fabrication of Steel Structures”
P-12-1980, “Galvanized Steel Wires”
P-16-1968, “Copper Wire, “Earthing”
P116-1981, “Earth Rod”
P-114-1982, “Thermite Joints, “Substation Earthing”
P-135-1980, “Earthing Platform”
P-Draft, “Civil Works”
P-Draft, “Grid Station lighting”
P-Draft, “Earthing and lightning Protection”
P-Draft, “HVAC and Fire Extinguishers”

85 |
 Substation Design Manual

Annexure-A:

a) Single Line Diagram

b) Switchyard Layout Plan and Sections

86 |
 LEGEND

500kV LINE
SYMBOL NOMENCLATURE VOLTAGE SPECIFICATION
444 kV
500 kV 550 kV, 4000A, 50kA
500kV CCVT
( R & Y - phase) LINE TRAP
CA 220 kV 245 kV, 2000A, 40kA

500 0.11 0.11

500 kV : kV
500kV CVT N/BCT CAPACITOR VOLTAGE 3 3 3
( B - phase) TRANSFORMER (VA BURDEN AND
SR01 CLASS DETAIL GIVEN IN TABLE-2) 220 0.11 0.11
LINE TRAP 220 kV : kV
(R&Y) 3 3 3
3

2 BCT 500 0.11 0.11

CVT-1 :
B1E10 1 500kV CVT COUPLING CAPACITOR VOLTAGE 500 kV kV
M M B1Q10 3 3 3
Y-PHASE CA TRANSFORMER WITH CARRIER
FACILITY (VA BURDEN AND CLASS 220 0.11 0.11
DETAIL GIVEN IN TABLE-2) 220 kV : kV
3 3 3
M B1Q4
500kV BUSBAR - I D-1 B1Q41 500 kV 550 kV, 4000A, 50kA
B1Q11 LINE ISOLATOR (MOTOR CONTROL)
4000A,50kA 550kV
M
M M
220 kV 245 kV, 2000A, 40kA
4000A
50kA B1Q1 WITH EARTHING SWITCH
P1 132 kV 145 kV, 2000A, 40kA
1
2
500 kV 550 kV, 4000A, 50kA
500kV CT-1 3 220 kV 245 kV, 3150A, 40kA & 2000A,40kA (ATB-2)
M BUS ISOLATOR (MOTOR CONTROL)
4
5 132 kV 145 kV, 2000A, 40kA & 3150A,40kA (B/C)
P2
500kV CVT M B1Q12
500 kV 550 kV, 4000A, 50kA
Y - PHASE
CIRCUIT BREAKER 220 kV 245 kV, 3150A, 40kA
M B1Q31
P1 132 kV 145 kV, 2000A, 40kA & 3150A,40kA (B/C)
1
500kV CT-3 2 500 kV 550 kV, 50kA, 4000:3000:2500:2000:1250/1A
3
4
220 kV 245 kV, 40kA, 3000:2400:1200:600/1A
5 145 kV, 40kA, 2000:1600:800:400/1A
CURRENT TRANSFORMER 132 kV
P2 550kV 145 kV, 40kA, 4000:2000/1A (B/C)
4000A (VA AND CLASS DETAIL GIVEN IN
B1Q3 50kA 145 kV, 40kA, 200:100/1A (FOR 132/11kV
500kV CVT
TABLE-1)
R & Y-PHASE
M B1Q32 POWER T/F)
145 kV, 40kA, 1200:600/1A (FOR MEASURING
M B1Q21 CT)
P2
5
132 0.11 0.11
4 CVT-2 : kV
500kV CT-2 500kV CVT 3 3 3
3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 132 kV
Y-PHASE 132 0.11
2 kV (FOR MEASURING PT)
1 3 3
P1 550kV
4000A
B1Q2 50kA
500kV BUSBAR - II M
B1Q22
500 kV 444 kV
B1Q20
4000A,50kA M 444 kV LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
220 kV 198 kV
132 kV 120 kV
3

HV/ BCT 2
3x250 MVA
1
SEE DETAIL 'A' ATB 525/231/23
YNa0d 1
kV
500 kV
525/231/23kV, 3x250 MVA, YNa0d1, 7.5%
IMPEDANCE AT ONAN MVA BASE
TER/BCT T-1 7.5% @ ONAN RATING
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Taps - 17
OUT OF CT 220/132/11kV, 250 MVA, YNa0d1, 10%
N/BCT
1 220 kV
3000:1500/1 30VA IMPEDANCE AT ONAN MVA BASE
LV/BCT

3 132/11.5kV, 10/13 MVA, Dyn11, 9%

POWER TRANSFORMER 132 kV
IMPEDANCE AT ONAN BASE
198 kV
CVT-1
220kV CVT BUSHING CURRENT TRANSFORMER DETAILED RATING GIVEN IN TABLE-3
Y-PHASE

M
SHUNT REACTOR BANK 500kV, 3x37MVAR
D-1 D-2 D2Q10 220kV BUSBAR - I
D1Q11 D2Q11
M M
4000A,40kA
D1Q1 245kV D2Q1 245kV
3150A 3150A
P1 40kA P1 40kA
1 1
TABLE-3 TABLE-1
2 2
DETAILS OF BUSHING CTs VA BURDEN (AT LOWEST TAP) & CLASS DETAILS OF YARD CTs
CT-1 3 CT-1 3
4 4 525/231/23kV, 3x250 MVA ATB
500kV 220kV 132kV 132kV METERING
5 5
RATIO VA ACC. CLASS
P2 P2 ACC. ACC. ACC. ACC.
220kV 220kV CORE # BURDEN CLASS BURDEN CLASS BURDEN CLASS BURDEN CLASS
D1Q12 M CVT Y - PHASE CVT Y - PHASE M D2Q12 CORE #
HV 3000:2500:2000:1200/1A 30 5P20
1,2,3
1 15 VA 0.2 15 VA 0.2 15 VA 0.5 15 VA 0.2S
D1Q31 M M
D2Q31 CORE # 30
LV 3000:2500:2000:1200/1A 5P20 2 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 10P20
P2 P2 1,2,3
5 5 TV 5P20
CORE # 1,2 4500:3000/1A 30 3 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 10P20
4 4
N CORE # 1,2 3000:2500:2000:1200/1A 30 5P20 4 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 10P20
CT-3 3 CT-3 3
2 2 5 30 VA 5P20, TPS 30 VA 5P20, TPS
220/132/11kV, 250 MVA AUTO T/F
1 1
P1 245kV P1 245kV
3150A 3150A
D1Q3 40kA D2Q3 40kA RATIO VA ACC. CLASS TABLE-2
220kV 220kV
CVT Y - PHASE M D1Q32 CVT R & Y - PHASE M D2Q32 CORE #
3000:2400:1500:1200/1A 30 5P20 VA BURDEN (AT LOWEST TAP) & CLASS DETAILS OF YARD CCVTs/CVTs/PTs
HV
1,2,3,4
M D1Q21 M D2Q21 CCVT/CVTs 500kV & 220kV 132kV PTs 132kV METERING
P2 P2 LV CORE # 30
2400:2000:1500:1200/1A 5P20
5 5 1,2,3,4 ACC. ACC. ACC.
CORE # BURDEN BURDEN BURDEN
CLASS CLASS CLASS
4 4 CVT-2 TV CORE # 1,2 3000:1500/1A 30 5P20
CT-2 3 CT-2 3 220kV CVT CORE # 1 1 200 VA 0.2 75 VA 0.5 50 VA 0.2
1200:600/1A 30 5P20
2 2 Y-PHASE N
CORE # 2 2400:2000:1500:1200/1A 30 5P20 3P (500kV) 200 VA 6P
1 1 2 200 VA
P1 P1 6P (220kV)
245kV 245kV
D1Q2 3150A D2Q2 3150A
40kA 40kA 500kV 3x37MVAR SHUNT REACTOR BANK
M D1Q22 M D2Q22 220kV BUSBAR - II ACC. CLASS
RATIO VA
TERTIARY GROUNDING ARRANGEMENT
D2Q20
D1Q10 D1Q20 M 4000A,40kA HV
CORE #
1000:500:250/1A 30 5P20
D1E10 M M D1E20 M M 1,2,3
198 kV CORE # ( DETAIL OF 'B' ) ( DETAIL OF 'A' )
4 LN 1000:500/1A 30 5P20
1,2
LINE TRAP
LINE TRAP LINE TRAP
LINE TRAP 3
kV

(R&Y) (R&Y) HV/ BCT

kV

31

2
18

250 MVA
220kV CVT
( B - phase)
220kV CVT
( B - phase) SEE DETAIL 'B'
1 ATB 220/132/11 kV
kV

YNa0d 1
V

T-2
k

TER/BCT
31
18

10% @ ONAN
220kV CCVT 220kV CCVT Taps - 27
( R & Y - phase) ( R & Y - phase) OUT OF CT 1
LV/BCT

3000:1500/1 30VA
CA CA 2

3
V
kV

N/BCT
k

198 kV 198 kV
31
18

4
120 kV

MPT

P1
220kV LINE-I 220kV LINE-II MCT
P2
P2
4
3
2
1
P1 145kV 132kV PT-2
132kV PT-1
2000A (3-Phase)
E3Q1 40kA (3-Phase)
B3 M M
132kV BUS BAR-I
3150A,40kA B1 B2 E3Q11 M M E3Q12 B4 B5 B6 B7

132kV BUS BAR-II E1Q12 M M E1Q11 E2Q12 M M E2Q11 E5Q12 M M E5Q11 E6Q12 M M E6Q11 E7Q12 M M E7Q11
3150A,40kA
E4Q12 M M E4Q11
E1Q1 E2Q1 P2 P2 E5Q1 E6Q1 E7Q1
P1 P1 1 4 P1 P1 P1
1 1 2 3 1 1 1
2 2 3 2 2 2 2
3 3 4 1 3 3 3
4 4 P1 P1 4 4 4
P2 P2 P2 P2 P2
E1Q10 E2Q10 E4Q1 E5Q10 E6Q10
M M M M
BUS COUPLER 120 kV
E1E10 M E2E10 M E5E10 M E6E10 M 10/13 MVA
132/11.5 kV
120 kV 120 kV T-3 Dyn II
9% @ ONAN

120 kV 120 kV 11 kV
PT PT

132kV LINE-III 132kV LINE-IV

TO 11kV INCOMING PANEL
132kV LINE-I 132kV LINE-II

PAKISTAN DESIGN
DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH COMPANY (NTDCL)

MIAN
DRAWN BY IJAZ MAHMOOD

CHECKED
500/220/132kV MODEL
ASSTT.
UMAR AZIZ
SUB STATION
MANAGER
DEPUTY
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
MANAGER

MANAGER SCALE :- N.T.S DATE :- 07 - 08 - 2020

CHIEF
ENGINEER MAZHAR ALI DWG NO. PDW/TE -
 a

40.0m 40.0m

i a a a a

30.75m 30.75m

b b b

a
20.0m 20.0m
a

4000
a 16.9m

5500
C C C d g 13.8m

d
10.m k

Trans. way 4.5-m

g

Switch yard path 2.5-m

13500

13000

Switch Yard Fence

Switch Yard Wall

9000
220kV FUTURE EXT.

7000
ROAD

ROAD

5500
ROAD
PATH PATH PATH G
SA PI/ CCVT/CVT LT/PI ISO GT/PI ISO CB SA SR GT PI-H PI-A PI-A ISO CB CT ISO GT/PI/CVT ISO CT CB ISO GT/PI/CVT ISO CT CB ISO PI-A CVT/PI-A PI-H GT/PI ISO S-A A T B Trans. S-A 200kV ISO GT CT CT CT GT CT CT CT GT GANTRY ISO LA Trans. 250MVA LA M.PT M.CT CT CB PI-A PI-H PI ISO ISO PI-A PI-H CB CT ISO PT LA

TOWER
10000 5500 4000 6000 10000 6500 44300 11200 8000 8000 8000 9000 11000 8500 7000 6500 6500 7000 8500 10500 6500 6500 7000 8500 11000 9000 8000 8000 8000 7500 7500 8500 5500 10000 4000 12500 5500 4000 4000 4000 4000 8000 4000 32000 7000 5500 7500 6500 4500 5000 4000 4000 4500 2500 4000 6000 4000 2500 5500 3500 3500 5000 5000 16000
38000 42000 18000 4000 3000 2500 2500 3000 3000
47000 33000
› 80000 55500 66000 39000 66000 29000 132kV TOWER
1000 1000

500kV TOWER
SECTION - A-A SECTION - A-A SECTION - A-A SECTION - A-A
500kV SIDE 220kV SIDE 220kV T / LINE 220kV SIDE 132kV SIDE 16.9m

13.8m

Trans. way 4.5-m

7000
11KV ST. TRANS. LA CB CT PI-A PI-A PI ISO ISO PI-A PI-A PI-A GANTRY
GANTRY
3500 3000 4000 3000 4500 2500 4000 6000 4000 2500 4500
2500 1000 2500 2500

B
17000 33000
16000 16000
SECTION - D-D
27000 5000 8000 8000 8000 8000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
132kV 10/13MVA T/F
B

R
SECTION - G-G

6000

6000
500kV SIDE (SHUNT REACTOR )

9000
Porch Level
+0.200

Tread=300
Riser=150

ENTERANCE

V1 W4 W2 V2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2

4000 5500 4000

EF

LINE TRAP
EF
EF 2825x1500
WC WC

D6
TOILET W3

CCVT &
DW1 4775x4370 4775x4370 4685x4370 4685x4370 4685x4370
D6 D6 2625x4370 4975x4370 4600x4375 ROOM ROOM WORKSHOP+STORE OFFICE OFFICE

CVT

CVT
KITCHEN D4
2810x4370 ROOM 3850x2650 R.E OFFICE ENGINEER ENGINEER ELECTRICAL
V2 TEA/ ROOM OPERATION MECHANICAL/ MECHANICAL/
TOILET STAFF F.F.L
STENO
+0.800
4775x4600
D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 LOBBY D4 D4 D4 D4 D4
UP.
ENTRANCE

D2
D2
CORRIDOR 2500mm WIDE UP.

D4 D3 D2

38550
Ex.Fan

11855x13770 D4
W1
W1

AC/DC ROOM

11 9685x13770
11

CORRIDOR 2500mm WIDE

BATTERY ROOM 19875x13770
RELAY ROOM

4.5 - m R.C.C TRANS. WAY

6865x6685

BUS BAR-II

13000
W1
W1 11kV
SWITCH ROOM D1

AA
D4

Ex.Fan
2800 8000 2700 8000

220kV

AA
Ex.Fan
D1

CVT
W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2 W2

2500

3 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD

CABLE CABLE CABLE CABLE CABLE CABLE 10300 8000 8000
1000 CABLE DUCT

DUCT DUCT DUCT DUCT DUCT DUCT

AA
UP

HP
HP PI

PI
P.M.T P.M.T AA

5000 8000
5226 5226

6000
4.5-m R.C.C TRANS. WAY

1170

10 10

7000
R

3500 2500
Y
3500

6000

6000
R

PI
2500 2500

2500 2500

12000
7000
5500

17001700

5500
D D

3500 2500 2500 3500 2500 3500

8500
500kV 500kV

S1

S1

6000
PI

2500
6000 3500
BUS BAR-I BUS BAR-II

B
7000
9 9

132kV T / LINE
2.5 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD

4500
AUTO-T/ F

R
Y

B
3000

6000

6000
3×250MVA

3000

PI
7500

12000
6000
5500

4.5 - m R.C.C TRANS. WAY

6000 Y

7500
525/231/23kV
G C
CVT

CVT

6000

6000
PI
B

4500
5000

5000

6000

6000
8' 8'
14000

14000

6000

4500
8000 16000

3500 2500 2500 3500

8 8
TACC
PI CVT PI CVT

6000

6000
R

PI
7500
PI PI

12000
6000

6000
8000

8000

8000

5000
6000 Y

7500
R

5450

SWITCH YARD FENCE

MK MK MK

6000
CVT

158500
PI
PI
5000

5000

5000

4500
6000

6000
6500
7 7
3-m R.C.C Service Rd.

3-m R.C.C Service Rd.

3-m R.C.C Service Rd.

3-m R.C.C Service Rd.

TACC

6000
BK

10650

4500

4500
8000

8000

8000
4500
220kV FUTURE EXT.

6550

6000
6000

BUS COUPLER
32000

7500

12000
2500

2500
CVT CT CT
16000

16000

1700

6000
6500
F F

6000
13000

13000

7500

7500
CVT

3250
MK
Y AT - 1

6000
6000
6' 6'

6550
CB CB
Y
8000

2400 2400 2200 2200 2400 2400

S3
250MVA

S3

4500
10650
TACC

6000
6 A 6

6000
6500

4500

4500
16000

16000
500kV T / LINE

3500 2500 2500 3500

PI PI

R
B 2.5 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD
121360

6000
5450
R

PI
7500

12000
6000
8000

8000

8000

8000
4.0 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD B CT CT

Y
3500
3 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD

5500

6000
3250

7500
6000

6000
3500

PI
05' 05 E
05 05'
TACC

4500

6000

132kV T / LINE
6000
14000

6000

4500

3500 2500 2500 3500

6000
PI CVT PI

7000
04 04
CVT CVT

PI
7500

12000
6000
PI

6000

6000
5000
ROOM

7500
METERING
SPARE

6000

5000
500kV SWITCH YARD

4500
4500 5000

6000
03 A 03

5500

6000

4500

3000 2500 3500 2500 2500 3500

6000

6000
7500

6000

7000
7000

6000
2.5 - m R.C.C SERVICE ROAD

7500
6000

6000
3500

3500
S2
6000

S2
02' 02'

5500
ISO ISO

02 02
PT PT

6000 3500 3500 6000

E

41950
BUS BAR-I

AA
G

220kV
2800 8000 2700 8000 2700
2600 2600

AA
CVT
10300 8000 8000

AA
HP
AA
5000 8000 5300

01 220kV SWITCH YARD 01

132kV SWITCH YARD

7000
497500 B
(WITH EARTHING SWITCH)
TERMINAL TOWER 500kV

TERMINAL TOWER 132kV

GANTRY / EARTH MAST
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

SWITCH YARD FENCE

GANTRY (TYPE-1) / PI

GANTRY (TYPE-2 & 4)

POST INSULATOR /

SURGE ARRESTER
CIRCUIT BREAKER

CIRCUIT BREAKER

CIRCUIT BREAKER

CIRCUIT BREAKER
CURRENT TRANS:

CURRENT TRANS:

CURRENT TRANS:
POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR

POST INSULATOR
GANTRY (TYPE-6)

SHUNT REACTOR

GANTRY (TYPE-2)

GANTRY (TYPE-2)

GANTRY (TYPE-5)

GANTRY (TYPE-3)
ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

ISOLATOR (DS)

TRANSFORMER
LINE ISOLATOR

PT / ISO / POST
PT / ISO / POST
PT / ISO / POST

PT / ISO / POST
PT / ISO / POST
PT / ISO / POST
A T B TRANS:

TRANS. WAY
R & Y Phase /

TRANS. WAY
CCVT / CVT

C V T / PI /

C V T / PI /
LINE TRAP

S-A 200kV

GANTRY

GANTRY

GANTRY

GANTRY

GANTRY
TRANS.
CVT /

M. C T
ROAD

PATH
CVT

220kV FUTURE EXT.

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO
CB

CB
CT

CT

PT
LA

LA
LA

0
10000 5500 4000 6000 10000 6500 6500 11000 8500 7000 8300 11200 8000 8000 8000 9000 11000 8500 7000 6500 6500 7000 8500 10500 6500 6500 7000 8500 11000 9000 8000 8000 8000 7500 7500 14000 10000 4000 12500 5500 8000 16000 8000 32000 7000 5500 7500 6500 3750 6250 4000 3000 4500 2500 6500 6000 4000 2500 2500 4500 4000 3500 3500 3000 5000 5000 16000
3000 2500 1000
29000 1000

80000 55500 66000 39000 66000 61000 16000 16000 32000 47000 33000 40000

A A' B C D E F G H I J K

40.0m

7000 9000 9000 7000

30.75m Reference Drawing

Single Line Diagram DWG. NO. PDW/TE -

General Layout DWG. NO. PDW/TS -
16.9m
Foundation Plan DWG. NO. PDW/TS -
13.8m

Notes:

1. All dimensions are in mm, unless otherwise noted.

Switch Yard FENCE

Switch Yard FENCE

ROAD

ROAD
9000

2. This drawing does not give civil data. However, it forms the mandatory basis for the final PAKISTAN
7000

4
4

4
4

4
CHIEF ENGINEER
4 4 4

constructional design.
4 4 4

PATH PATH PATH SUBSTATION DESIGN

4 4 4
4 4 4

4 4 4

4 4 4

±0.00

SA CVT DS GT PI-H PI-H PI-H DS CB CT DS GT/PI DS DS DS GT/CB CT DS GT/PI DS CT CB DS PI-H PI-H PI-H MAST GT DS DS DS 4500 GT PT ISO GT
3000 2500 3500 2500 2500 3500
ISO ISO ISO GT
3500 2500 2500 3500
ISO ISO ISO GT GT PI PI-A PI-A ISO CT CB CT ISO PI-A PI-A PI-A GT
3. Electrical filling compound and electrical jointing compound shall be used for all NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH COMPANY ( NTDCL )
4000 5500 4000 6000 6000 5500 7000 5500 6000 5250 4000 4000 5250 7000 5500 6000 6000 5500 7000 5500 6000 6000 7000 8000 8000 8000 8000 4500 2500 2400 2200 2400 2500 4500
electrical connections and shall be applied to connector groove dead end bodies / MIAN
3500 3500 3500 3500 SECTION - E-E 2500 2400 2200 2400 2500 DRAWN
SECTION - C -C SECTION - F-F assemblies and on conductors prior to assemblies. IJAZ MAHMOOD
SECTION - B-B 500kV SIDE
132kV SIDE
132kV SIDE (Bus Culper) 4. Special care shall be exercised in handling all tubing cables and fittings to prevent 500/220/132kV MODEL
CHECKED
scratches on their surface
220kV SIDE
5. After mounting Aluminium tube, a 10mm dia hole to be drilled in lowest point of each ASSTT
SUB STATION
UMAR AZIZ
tube for dewatering. MANAGER
6. Location of 132kV Surge Arrestors may be adjusted as per site requirement according to DEPUTY
SWITCH YARD LAYOUT
MANAGER
LV Bushings of 220/132kV Auto-Transformers
MANAGER SCALE :- 1 : 750 DATE :- 10 - 09 - 2020

CHIEF
ENGINEER
MAZHAR ALI DWG NO. PDW/TS -