CSE-125

Computer Programming &

Engineering Analysis

Lecture: 3
Control Statements
Avishek Das
Department of CSE
CUET
 Introduction
➢An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain
manipulations.
➢An expression is a sequence of operands and operators that
reduces to a single value.
➢C operators can be classified into a number of categories.
➢Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/)
➢Relational operators (> , <, <=)
➢Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
➢Assignment operators (=)
➢Increment and decrement operators (++ , --)
➢Conditional operators (?..:)
➢Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
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Arithmetic operators
➢The arithmetic operators used for numeric calculations. They are two
types:
➢Unary Arithmetic Operators
+x, -y, ++, --, !, ~
➢Binary Arithmetic Operators
Operator meaning
+ Addition or unary plus
- Subtraction or unary minus
* Multiplication
/ Division
% modulo division

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 4

Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int months, days ;
printf("Enter days: \n”) ;
scanf("%d”, &days) ;
months = days / 30 ;
days = days % 30 ;
printf("Months =%d Days= %d\n", months, days);
}
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Operator’s Precedence
Note:
➢The precedence of arithmetic operators
1. Brackets ()
2. Unary ++ or --
3. * / %
4. + -
36 / 12 * 4
10 + 23 % 4 * 5
(10 + 23) % 4 * 5

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Arithmetic expressions
➢An arithmetic expression is a combination of variables, constants,
and operators.
➢For example,
a*b-c → a*b-c
(m+n)(x+y) → (m+n)*(x+y)
ax2+bx+c → a*x*x+b*x+c

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ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
➢ Integer Arithmetic: When both operands are integers
for example if a=17 and b=4

Expression Result
a+b 21
a-b 13
a*b 68
a/b 4
a%b 1

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ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
➢Real Arithmetic: When both operands are float types
for example if a=12.4 and b=3.1

Expression Result
a+b 15.5
a-b 9.3
a*b 38.44
a/b 4.0
a%b NA

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Arithmetic expressions
➢Mixed-mode Arithmetic: When one operand is integers
and another is real .for example if a=12 and b=2.5

Expression Result
a+b 14.5
a-b 9.5
a*b 30.0
a/b 4.8

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 Relational Operators
➢ The relational operators in C are : used to compare values of two
expressions depending on their relations.

Operator Meaning
< less that
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

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 Relational Operators
➢A relational expression yields a value of 1 or 0.

➢5 < 6 TRUE 1
➢4.5<10 TRUE 1
➢-34 + 8 > 23 - 5 FALSE 0
➢4.5<-10 FALSE 0
➢5==0 FALSE 0
➢if a=3, b=2, c =1; then a > b > c is ?

➢Arithmetic operators have higher priority over relational

operators.
➢ The associativity of relational operators is left → right
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 Relational Operators
➢The relational operators >, >=, < and <= have the same
precedence. Just below them in precedence are the equality
operators: = = and !=.
➢Relational operators have lower precedence than arithmetic
operators , so an expression like i < lim -1 is taken as i < (lim -1).

➢3 >= 2 = = -4 < 0

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 Logical operators
➢C has the following three logical operators
➢ && meaning logical AND ( binary operator )
➢ || meaning logical OR ( binary operator )
➢ ! meaning logical NOT ( unary operator )

➢Expressions connected by && or || are evaluated left to right,

and evaluation stops as soon as the truth or falsehood of the
result is known.

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 Logical operators
➢The logical operators && and|| are used when we want to test
more than one condition and make decisions. An example is :
a>b && x==10

➢ An expression of this kind, which combines two or more

relations expressions, is termed as a logical expression or
compound relational expression.

➢The logical expression given above is TRUE only if a>b is true and
x==10 is true. If either (or both) of them are false, the expression
is false.

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 Logical operators

op-1 op2 op-1&&op-2 op-1 || op-2 !op-1

Non-zero Non-zero 1 1 0
Non-zero 0 0 1 0
0 Non-zero 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1

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 Logical operators
➢The precedence of && is higher than that of ||, and both are
lower than relational operators, so
3 < 5 && -3 < -5 || 3 > 2

➢char ch; to decide whether ch is an uppercase,

ch >= ‘A’ && ch <= ‘Z’

➢to decide whether a year is leap year,

(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0

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 Assignment operators
➢Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an
expression to a variable.
➢C has a set of ‘shorthand’ assignment operators of the form
v op= exp;
where v is a variable, exp is an expression and op is a C binary
arithmetic operator. The operator op= is known as the shorthand
assignment operator.
➢The assignment statement v op= exp; is equivalent to v = v op
(exp) ;
➢For example, x += y + 1; This is same as the statement x = x + ( y
+1);

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 Assignment operators

Statement with simple Statement with shorthand

assignment operator operator

a = a+1 a += 1

a = a-1 a -= 1

a = a * (n+1) a *= n+1

a = a / (n+1) a /= n+1

a=a%b a %= b

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 Assignment operators
➢The use of shorthand assignment operators has three advantages:

➢What appears on the left-hand side need not be repeated and therefore
it becomes easier to write.

➢The statement is more concise and easier to read.

➢ The statement is more efficient.

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 Increment and decrement operators
➢C provides two unusual operators for incrementing and decrementing
variables.

➢The increment operator ++ adds 1 to its operand, while the decrement

operator -- subtracts 1.

➢The unusual aspect is that ++ and -- may be used either as prefix

operators (before the variable, as in ++n), or postfix operators (after
the variable: n++).

➢In both cases, the effect is to increment n. But the expression ++n
increments n before its value is used, while n++ increments n after its
value has been used.
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 Increment and decrement operators
➢ Prefix Increment/Decrement:
The statement y = ++x means first increment the value of x by 1, then assign
the value to y. this statement belongs to the following two statement:

#include<stdio.h> Output
main()
{
int x=8;
printf(“x=%d\n”,x); x=8
printf(“x=%d\n”,++x); x=9
printf(“x=%d\n”,x); x=9
printf(“x=%d\n”,--x); x=8
printf(“x=%d”,x); x=8
}

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 Increment and decrement operators
➢ Postfix Increment/Decrement:
The statement y = x-- means first the value of x is assign to y and then x is
decremented. this statement belongs to the following two statement:

#include<stdio.h> Output
main()
{
int x=8;
x=8
printf(“x=%d\n”,x);
printf(“x=%d\n”,x--);
x=8
printf(“x=%d\n”,x); x=7
printf(“x=%d\n”,x++); x=7
printf(“x=%d”,x); x=8
}

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 Increment and decrement operators
➢for example, if n is 5, then
x = n++;
is equivalent to
x = n; n = n + 1;
➢But
x = ++n;
is equivalent to
n = n + 1; x = n;

➢The increment and decrement operators can only be applied to

variables, an expression like (i+j)++ is illegal.
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 Increment and decrement operators
➢The increment and decrement operators can be used in complex
statements. Example:
m=n++ -j +10;

➢Consider the expression

m = - n++ ;
➢The precedence of ++ and -- operators are the same as those of
unary + and -
➢The associatively of them is “right to left”.
m = - n++; is equivalent to m = - (n++)

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 Increment and decrement operators
➢suppose,
int a, b, c ; a = b = c = 1;
➢After execution the following statements, what are the values of
the expression and variables.
(1) a>b && b>c++;
(2) a-- || c++;
(3) !a && b++;
(4) ++a && ++b && ++c;
(5) ++a && --b && ++c;
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 Control Structures
➢ Control structure refers to the way in which the programmer
specifies the order of executing the statements. Three approach -

➢ Sequential – all the statements are executed in the same order as it is

written.

➢ Selectional - based on some conditions, different set of statements are

executed.

➢ Iterational (Repetition) - certain statements are executed repeat.

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 Selectional Control Structures
➢ There are two selectional control structures
➢ If-else statement
➢ Switch statement

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 Simple if Statement
➢ A specific condition (value or expression) is tested.
➢ If the condition is true, a set of statements are executed.
➢ If the condition is false, the statements are not executed and the
program control goes to the next statement that immediately
follows if block.

Syntax: True Set of

if (condition) condition Statement(s)
{
Statement(s); False
}
Next Statement; Next Statement

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 if-else Statement
➢ In simple ‘if’ statement, when the condition is false, there is no
alternate set of statements.

Syntax:
if (condition) True
Statement set-1
{ condition

Statement set-1;
} False
else
{ Statement set-2
Statement set-2;
}
Next Statement;
Next Statement

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 if-else-if Statement Syntax:
if (condition-1)
➢ When one condition is false, it checks for {
Statement set-1;
the next condition and so on. }
else if (condition-2)
➢ When all the conditions are false the ‘else’ {
block is executed. Statement set-2;
}
………………………………
else if (condition-n)
{
Statement set-n;
}
else
{
Statement set-x;
}

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 Nested if-else Statement
Syntax:
➢ When one condition is false, it checks for
the next condition and so on. if (condition-1)
{
if (condition-2)
➢ When all the conditions are false the ‘else’
{
block is executed. Statement set-2;
}
else
{
Statement set-n;
}
}
else
{
Statement set-x;
}

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 Nested if-else Statement

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 Example - 1

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Example - 2
Odd/Even number

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 Example - 3

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 Example - 4
Find the largest number

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Example - 5
Leap year checking

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Example - 5
Leap year checking

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 Example - 6
Double if statement

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 Example - 7
Nested if statement

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 Conditional operator

➢A ternary operator pair “? : ” is available in C to construct

conditional expressions of the form
expr1 ? expr2 : expr3

➢the expression, expr1 is evaluated first. If it is non-zero (true),

then
➢the expression, expr2 is evaluated, and that is the value of the
conditional expression.
➢Otherwise, expr3 is evaluated, and that is the value.

➢Only one of expr2 and expr3 is evaluated.

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 Example-1
➢Consider an example two find the largest number between two numbers.

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 Example-1

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 Example – 2 using Conditional Operator

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 Switch case Statement
➢ The ‘switch’ statement is a type of decision control structure that selects a
choice from the set of available choices.
➢ It is very similar to ‘if’ statement.
➢ But ‘switch’ statement cannot replace ‘if’ statement in all situations.
Syntax:
Switch(integer variable or integer expression or character variable) {
case integer or character constant-1 :
Statement(s); break;
case integer or character constant-2 :
Statement(s); break;
……………
case integer or character constant-n :
Statement(s); break;
default:
Statement(s); break;
}

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 Rules for switch
➢ The switch expression must be an integral type(int, char and
enum).

➢ Case labels must be constants or constant expressions.

➢ Case labels must be unique.
➢ Case labels must end with colon.

➢ The break statement transfers the control out of the switch

statement.
➢ The break statement is optional.

➢ The default label is optional.

➢ It is permitted to nest switch statements.
 Example
int i = 2;

switch(i){
case 1:
printf(“ONE”);
break;
case 2: Output:
printf(“TWO”);
break; TWO
case 3:
printf(“THREE”);
break;
default:
printf(“INVALID”);
break;
}
 Example
switch (departmentCode){
case 4 :
printf(“CSE”);
break;
case 2 :
printf(“EEE”);
break;
case 8 :
printf(“ETE”);
break;
case 7 :
printf(“PME”);
break;
case 11:
print(“BME”);
}
 Example

int iNum = 2;
switch(iNum) {
case 1.5:
printf(“ONE AND HALF”); Case 1.5: this is invalid
because the values in
break; case statements must be
case 2: Integers or characters
printf(“TWO”);
break;
case ‘A’ :
printf(“A character”);
}
 Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter the vowel:");
scanf("%c", &ch);
switch(ch) {
case 'a' : printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'e' : printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'i' : printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'o' : printf("Vowel");
break;
case 'u' : printf ("Vowel");
break;
default : printf("Not a vowel");
}
return 0;
}