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Maxwell-Equations - Physics-PWR

The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

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Rahul Yadav
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56 views18 pages

Maxwell-Equations - Physics-PWR

The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

Uploaded by

Rahul Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FSU-030

Maxwell’s Equations and


EM Wave
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
F(x) 
Static wave
F(x) = FP sin (kx + )
k = 2  
k = wavenumber
x  = wavelength

F(x,t) 
Moving wave
F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t + )
v
 = 2  f
 = angular frequency
x
f = frequency
v=/k
Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Ey

Bz

c
x
Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Ey E(y, t) = EP sin (ky-t) ĵ


B(z, t) = BP sin (kz-t) ẑ
Bz

Notes: Waves are in Phase, c


but fields oriented at 900.
k=2. x
Speed of wave is c=/k (= f)
c  1 / 00  3  108 m / s
At all times E=cB.
Beautiful theory

Ey

Bz

• A changing magnetic
flux produces an Electric c
field
x
• A changing electric
flux produces a Magnetic
field
Poynting vector ( P )
 Poynting vector represent the rate of energy flow
per unit area in a plane electromagnetic wave.

1
P  E B  E  H
0
The direction of (P ) gives the direction in which the energy is

transferred. Unit: W/m2

7
Representation of Poynting vector
Y

Ey

Hz X

8
Significance of P

The Vector P = E X H has interpreted as representing


the amount of P  Eenergy
field  H passing through the unit area of
surface in unit time normally to the direction of flow of energy.
This statement is termed as Poynting’s theorem and the vector
P is called Poynting Vector.
The direction of flow of energy is perpendicular to vectors E
and H E X H

i.e., in the direction of the vector E  H

9
Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell's Equations are a set of 4
complicated equations that describe
the world of electromagnetics. These
equations describe how electric and
magnetic fields propagate, interact,
and how they are influenced by
objects.
Maxwell’s Equation
James Clerk Maxwell [1831-1879] was an
Einstein/Newton-level genius who took a set of known
experimental laws (Faraday's Law, Ampere's Law) and
unified them into a symmetric coherent set of
Equations known as Maxwell's Equations. Maxwell
was one of the first to determine the speed of
propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves was the
same as the speed of light - and hence to conclude
that EM waves and visible light were really the same
thing.
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism

q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics
 E  dA  0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
 B  dA  0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl  
dt
B

d E
Ampere’s Law
 B  dl  0 I  00 dt
The Equations of Electromagnetism

Gauss’s Laws ..monopole..

q
1
 E  dA  0

2
 B  dA  0 ?
...there’s no
magnetic monopole....!!
The Equations of Electromagnetism

Faraday’s Law .. if you change a


d  magnetic field you
3  E  dl  
dt
B
induce an electric
field.........
Ampere’s Law

4
 B  dl  0 I .......is the reverse
true..?
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
......no mass, no charges. no currents.....

q
 E  dA   0  E  dA  0
 B  dA  0  B  dA  0
d B d B
 E  dl   dt  E  dl   dt
   d d E
 B  dl  0 I  0 0
dt
E
 B  dl  0 0 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)

 E  dA  0

 B  dA  0
d B
 E  dl   dt
d E
 B  dl  0 0 dt
32.5: Maxwell’s Equations:
Maxwell’s Equations:

Differential form
re
Ñ·E =
e0
Ñ· B = 0
¶B
Ñ´E = -
¶t
¶E
Ñ ´ B = m0e0 + m0 J
¶t

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