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    Maxwell-Equations - Physics-PWR

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    Rahul Yadav
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Maxwell-Equations - Physics-PWR

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Yadav
    34 views18 pages
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

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    Maxwell-Equations- Physics-PWR

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    The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views18 pages

    Maxwell-Equations - Physics-PWR

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Yadav
    The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. [1] Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact with each other and objects. [2] They unified existing experimental laws into a symmetric set of equations that also determined the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is the speed of light. [3] The equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and relate changing electric and magnetic fields.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    FSU-030

    Maxwell’s Equations and


    EM Wave
    The Electromagnetic Spectrum
    F(x) 
    Static wave
    F(x) = FP sin (kx + )
    k = 2  
    k = wavenumber
    x  = wavelength

    F(x,t) 
    Moving wave
    F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t + )
    v
     = 2  f
     = angular frequency
    x
    f = frequency
    v=/k
    Plane Electromagnetic Waves

    Ey

    Bz

    c
    x
    Plane Electromagnetic Waves

    Ey E(y, t) = EP sin (ky-t) ĵ


    B(z, t) = BP sin (kz-t) ẑ
    Bz

    Notes: Waves are in Phase, c


    but fields oriented at 900.
    k=2. x
    Speed of wave is c=/k (= f)
    c  1 / 00  3  108 m / s
    At all times E=cB.
    Beautiful theory

    Ey

    Bz

    • A changing magnetic
    flux produces an Electric c
    field
    x
    • A changing electric
    flux produces a Magnetic
    field
    Poynting vector ( P )
     Poynting vector represent the rate of energy flow
    per unit area in a plane electromagnetic wave.

    1
    P  E B  E  H
    0
    The direction of (P ) gives the direction in which the energy is

    transferred. Unit: W/m2

    7
    Representation of Poynting vector
    Y

    Ey

    Hz X

    8
    Significance of P

    The Vector P = E X H has interpreted as representing


    the amount of P  Eenergy
    field  H passing through the unit area of
    surface in unit time normally to the direction of flow of energy.
    This statement is termed as Poynting’s theorem and the vector
    P is called Poynting Vector.
    The direction of flow of energy is perpendicular to vectors E
    and H E X H

    i.e., in the direction of the vector E  H

    9
    Maxwell’s Equations
    Maxwell's Equations are a set of 4
    complicated equations that describe
    the world of electromagnetics. These
    equations describe how electric and
    magnetic fields propagate, interact,
    and how they are influenced by
    objects.
    Maxwell’s Equation
    James Clerk Maxwell [1831-1879] was an
    Einstein/Newton-level genius who took a set of known
    experimental laws (Faraday's Law, Ampere's Law) and
    unified them into a symmetric coherent set of
    Equations known as Maxwell's Equations. Maxwell
    was one of the first to determine the speed of
    propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves was the
    same as the speed of light - and hence to conclude
    that EM waves and visible light were really the same
    thing.
    Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism

    q
    Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics
     E  dA  0
    Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
     B  dA  0
    d
    Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl  
    dt
    B

    d E
    Ampere’s Law
     B  dl  0 I  00 dt
    The Equations of Electromagnetism

    Gauss’s Laws ..monopole..

    q
    1
     E  dA  0

    2
     B  dA  0 ?
    ...there’s no
    magnetic monopole....!!
    The Equations of Electromagnetism

    Faraday’s Law .. if you change a


    d  magnetic field you
    3  E  dl  
    dt
    B
    induce an electric
    field.........
    Ampere’s Law

    4
     B  dl  0 I .......is the reverse
    true..?
    Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
    in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
    Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
    ......no mass, no charges. no currents.....

    q
     E  dA   0  E  dA  0
     B  dA  0  B  dA  0
    d B d B
     E  dl   dt  E  dl   dt
       d d E
     B  dl  0 I  0 0
    dt
    E
     B  dl  0 0 dt
    Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
    in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)

     E  dA  0

     B  dA  0
    d B
     E  dl   dt
    d E
     B  dl  0 0 dt
    32.5: Maxwell’s Equations:
    Maxwell’s Equations:

    Differential form
    re
    Ñ·E =
    e0
    Ñ· B = 0
    ¶B
    Ñ´E = -
    ¶t
    ¶E
    Ñ ´ B = m0e0 + m0 J
    ¶t

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