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FSC 5 - LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES heart, valves are open, and blood is rushing into the
arteries.
POLYGRAPHY
 Ayur Vida = a hindu book of science and health around
 is scientific methods of detecting deception done with the
500B.C. Considered as an earliest known reference to a
aid of a polygraph instrument.
method of detecting deception.
ETYMOLOGY of the word “Polygraphy”
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
 (derived from the Greek words Poly) = many or several and
1. Trial by Combat = a method to settle accusations in the
 Graph = (writing chart) is a scientific instrument capable of
absence of witnesses or a confession, in which two parties in
recording simultaneously changes in blood pressure, pulse
dispute fought in single combat.
rate, respiration and skin resistance as indicative of
2. Trial by Ordeal = a judicial practiced by which the guilt or
emotional disturbance especially of a lying subject when
innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to
being questioned.
an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience or in the present
term would mean an employment of “3rd degree”. The word
Thomas Jefferson
“ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei
• first person known who used the term Polygraph to Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
describe one of his inventions
TYPES OF ORDEALS
Definition of terms 1. Ordeal of Heat and Fire = in this test the suspect walked a
1. Admission = is a statement of facts, partial
certain distance, usually nine feet, over red-hot
acknowledgement of guilt and usually given with some plowshares or holding a red-hot iron.
justification or exemplification in admitting. 2. Ordeal of Hot Water = this test requires that the water had
2. Confession = direct acknowledgement of guilt or a
to be boiled, and the depth from which the stone had to be
statement of guilt. retrieved was up to the wrist for one accusation, and up to
3. Deception = is the act of deceiving or misleading usually
the elbow for three or more accusations.
accompanied by lying. 3. Ordeal of Boiling Oil = this ordeal was practiced in
4. Diastolic blood pressure = refers to the downward blood villages of India and certain parts of West Africa.
pressure representing the low pressure to the closing of the 4. Red Hot Iron Ordeal = the accused will be required to
valves and heart relaxed. touch his tongue to an extremely hot metal nine (9) times
5. Dicrotic notch = refers to the short horizontal notch in a (unless burned sooner), Once his tongue is burned, he will
cardio-tracing located at the middle of the diastolic stem. be adjudged guilty. In some country instead of hot iron,
6. Electrodermal response = it refers to human body they used a hot needle to tease the lips and once the lips
phenomenon in which the skin changes resistance bleed it is an indication of guilt.
electrically upon the application of certain external stimuli. 5. Ordeal of Cold Water = this ordeal has a precedent in the
Also referred to a Psycho galvanic skin reflex or galvanic Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of Hammurabi under
skin response. which a man accused of sorcery was to be submerged in a
7. Emotion = it refers to an emotional response to specific stream and acquitted if he survived.
danger that appears to be beyond a person’s defensive 6. = in 16th and 17th centuries, ordeal by water was
power. associated with the witch-hunts. Floating is an indication of
8. Environment = is the sum total of the dissimulation that a witchcraft.
person acquired from the time he was conceived and his 7. Ordeal of Rice Chewing = a method of detecting
exposure to his surroundings. deception whereby an accused will be required to take rice
9. Interview = simple questioning of one who is willing and (to clergy bread or cheese).If the accused failed to
cooperative. swallow even a single grain of concentrated rice he/she will
10. Interrogation = forceful questioning of a person who is be adjudged guilty.
reluctant to divulge information. 8. Ordeal of Red Water (Food and Drink Ordeal) = in this
11. Lying = is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or method the accused will be required to run fast for twelve
creating a false or misleading impression with the intention (12 hours), take a cap of rice and drink a dark colored
of affecting wrongfully. water (as much as one gallon).
12. Normal response = refers to any activity or inhibition of a 9. Ordeal of the Cross = the accuse and the accuser stood
previous activity of an organism or part of the organism on either side of a cross and stretched out their hands
resulting from stimulation. horizontally. The one to first lower his arms lost.
13. Ordeal = refers to the oldest form of crime detection done 10. The Test of the Axe = in Greece, a suspended axe was
by subjecting a subject to an obstacle or trial and spine in the center of a group of suspects, when the axe
sometimes even involving third degree. stopped, whosoever was in line with the blade was
14. Specific response = refers to the response given by the supposed to be the guilty as pointed by divine providence.
subject which considered a deviation from the normal 11. The Test of the Candle = this ordeal was used in Burma,
tracing or norms of the subject. the accuser and accused were each given identical
15. Stimulus = refers to any force or motion coming from the candles and were lighted at the same time. The candle that
environment, and which reach an organism has the burns the longest determines which the truth.
tendency to arouse. 12. Donkey’s tail (Ash tail) Ordeal = a method of ordeal
16. Systolic Blood pressure = the upward blood pressure as where all accused persons will be instructed to select a
the apex of the curve caused by the contraction of the cage with a donkey, using a donkey’s tail they will strike the
donkey and whichever cries first will be adjudged guilty.
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13. The “Hereditary Sieve” = Dr. Hans Gross mentioned this  Vittorio Benussi = in March 1913, he presented a paper before
Ordeal in his famous book on Criminal Investigation in the second meeting of the Italian Society for Psychology in
which beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of each Rome where he described how he record the subject’s
suspect was called. The deception criteria were described breathing patter using a Marey Pneumograph which he noted
as follows--- “If the bean jumps out of the sieve, the owner the changes in inspiration-expiration ratio during deception.
of the name pronounced is innocent, if the bean remains in o he also included recording of heart rate and blood
the sieve, the person named is the thief. pressure curve in detection of deception and probably
the first person to record more than one
IMPORTANT PERSONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF physiological response.
POLYGRAPH
 Dr. William M. Marston = in 1915 was credited as the creator
 Daniel Defoe = wrote an essay entitled, “An Effectual Scheme of the systolic blood-pressure test used in an attempt to detect
for the Preventing of Street Robberies and Suppressing all other deception during questioning, and using a standard blood
Disorders of the Night” pressure cuff and stethoscope, requiring repeated inflation of
 Angelo Mosso = In 1878, science came to the aid of the truth the pressure cuff to obtain readings at intervals during
seeker through the research of an Italian psychologist Angelo examination. This was called Discontinuous Technique.
Mosso. He made used of an instrument called plethysmograph  Harold Burtt = In 1918, Burtt suggested that the changes in
in his research on emotion and fear and its influence on the respiration were an indication of deception.
heart and respiration. o He was able to determine that the changes in
o = developed a scientific cradle respiration were of less value in the detection of
deception than the changes in blood pressure
 Cesare Lombroso = In 1895, Cesare Lombroso, an Italian
Criminologist and tutor of Angelo Mosso, published the second  John A. Larson = encouraged by August Vollmer of the
edition of his book entitled “L’Homme Criminel” which he relates Berkeley Police Department to conduct a research on deception.
the used of hydrosphygmograph during interrogation of o Cardio-Pneumo Psychogram was Larson’s first instrument
suspects. He called it blood pressure pulse test. which was borrowed from Dr. Robert Jessel and was
o he is considered as the first person to conceive the invented by Earl Bryant
idea of lie detection and the first to apply the o in 1921, Earl Bryant made an instrument for Larson in
technique in actual criminal suspects which he used a breadboard as a base and from that it
became in the industry as Breadboard Polygraph –
 Francis Galton = in 1879, introduced the Word Association capable of recording continually and simultaneously the
Test using series of irrelevant questions and relevant question respiration and cardiovascular activities.
separated in time. o today he is known as the Father of Scientific Lie
Detection and at the same time the Father of Polygraph
 B. Sticker = believed that the origin of the galvanic skin
phenomenon was under the influence of the exciting mental  Leonarde Keeler = in 1926, he made a modification of Larson’s
impressions and that the will has no effect upon it. instrument. He developed that metal bellows and kymograph
o he made the earliest application of that pulled a chart paper at a constant speed under recording
psychogalvanometer to forensic problems. pens from a roll of chart located inside the instrument.
o in 1938, 1938, Keeler included the Psychogalvanometer
 Sir James Mackenzie = an English clinician and cardiologist, (PGR), a third measuring component of his instrument
constructed the Clinical Polygraph in 1892, an instrument to which was also known as Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR)
be used for medical examinations with the capability to invented by Italian Physiologist Galvani in 1791.
simultaneously record undulated line tracings of the vascular o credited as the creator on Relevant-Irrelevant Technique.
pulses (radial, venous and arterial), by way of a stylus onto a o today Keeler is known as the Father of Modern
revolving drum of smoked paper. Polygraphy.
o In 1906, Sir James Mackenzie refined his clinical
polygraph of 1892 when he devised the Clinical Ink  Ruckmick = in 1936, the term Psychogalvanic Reflex used by
Polygraph with the help of Lancashire watchmaker, Veraguth was repudiated by Ruckmick and proposed the term
Sebastian Shaw. This instrument used a clockwork Electrodermal Response.
mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker
movements, and it produced ink recordings of  John E. Reid = in 1950, he developed the Control Question
physiological functions that were easier to acquire and which consist of a known lie and incorporated it into the
to interpret. relevant/irrelevant technique.
o he developed a movement or activity sensor a means of
 Veraguth = he is said to be the first person to use the term recording arm and leg movements
Psychogalvanic Reflex. Veraguth was the first scientist to use o Reid also developed the silent answer test and guilt-
the word association test with galvanometer. complex test to be administered to overly responsive
o in 1907, he described his observation on galvanic examinee
phenomena and emotions that there was an
ascending galvanometer curve during the presentation  Cleve Backster = developed the psychological set theory
of relevant stimuli versus the rest curve on non-crucial and the anticlimax dampening concept.
stimuli. o he also developed and introduced the Quantification
System of Chart Analysis (Numerical Scoring) which

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permits the examiner to score the charts numerically physiological responses concomitant to these behaviors are the
according to standard rules. same, namely mobilizing bodily resources for an expenditure of
energy, and narrowing attention and focus to the features of the
 Richard O. Arther = introduced the Arther II polygraph threat.
instrument which contains a stimulus marker capable of
recording the beginning and ending of question and the moment Note: When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it
the examinee answered. immediately prepares the body for fight or flight by causing the
o credited as the creator of Stimulus Marker adrenal glands to secret hormones known as epinephrine and
o developed an instrument with two Galvanic Skin norepinephrine and the blood will be distributed to those areas of the
Resistance body where it is most needed to meet the emergency.
A. Epinephrine = is the hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic
 Computerized Polygraph Instrument = in 1992, the polygraph nervous system. It acts to constrict peripheral blood flow, raise
made its official entrance into the computer age blood pressure, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic
activity through the release of glucose, and inhibit digestive
TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY processes.
1. Psychological Leg Premise = states that specific nervous o it is called Adrenaline in British
system component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed
are so stimulated by the involuntary and emotional processes of B. Norepinephrine = is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland,
the individual who is continuously attempting concealment of it works alongside with epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body
deception especially if that individual has something at stake sudden energy in times of stress, known as the "fight or flight"
and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that response.
exposure to deception is quite possible although undesirable. o it is called Noradrenaline in British.

2. Physiological Leg Premise = that among the physiological MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
responses that may be recorded are those that automatically 1. Pneumograph = designed to detect and record changes in
occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous respiration of the subject which consists of the ff:
component system a. Rubber Convulted Tube – about 10 inches
corrugated rubber attached to the body of subject.
3. Mechanical Leg Premise = polygraph is capable of making b. Beaded Chain – used to lock the rubber convulated
graphic record containing reliable information regarding tube.
physiological responses of the subject. c. Recording Pen Unit – consisting of two 5 inches
recording pen.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING d. Sensitivity knob – used to adjust the desired size of
 The Central Nervous System (CNS) = is composed of the tracings.
brain and the spinal cord. All other nerve ways are within the e. Centering knob – used to center the pen.
peripheral nervous system which separates into two: The f. Vent – used to release excess pressure from the
Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous system.
System. g. Pneumo Module – located inside the instrument that
receives the reactions detected by the corrugated tube
1. Somatic Nervous System = is involved with voluntary and moves the pen to record the reactions on the
comparative over skeletal muscles chart.

2. Autonomic Nervous System = involved those involuntary 2. Cardiosphygmograph = Designed to detect changes in the
physiological functions of the body and has considerable cardiovascular activity of the subject. It consists of:
psychological impact as well. a. Blood Pressure Cuff = attached to the upper right
arm of the subject, above the brachial artery.
TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM b. Sphygmomanometer = used to indicate the amount
a. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) = the of air pressure inflated to the system. Usually about
house keeping or braking system. It is 60 mm of mercury for male subject.
responsible for conserving energy and making c. Recording Pen Unit = five (5) inches length
sure necessary bodily functions. I d. Air Pump/Pump Bulb = designed to supply air to the
= restrains sympathetic arousal and attempt to system
maintain homeostatic (homeostasis) normal. e. Cardio Module = located inside the instrument that
b. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – is our receives the reactions detected by the cuff and moves
emergency, or action system. = a the pen to record the reactions on the chart
system which causes the sudden and dramatic f. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size
change. of tracings
g. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on
 Homeostasis = is complex interactive regulatory system by the chart
which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium. h. Vent = Used to release excess pressure from the
system
 Hypothalamus = is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain
that control the entire endocrinehormonal system. Cardiosphygmograph provides a record of the following:
 Fight, flight, freeze = are the three stereotypic behavioral
responses to threat, sometimes simply called F3. The
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I. Relative Blood Volume/Pressure = is the changes in f. Synchronous Motor = runs the chart paper at the uniform
the average value of the cardio tracing (waveform) rate speed regardless of the voltage change.
with respect to a baseline.
a. Diastolic Blood Pressure = refers to the Pen and Inking System = the one that provides for the permanent
downward blood pressure representing the record of the test Capillary Ink = a water-based ink intended for
low pressure to the closing of the valves and polygraph instruments
heart relaxed.
b. Systolic Blood Pressure = the upward FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS General Rules in
blood pressure as the apex of the curve formulating Test Questions
caused by the contraction of the heart, ■ Questions must be simple and direct
valves are open, and blood is rushing into ■ They must not involve legal terminologies
the arteries. ■ They must be as simple and as short as possible
II. Pulse Amplitude = is the changes in pulse amplitude ■ Answerable by Yes or No.
(tracing height) independent of baseline. ■ They must not be in a form of accusatorial.
■ Their meaning must be clear, and they must be phrased in a
o Pulse Rate = changes in heart rate or time between
language that the subject can easily understand.
pulses.
■ They must never contain inference which presupposes knowledge
o Dicrotic Notch = changes in relative position of the
on the part of the subject.
dicrotic notch or pulse waveform = short horizontal
notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of the ■ They must refer to one offense only
diastolic stem ■ They must refer to one element of the offense.
■ They must not contain inference to ones religion, race or belief.
3. Galvanograph = designed to detect changes in skin resistance
of the subject. Consists of: 1. Irrelevant Question = a question that has no connection with the
matter under investigation and deals with known facts that the
A. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of: subject cannot be denied. It is designed to be emotionally neutral to
a.1. Finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond = examinees and usually answerable by “yes’. Also called Neutral
attached to the index and ring Question.
finger of the subject. Characteristics of Irrelevant
a.2. Connecting Plug = attached the system to the a. It has no connection to the matter under investigation.
instrument b. No threat to subject (usually).
B. Recording Pen Unit = usually 7 inches c. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie.
C. Amplifier Unit = designed to support the galvanometer in d. Usually about the suspect’s background.
converting electrical to mechanical current. e. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to
D. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size of tracings establish a ‘norm’ for examinee, or throughout the
E. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on the chart examination as needed to reestablish norm pattern.
F. GSR Module = located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the finger electrodes and moves the pen Purposes of Irrelevant Question
to record the reactions on the chart 1. Establish the professional authority in the room that means,
the examiner asks questions and the suspect answers.
How does it Records? 2. It allows the examiner to assess the subject’s normal behavior
 Galvanic Skin Response = is the change in the body’s for this heightened emotional situation.
resistance to the passage of a minute electrical sensing 3. Allows the examiner to identify something he has in common
current. with the subject, to establish rapport.
 The electrodes electrically connect the subject to the 4. It minimizes resistance.
instrument. These provide a 5 microamp sensing current
to the subject, far below the threshold of feeling. 2. Symptomatic Question = is designed to ensure that the
examiner will not ask un-reviewed questions or that the examinee
4. Kymograph = serves as the paper feed mechanism of the is not afraid that the examiner will ask un-reviewed questions.
polygraph machine Examples:
 It is a motor that pulls or drives the cart paper under the ■ Do you believe me when I promised not to ask a question in
recording pen simultaneously at the rate of five seconds this test I have not gone over word for word?
per vertical chart division or twelve divisions in one minute ■ Even though I promised I would not, are you afraid I will ask a
run. question in this test I have not gone over word for word?
a. Chart = approximately 100 ft. rolled graph paper with
approximately ¼ inch horizontal division and ½ inch vertical 3. Sacrifice Relevant Question = it introduces the relevant
division equivalent to 5 seconds’ run question to the subject
b. Cutter Bar = used to cut the paper at the end of the test o designed to absorb the response generated by the
c. Rubber Roller = the one responsible for pulling the paper introduction of relevant question in the series
out of the machine. Example:
d. Pen Table = flat portion where the pen writes on the chart. ■ Regarding the (matter under investigation), are you willing to
e. Paper Rail Guide = serves as the security for the answer the questions truthfully?
unnecessary movement of the chart paper or to ensure the
paper’s forward movement without shaking.

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4. Relevant Question = a question deals with the matter under Types of Polygraph Technique/Test
investigation. Color coded red in computerized instruments. It is 1. General Question Test = consist of series of relevant,
designed to generate reactions from deceptive subject. irrelevant control questions in a planned order. Developed by
John E. Reid
Types of Relevant Question
a. Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) = addresses the primary 2. Relevant/Irrelevant Test = consists primarily of series of
issue or direct involvement of the subject on the matter under irrelevant questions and relevant questions pertaining to the
question. It is use primarily with the single-issue examination. crime under investigation. Developed by Keeler.
■ Ex. Did you take that missing money?
b. Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) = deals with the 3. Peak of Tension Test = consist of only one relevant and a
physical acts that support the primary issue. This is usually use series of irrelevant questions. = resemble, in every general
in multi-issue examination. way, the card test, for it consist essentially of the asking of a
■ Ex. Did you participate in the theft of that missing money? series of question in which only one has any bearing upon the
c. Guilty Knowledge = designed to probe whether the subject matter under investigation.
possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or o padding questions before and after the relevant questions.
the facts of the case under question.
■ Ex. Do you know who took that missing money? Two Types of POT Test
d. Evidence Connecting Question = test question in which the ■ Known Solution Peak of Tension Test (KSPOT) = is used
examinee is asked about a particular piece of physical evidence to determine whether the examinee is aware of details of a
that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left at crime that have been kept from the general public and
the crime scene by the perpetrator or stolen property. would presumably only be known to the perpetrator of the
■ Ex. Do you know where any of that missing money is crime or those with incriminating knowledge.
right now? ■ Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) = is used to
determine details of a crime that are not known to officials,
5. Comparison Question = a question which is the same in nature such as the location of an unrecovered body, but would be
with that of the relevant question but broad in scope. known to a participant in the crime.
= is used for comparative
purposes with the relevant question. 4. Card test / Acquaintance Test / Stimulation Test = the subject
= designed to generate is presented with seven (7) previously numbered cards face down.
reactions from truthful subject. = he will be instructed to take one, look at it and return it with the rest
of the cards.
Types of Comparison Question = the examiner will shuffle the cards and each card will be shown to
A. Directed Lie Comparison Question (DLC) = a comparison him, with the instruction that he will answer “NO” to all cards, even if
question in which the examinee is instructed by the examiner to the one being shown to him is the one he has seen earlier.
answer the questions untruthfully.
o Some examiners get admission to comparison questions 5. Guilt Complex Test = used primarily for overly responsive
and then instruct the examinee to lie to that question when subjects.
it is asked. = a totally fictitious incident but a similar nature to the matter being
B. Probable Lie Comparison Question (PLC) = a question to investigated and make him believe it is real.
which it is likely that the examinee is untruthful with his answer. = The purpose is to compare the response with those response
o PLC questions are broad in scope and usually based on made concerning the actual matter under investigation
actions categorically similar to that of the issue under
investigation 6. Silent Answer Test = Subject is instructed not to give any verbal
answer, the subject will only answer in his mind.
Types of Probable Lie
1. Inclusive = a comparison question which include the relevant 7. Comparison Question Test (CQT) = the reactions on the control
time period under investigation. It was originally designed by and relevant questions are compared via numerical scoring
Reid. Polygraph Examiner = is one who can detect deception and
o this type of question usually starts with the phrase: “In your verifying the truthfulness of statement through the use of a polygraph
entire life,..”. Also termed as inclusionary. instrument.
= is someone who has successfully completed formal education and
2. Exclusive = a comparison question separated in time, place training in conducting polygraph examination and is certified by his
and category from the relevant question. It was introduced by agency to conduct such examination.
Cleve Backster. He believes that this prevents the guilty suspect
from perceiving the comparison question as an ambiguous
Subject = is any person who undergoes polygraph examination.
relevant question.
Example:
Polygraph Examination = a process that encompasses all activities
■ During the first __ years of your life, did you ever ____?
that take place between a polygraph examiner and an examinee
■ Prior to 2009, did you ever _____ ?
during a specific series of interactions. For a valid polygraph
■ While in college ______? examination to exist, respiration, EDA, and Cardiovascular activity
■ Between the ages of __ & __, did you ever _____? must be monitored and recorded.

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Two Types of Polygraph Exam
1. Mixed Issue Exam = multiple-issue polygraph testing like a. X – it indicates the start of the test. The examiner informs
screening of applicants or audit of employees or persons with the subject that the test is about to begin.
security clearances.
2. Diagnostic Exam = a test which involves specific case b. I I – is a stimulus mark. The first vertical line marks when
investigation. the examiner starts asking question. Second vertical line
marks when the examiner finishes asking question.
Types of Diagnostic Exam
1. Single Issue Exam = a test which inquires direct c. + - a positive sign which indicates that the subject answers
involvement of subject into a specific case under question. the question with “yes”. This also indicates the period when
2. MultI-facet Exam = test format in which the relevant the subject answers the question and usually followed by a
questions are targeted toward different elements of the same crime. “number” indicating the order number of question, example
+3, +4, +5….)
Stages in the Conduct of the Polygraph Test
d. – a negative sign indicating that the subject answers the
■ Initial Interview with the Investigator stimulus with “no”. This also indicates the period when the
subject answers the question and usually followed by a
1. Pre-test Interview = an interview conducted by the polygraph “number”.
examiner designed to prepare or condition the subject for the actual
test. It usually lasts for about 20 – 30 minutes e. XX – indicates the end of test.
a. Determining the subject physical, mental, and psychological
suitability to undergo the test 2. Secondary Markings = are markings which are placed
a.1. the subject should avoid taking drugs at least 12 hrs. only if the examinee does something which will cause the
before the test physiological tracings to distort. These markings are usually placed
a.2. the subject if female should not be pregnant below the affected tracing.
a.3. the subject should not be hungry
a.4. the subject should not be physically or emotional a. M – Movement
abuse b. T – Talking
a.5. the subject should not be suffering high blood or c. DB – Deep Breath
hypertension. d. C – Cough
b. Informing the subject of his Constitutional Rights (if the examiner e. CT – Clear Throat
is a law enforcement officer) c. Taking of the subject consent f. SW – Swallow
d. Taking of the subject personal data g. SNF – Sniff
e. Discuss with the subject the crime/issue under investigation h. Y – Yawn
f. Preparing the subject for the test – administration of stimulation i. SZ – Sneeze
test j. LGH – Laugh
k. SLP – Sleep
2. ln-Test (Actual Test) = is the actual conduct of the test l. B – Belch
administered by a polygraph examiner m. OSN – Outside Noise
n. ISN – Inside Noise
Conditions of the Room o. EE – Examiner Error
■ It should be spacious for two persons p. WRQ – Will Repeat Question
■ Well lighted q. MI – Movement Instruction
■ Well ventilated r. TI – Talking Instruction
■ Soundproof s. AI – Answering Instruction
■ Not decorated t. BI – Breathing Instruction
u. WU – Wake-Up
3. Post-test Interview or Interrogation = is an interview or an v. TDB – Take Deep Breath
interrogation administered by a polygraph examiner after the test
designed to obtain confession or admission by the subject. = Two types of Chart Interpretation ■ Global Analysis ■
interview is conducted when the reactions indicate an innocent Numerical Scoring
response and very cooperative to the examiner. = interrogation is ■ Manual Numerical Scoring
conducted when the reactions show sign of deception and being ■ Computer Scoring Algorithm
uncooperative to open an information.
Chart markings = are annotations of the physiologic tracings to GLOBAL ANALYSIS
denote stimulus (question) onset and offset, examinee’s answer, In global analysis, the examiner looks for significant reactions that
question number, question label, artifacts, and other details important occur repeatedly which is referred to as “Conspecnificance”.
to the interpretation of the physiological data. Conspecnificance is the consistency of reaction to a specific
question with significant magnitude
Two Types Chart Markings
1. Primary Markings = these are markings which indicate the ■ NUMERICAL SCORING
beginning and end of examination as well as the questions and The numerical scoring is a method of rendering polygraph decisions
answers of the subject. These are usually placed at the bottom or top that are based exclusively on numeric values that have been
of the polygraph chart
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assigned to physiological responses recorded during a structured technique can have high agreement without high accuracy, though
polygraph examination the reverse is not true.
Result Errors
ELEMENTS OF SCORING SYSTEM ■ False Negative = refers to the failure to detect the presence of
1. Reaction Features = are raw physiological data that a a particular event or item. = in polygraphy refers to the
polygraph examiner should look into the polygraph chart for incorrect decision that deception was not practiced by the
numerical interpretation. It can be scored using the seven position or examinee.
three position rules. Only reactions on the relevant and comparison ■ False Positive = is the false detection of something that
questions are scored during interpretation. is not actually present. In polygraphy
2. Transformations = In transforming physiological data, = it is the incorrect decision that deception was practiced
combine observations of reactions to relevant and control stimulus by the examinee.
into a single value for each component and for each presentation of
each of the target stimuli. Admissibility of Result
■ Red questions (relevant) are compared to Green question In the Philippines, polygraph results are not admitted as evidence.
(control) Many polygraph examiners and lawyers have attempted presenting
■ Assign a - score when there is a larger response to a relevant polygraph evidence in court but all resulted to futile.
question
■ Assign a + score when there is a larger response to a control Philippines
question ■ Rule 130 section 49 of the Rules on Evidence provides
■ Different scoring systems used different scoring rules in that:
assigning numerical value to particular reaction features on
“The opinion of a witness on matter requiring special knowledge,
the relevant and comparison questions.
skill, experience or training which he shown to possess, may be
received in evidence.”
3. Decision Rules = determines when data meet the criteria
for inclusion in a particular category. = final step in polygraph
U.S. United States v. Frye – 1923 – NOT ADMITTED AS
numerical scoring, producing decisions of Deception Indicated, No
EVIDENCE (First case in Polygraphy)
Deception Indicated, and Inconclusive.
= artifacts such as deep breaths, coughs, movements, and
PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION (new)
physiological abnormalities (premature ventricular contractions) affect
1. Pretest - longest
the quality of tracings for scoring. All these should not be scored.
2. Test Data Collection – Validated Polygraph Techniques
3. Test Data Analysis - Numerical Evaluation of Polygraph
ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPH RESULTS
Data
■ Accuracy = the condition or
quality of being true, correct, or exact
Test Data Analysis
■ = refers to validity (state or quality
of being well founded). The systematic process by which a particular set of decision is
applied to the evaluation of diagnostic features and other
physiological data resulting in one of the three outcome decisions.
Types of Validity
■ Face Validity = opinion or consensus of experts
1. Deception Indicated/Significant Reaction- lying
■ Content Validity = selection of pertinent issues of inquiry
2. No Deception Indicated/No significant
■ Predictive Validity = ability to predict a future outcome
reaction - truthful
■ Concurrent Validity = ability to identify what is already known
3. No Opinion/inconclusive
■ Convergent Validity – new info coincides with extant info
■ Divergent Validity – new info separates extant ideas Types of Test Data Analysis Method
■ Construct Validity – meaningful defined and understandable 1. Global Test Data Analysis/Clinical/Approach
relationships (correlations) between various phenomena 2. Numerical Test Data Analysis
■ Criterion Validity – accuracy of category decisions 3. Computer Scoring
■ Incremental Validity – professional decision accuracy improves with the use of additional information
General Rules for Effective Chart Interpretation
1. There must be a specific response.
RELIABILITY 2. To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm.
 refers to stability or consistency of measurement. 3. Must appear in at least two (2) charts.
Reliability studies in PDD often examine the rate of 4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneous
decision agreement among examiners on polygraph test specific responses in the three (3) physiological tracings in
charts. the chart.

Types of Reliability: Computer Scoring

1. Interrater reliability = denotes agreement among examiners Developed to obtain reliable test results and reduce potential errors
2. Interrater agreement (test-retest reliability) = pertains to an cause by bias inexperience polygraph examiners and scorer.
examiner agreement with his own decisions when evaluating the ▪ CPS Algorithm - Stoelting
charts on different occasions. ▪ Polyscore – Lafayette, Axciton
Note:
▪ Objective Scoring System (1,2,3) –Stoelting,
Reliability is not the same as validity, which means LImestone
accuracy. A technique cannot be more valid than it is reliable. A
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▪ Use Backster Numerical Scoring System in the evaluation
Numerical Test Data Analysis of charts
• First mentioned by Joseph F. Kubis in 1962.
• Cleve Backster introduced the seven-position numerical Utah Zone Comparison Test
scoring approach in the evaluation of polygraph charts in ▪ Dr. David C. Raskin (1970) - University of Utah.
1963. ▪ First polygraph technique developed by a psychologist.
▪ Application of psychological science and
Numerical Test Data Analysis psychophysiology into the pretest interview, question
• Seven-Position Scale (-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3) structure, recording methods, and evaluation methods.
• Three-Position Scale (-1, 0, +1) ▪ High reliability and validity - Ad Hoc Committee on
Polygraph Techniques.
Rules in Numerical Scoring ▪ Use for Single Issue – 92% Accuracy
Reaction to a relevant question is ▪ Multi-facet
compared to the reaction of a temporally adjacent, ▪ Multiple-Issue
comparison question.
Intro, SR, N1, PLC1, R1, N2, PLC2, R2, N3, PLC3, R3
Rules in Numerical Scoring
• Positive scores are assigned when the physiological
reaction to the comparison question are stronger than the
reaction to the relevant question.
• Negative scores are assigned when the reaction to the
RQs are greater than reaction of the CQs.
• Zero is assigned if there is no noticeable difference
between the comparison and relevant questions.

VALIDATED POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES

• . Air Force Modified General Question Test (7- position
scale/ESS)
• Backster You-Phase (Backster 7-position)
• Concealed Information Test (Lykken Scoring)
• Federal-You Phase (7-position/ESS)
• Federal Zone Comparison Test (7-position scale)
• Utah Zone Comparison Test PLC (Utah Scoring System)
• Utah Zone Comparison Test DLC (Utah Scoring System)
• Integrated Zone Comparison Test (Horizontal Scoring
System)
• Matte Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Test (Matte Scoring
System)
• Directed Lie Screening Test (ESS)

Air Force Modified General Question Test (AFMGQT)

• Modified version of General Question Test – John Reid
• USAMPPS (1968) – modified the GQT – Army Modified
General Question Test (AMGQT).
• Air Force (1970) - modified the Army MGQT
✓ sacrifice relevant question
✓ more comparison questions
✓ allow two, three or four RQs.

Federal Zone Comparison Test

▪ Originated from Backster Technique
▪ Diagnostic- Multi-Facet Test(Federal ZCT)
▪ Diagnostic -Single Issue Test (Federal You Phase)
▪ Screening – Single Issue (Federal You Phase)
▪ 92% accuracy (Federal ZCT)
▪ 90% accuracy (Federal You Phase)

Backster You-Phase (Direct Involvement)

▪ Can accommodate two Relevant Question
▪ Minimum of 2 charts
▪ Global evaluation to determine purity of tracings

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