Intellectual Competencies: Purposive Communication English 3.

Behaviours and beliefs

4. Norms and values
CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION 5. Ethnocentrism
6. Body language and gestures
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
- Components of the Communication Process - Strategies to become an effective global communicator. (www.books forbetterliving.com):
Technically, communication happens in a systematic process to achieve its success. 1. Mindful Presence
Communication process is important particularly among professionals because of the following 2. Mindful Listening
notable reasons according to Bhasin (2021): 3. Mindful Speech
• It develops coordination for people to understand the thoughts, and ideas of one another. 4. Unconditional Friendliness
• Its function in an organization is elemental for the smooth and proper functioning of each 5. Mindful Responsiveness
member of the organization.
• It contributes to effective and efficient decision making among people. Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
• It increases the managerial efficiency and leader potentials in organizations. - Communication in Multicultural Settings
• It promotes the overall organizational peace and cooperation among all employees who are Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People
holding different places in the hierarchy. live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging
• It boosts the morale of all employees and promotes and healthy working environment in the interactions with each other.
organization.
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication (Dapat, et al, 2016)
- Principles of Effective Communication 1. Cultural identity
9 communication principles into operation as suggested by Kapur (2020): 2. Gender role
1. Trustworthiness 3. Age identity
2. Effective Speaking Skills 4. Social class
3. Active Listening 5. Religious identity
4. Good Writing Skills
5. Good Reading Skills Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings (Cotton, 2013)
6. Objective Judgement 1. Mother tongue and secondary languages
7. Value Difference 2. Race
8. No Assumptions 3. Ethnicity
9. Authenticity 4. Gender
5. Local culture
- Ethical Considerations in Communication 6. Religion
1. Respectful of their audiences. 7. Regional attire
2. Considerate of the consequences of their communication. 8. Ancestry, Parents and Families
3. Truthful 9. Teachers
4. Efficient in using information 10. Friends
5. Watchful on falsified information. 11. Neighborhood
6. Respectful of the rights of others to information. 12. Education
13. Profession
Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization 14. Experience
- Globalization 15. Politics
Globalization is not only the mobility and trade of goods across countries, but all that go with it 16. Physical features
such as people, services, knowledge, culture, etc. Historically, globalization has opened borders 17. Media
and modernization from one country to another. Thus, the inevitable globalization is now
intertwined not only in economy but also in human communication. As communicators, we need - Intercultural Communication
to recognize and understand the features, dimensions, and impact of globalization to human People from different backgrounds often encounter difficulties in processing meanings
communication. and understanding messages due to the difficulties in understanding certain factors of
communication such as language, context, and meaning. Communication problems
- Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication often occur when there is a lack of understanding about how certain cultures "work."
1. Language
2. Stereotypes and prejudices - Forms of Intercultural Communication
a. Interracial communication – communicating with people from different races Skills as Media Literate Communicator
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different ethnic origin 1. Understand and respect the power of mass communication messages.
c. International communication – communicating between representatives from different 2. Understand content by paying attention and filtering out noise.
nations. 3. Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions to mass communication content in order to act
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic accordingly.
group or co-culture 4. Develop heightened expectations of mass communication content.
5. Understand genre conventions and recognize when they are being mixed.
- Improving Intercultural Communication Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016) 6. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter how credible their
1. People should be mindful of the other communicators who have different culture. source.
2. People should mindfully choose the suitable words and actions that are culturally 7. Understand the internal language of mass communication to understand its effects, no
acceptable to others. matter how complex.
3. People should be skillful and tactful in communicating in multicultural settings.
4. People should be observant on the connection among communication patterns. CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF
5. People should open their minds to dissimilar culture because it can give them TECHNOLOGY
fresh options to try a new approach in life. Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation
- Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations (brainly.ph)
Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.
Multimedia systems are integrated.
- Varieties of Spoken and Written Language The information they handle must be represented digitally.
Written language is carefully organized and explanatory. Word of choice is deliberate and follow The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive
a particular structure. Spoken language is spontaneous and momentary; it is mostly maintained - Steps in Making Effective Communication Presentations
in the form of a dialogue. Elements to consider:
Create visual aids with purpose.
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English: Strive for quality.
Written English Spoken English Developing Effective Visuals
Flow of language steady Pauses - utterances Visual aids are clearly integrated with the content of the presentation
Organization structured Less particular with structure Photographs and illustrations suit the overall tone of the presentation
Register Both formal and informal Mostly informal Images and text are large and clear enough for the viewer to see or read
Different Registers in different Forms and Functions Images are shown with explanatory text or a caption
1. Frozen or “static” register Informational graphics include clear, easy-to-read labels and headings
2. Formal register Text within informational graphics is easy to read (Watch out for wordiness and crowded text or a font
3. Consultative register that is too small and hard to read.)
4. Casual register Formatting choices (color, different fonts, etc.) organize information effectively
5. Intimate register Any text within graphics is free of errors
Hyperlinks within slides function properly
Display text for hyperlinks is concise and informative (Never paste a link into a slide without
modifying the display text.)

Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation

Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images of different types of texts reflecting different cultures Topics:
- Pecha Kucha definition
- Key Concepts of Media Literacy Pecha Kucha is a presentation method that calls for telling a story using images rather than reading text
Media refers to all electronic or digital means and print or artistic visuals used to transmit from slides during a PowerPoint presentation. Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow only 20
messages. seconds of commentary per slide. That keeps a total presentation to just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
Literacy is the ability to encode and decode symbols and synthesize and analyze messages.
Media literacy is the ability to encode and decode the symbols transmitted via media and the - Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha Presentation
ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated messages. 1. Topic in a Sentence
Media education is the study of media, including ‘hands-on’ experiences and media production. 2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum
Media literacy education is the educational field dedicated to teaching the skills associated with 3. Find the story in your topic
media literacy. 4. Tell story with images
5. Use just few points
6. Timing it is required.
7. Visual Cues 2. Leave one space below the address then write the date.
3. Include the receiver’s address.
Lesson 3: Blogging 4. Subject of the letter; state what is your main reason in writing this letter.
- What is Blog 5. Below the subject, write a salutation to address the person being written to. If not sure on the gender of
A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying the recipient, you may write Sir/Madam.
information in reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a 6. The body of the letter, it is divided into three (3) paragraphs; First Paragraph – Introduce yourself and
platform where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject. include the purpose of the letter; Second Paragraph - Inform the recipient about the details of your inquiry
- Effective ways of introducing a Blog and the other information you wanted to know; Third
1. Be Short and Direct Paragraph - Conclusion and end of the paragraph, you may include here that you are
2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph expecting or waiting to have their response. And don’t forget to include gratitude in the letter.
3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question 7. Below the body of the letter, write the sender’s name and signature, include also the designation of the
4. Ask a Multiple Choice Question sender.
5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic - Emails
6. Share Something Personal Communication Internal operational communication is a system where members of an organization
7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information communicate with one another to implement the business goals which has become increasingly important.
8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom It has many forms such as supervisors giving orders, oral exchanges among employees about work
9. Lead With a Success Story matters, assembling and distributing reports, and composing and sending e-mail messages to other
10. Start With a Reader’s Question workers within the company, other companies in and outsidethe country.
- Interview
CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES A job interview is a conversation which occurs between a potential employer and a job
applicant. During the job interview, the employer has the opportunity to appraise applicant’s
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and Argumentative Communication qualifications, appearance and general fitness for the job opening.
- Tips in Conducting an Interview
Informative Communication Persuasive Communication Argumentative 1. Display sense of responsibility by coming to the scheduled interview on time and prepared.
Communication 2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study about the employer, hiring manager and job
focuses on talking about people, events, processes,places, or things; however, opportunities.
informing an audience about one of these subjects without being persuasive is often a 3. Suggest sense of loyalty by verbalizing intention to stay longer with the company.
difficult task to complete. act of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change 4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that you can work with less supervision.
your audience used to settle disputes and discover truth 5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions with style and ease,
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work ethic by dressing up corporately during the
Lesson 2: Public Speaking interview.
- Reading from a Manuscript - word-for-word iteration of a written message 7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident, candid, and precise.
- Memorized - rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory. 8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful questions.
- Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a 9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself.
conversational manner using brief notes
- Impromptu - presentation of a short message without advance preparation. 10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the interviewer for his or her time.
3. Making Inquiries
Topics: CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
- Inquiry Letter Lesson 1: Communication for Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes
A letter of inquiry is mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining a specific information to A patient note is the primary communication tool to other clinicians treating the patient, and a
another party whom it addresses. This letter intended to pose a request or question to the reader and statement of the quality of care.
persuading it to respond. There are three types of inquiry letter, the solicited, unsolicited and inquiries Topics:
asking for a favor. Solicited letter of inquiry is a letter used when a business is advertising its product or - Patient Notes
services, unsolicited letter of inquiry is a letter that inquiring regarding something thus it is a formal letter Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest assessment
if the sender doesn’t know the receiver, and the latter is seeking information with or without commercial Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment reports done in order to monitor the condition of the
proposition and must be clear with their objectives. It is very useful when seeking information but be patient
mindful of asking too much information especially if that information you can obtain easily. Discharge notes: are the reports given once medication is discontinued or the patient is release from the
hospital
- Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry - Way of Organizing Patient Notes
1. Write the sender’s name and address, you may also include phone number and email if Subjective (assessment given by the family member or patient himself)
Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected in laboratory or other medical reports) 6. Keep customers updated
Assessment (diagnosis) 7. Touch base with the customer afterward
Plan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis)
Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or more definite. Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
Concretizing: make something concrete, Become specific; "the idea concretized in her mind" - Storytelling - interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements and images of a story
Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or feelings. To look into or examine (one's own mind, while encouraging the listener’s imagination.
feelings, etc.). - Image Description - a detailed explanation of an image that provides textual access to visual
content; most often used for digital graphics online and in digital files; can be used as alt text in coding to
Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: Writing a Lead provide access to more complete information.
- Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or Lead
The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, What, When, Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade
Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
When writing a lead, it helps to think about which of these facts is the most vital for readers to know. The primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to help organizations develop a full awareness of all the
Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the information the reader requires in just a few words.Ideally, a factors involved in making a business decision.
lead should be between 25 and 40 words. Strengths (Internal)
Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make sure that Financial resources
your lead only discusses one idea to avoid confusion. Technical resources and capabilities
Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common exceptions including writing about Human resources
fatalities (“two people were killed Thursday”) and when discussing police activity (“two people were Product lines
arrested”). Passive voice is often theresult of incomplete reporting. Threats (External)
Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most crucial information at the very beginning of the sentence. Technology innovations and changes
Important secondary information can go in subsequent sentences. Not following this practice is called Competition
“burying the lead.” If you need attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the end of the sentence Economic trends
because it is less important than the information itself. Government policies and legislation
Understand the Context: Legal judgments
Keep in mind what your readers may already know about your story based on previous media Social trends
coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these realities and adds relevant, useful information. A SWOT analysis pulls information internal sources (strengths of weaknesses of the specific company) as
Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of information with your lead, you well as external forces that may have uncontrollable impacts to decisions(opportunities and threats).
should be ready to deliver.
- Types of Lead Benefits of SWOT Analysis (managementstudyguide.com)
Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief summary, containing most of the Five W’s and H in one sentence. 1. It is a source of information for strategic planning.
Question Lead - ask a question. Although they are effective in sparking interest, use them sparingly 2. Builds organization’s strengths.
because they generally do not provide the main points of a story as concisely. 3. Reverse its weaknesses.
Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in first paragraph 4. Maximize its response to opportunities.
Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way 5. Overcome organization’s threats.
Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The anecdote must help enhance 6. It helps in identifying core competencies of the firm.
the article’s broader point, and you must explain the connection to that point in the first few 7. It helps in setting of objectives for strategic planning.
sentences following the lead. 8. It helps in knowing past, present and future so that by using past and current data, future plans
Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened rather than simply telling what the event is about can be chalked out.
Lesson 3: Tour Guiding
- Tourism How to make SWOT Analysis (business.qld.gov.au/)
To inform, remind and advise 1. Decide on the objective of your SWOT analysis
- Communication Tasks for Tour Guides giving directions and commentaries; 2. Research your business, industry and market
explaining procedures and itineraries; providing advice on safety and security; and describing tourist 3. List your business's strengths
attractions. 4. List your business's weaknesses
- Communication Techniques in Dealing with Complaints 5. List potential opportunities for your business
1. Set a complaints handling policy 6. List potential threats to your business
2. Respond quickly to complaints 7. Establish priorities from the SWOT
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with customers 8. Develop a strategy to address issues in the SWOT
4. Research the customer’s situation
5. Involve customers in the solution Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Reports
A report is a specific form of writing that is organised around concisely identifying and examining issues,
events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense, such as events that have occurred within an Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The Resume
organisation, or findings from a research investigation. (owll.massey.ac.nz/) Resume - where you can display your top skills and qualities it consists of one to two pages. it is the most
required tool to every company when looking for a job because it will be a way to help you get your
Characteristics of a Report (University of Lucknow) interview and it will be easy for the employer in hiring decisions. Structuring your resume and deciding
- An ideal report should be Clear, concise, accurate and well organised with clear section what to include matters the most. there are characteristics that must include in your resume example of
headings. this is communication skills, openness, creativity, commitment and etc. To have a good resume, it must
- Easy for the audience to understand. include the same keywords that can be seen to the job description.
- Presentation is a key element in successful report writing. Formatting, revising and There are three most popular formats that are using when writing Resume. These are the:
proof reading are important process for good report writing. Chronological, Functional and Combination. All of these types are useful for every people who have
- All reports should have an executive summary that presents the essential elements of the report from the different backgrounds and objectives when applying for a company. These are the Guidelines that helps us
introduction through to the recommendations and outcomes. how to write a resume correctly.
- Reports should be visually appealing and easy to read. Diagrams, figures, charts, tables and graphs can
all add interest to a report. Report Categories (qsstudy.com) Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The Application Letter
The application letter is a clear link between the position the applicant is searching for and the
Formal Report - reports that are prepared in prescribed forms qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put it another way, the letter fits those credentials with the
Form of the report: Formal report is highly structured and is prepared in a prescribed format. specifications of the position, illustrating how correct an applicant is for that role. It addresses details in
Most Formal report is always written in a manuscript (narrative style) format. the resume selectively, as needed.
Purpose: Formal report is written to help management in making long term and strategic decisions.
Objective: Objective of the formal report is to assist decision making by providing an effective Working with information, examples, information about relevant aspects of your educational and job
recommendation. history is one of the best ways to make an application letter perfect. However, so little interest might be
Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal report is large. It generally includes some particular pages (e.g. created by a letter that is too general and ambiguous that the reader may not even want to turn to the
prefatory page) that do not appear in short reports. resume.
Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are circulated to top-level executives and outside parties. Working in a selective detail in the application text, which makes the person stand out, makes it
Nature of problem: Formal report deals with complex and non-recurring problems. It is analytical and unforgettable, and completes the statements making about their abilities and experience.
systematic in nature. It deals with key complex problems.
Frequency of writing: Formal report is written very infrequently. It is very important for an applicant to design a successful cover letter before applying for a new job and
Writing responsibility: This type of report is usually written by internal or external experts. make adjustments to their resume to accommodate the organization to which they are applying. People
Use of visual aids: This type of report makes extensive use of visual aids to present the facts and findings. searching for jobs too often overlook their cover letters, leaving them until the last minute, particularly not
Writing Style: This report follows inductive (indirect) and impersonal writing style. A formal report on the taking adequate time to provide valuable and relevant information that this is really important for a good
other hand, after analyzing and interpreting the conclusion of the draw and makes recommendations. first impression to be made. When applying for a position, the cover letter is something that introduces the
Recommendation: Recommendation is an essential part of a formal report. applicant and their resume, which is responsible
Informal report - prepared not by following any prescribed rule or formality. for a first impression. The cover letter is a prospective employer's first impression of the applicant.
Form of the report: Informal report is less structured and it is less important to follow the prescribed This single document offers the initial insight into who the applicant is as a professional and a person to
format. Most Informal reports are written in memorandum and letter formats. potential employers.
Purpose: The main purpose of an informal report is to present the facts that help managers in making thy-
to-thy business decisions. Writing a letter for an application letter is somewhat different from a short email to a friend or a message
Objective: Conveying routine messages and to help routine functions are the basic objectives of the of thanks to a parent. When it comes to the letter 's presentation and appearance, potential employers and
informal report. prospective interviewers have some standards, from length (no more than a page) to font size and design
Length: It is short in size. An informal report is short in size. This report writing is generally to letter spacing.
complete in a page or two.
Distribution: Short report is usually circulated within the organization. When it comes to length in an application letter should be no longer than one page long.Style and page
Nature of problem: Informal report deals with less complex and recurring problems. It is not methodical in margins provide a single-spaced application letter must have a space between each line that uses margins
nature. This report deals with the schedule matters. of around one and match the text to the left, which for most documents is the standard layout. Font varies
Frequency of writing: It is written very frequently even daily a weekly. on a conventional font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri and the font size must be around ten
Writing responsibility: These reports are usually written by a subordinate. to twelve.
Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom uses visual aids.
Writing Style: This report follows deductive (direct) and personal writing style. Informal reports The rules for the parts used in the letter are also laid down, from greeting to sign-off, to how the letter is
follow deductive writing styles. A short report highlights facts and specific recommendations. It avoids arranged. Here's a short lowdown on the key parts used in a letter demanding a job:
analysis and inclusion of supporting information. In the heading, both the applicant’s name and the employer's contact details (name,
Recommendations: Recommendations are not required in an informal report.
address, phone number & email) accompanied by the date should begin with a letter of application.
Include your contact information at the end of the message, after the applicant's signature. For the Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting
salutation, the applicant must have a friendly greeting for this. The most frequent salutation is "Dear Meetings are set and conducted in different ways by different companies and organizations to discuss
Mr./Ms." followed by the last name of the user. The applicant must find out all about acceptable cover different agendas and matters that affect the surrounding area and the people involved.
letter greetings, and what to do if the applicant does not know the name of the recipient, or are uncertain Being in a meeting, one must keep record of the meeting’s agendas, suggestions, and actions requested by
of the gender of a communication. the group; a list of what happened during the meeting, the Minutes of the Meeting.
A written record of the meeting that lets the attendees be reminded, and the absentees be informed of what
The applicant should note the position he or she is applying for in the first line and where the applicant has happened in the meeting. A written record that serves as detailed notes reflecting all actions done within
seen the job description. The most critical part of the applicant’s letter is the next paragraph. This is where the meeting; A record that also serves as a reminder to the task that must be completed after the
the applicant can share the related knowledge about his or her experience and achievements. The applicant discussion.
must show gratitude to the employer will be the third and last portion of the body of the letter; the Before the meeting:
applicant may also provide follow-up information. For the complimentary close: With a friendly close, Choose your recording tool. One may choose to use it in recording the meeting, from a pen and paper to a
such as "Favorite" or "Sincerely," followed by the laptop or a recorder. Always check your tools as one will need it for future references.
applicant’s signature, signing off the applicant’s account. Lastly, for the signature, the applicant must Reading the meeting’s agenda may also help your outlining of the meeting where one can easily pinpoint
finish with its handwritten signature followed by the name of the applicant that must be typed, lastly what are the important points within the meeting.
followed by the applicant’s contact details. During the meeting:
Passing the attendance is a sign that the meeting is starting, know who is involved within the meeting to
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The Memorandum know who they are and what their main point is. One may not include all comments instead the important
notes are enough. Write all motion and who made them, and its results.
A Memorandum, or commonly known as a memo, is a short concise message or record that is used for Always remember to keep your own biases.
internal communication in a business, administration, or an institution. After the meeting:
- a note, document or a form of communication intended to issue a directive, execute a policy, present an Encode the notes you have taken during the meeting. Include the participants and the different key points
information report, provide convey information, rebuke errors, give warnings, solve problems or make they added. Add to your final record the organization, the title of the committee, the type of meeting, and
requests. This communication can be between or among administrators, and subordinates or may suffice the purpose of it. Always proofread your record and avoid lapses of important discussion within the
subordinates coordinating with co-employees to carry out a task or activity. This communication is an meeting, if needed second opinion do not hesitate to ask to fully verify your work. Submit it to the person
interoffice tool. who ran the meeting unless instructed to do another way or otherwise.

Basic Principles and Characteristics of Memorandum according to Sharma, 2014: CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Necessary and Sufficient Information Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
Do not Assume that Everyone knows Everything related to the issue discussed in the Memo Be Clear, Topics:
Concrete and Specific ,Easy-to-Understand,Explain with Ease and Co-operation,NO Emotional Appeal. - Quoting
- Plagiarism
The following are the uses of Memorandum according to Sharma, 2014: - Paraphrasing
To Provide Information - Summarizing
To Issue Instruction Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal
To Convey Policy Decision Research
To Offer/Invite Suggestion Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and systematic
To Record/Report an Agreement procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or for the verification or
To Establish Accountability confirmation of previews and existing knowledge to answer problems and
Helps you to avoid meeting personally, when necessary to apply in practical life.

Types of Research
Pure Research
These are the guidelines in making Memorandums: ● The researcher tries to find the truth
Short as possible and concise. ● The research meant to seek knowledge simply for knowledge’s sake
Use simple English. ● Also termed as library or desk research
Avoid using jargons. Applied Research
Use a captivating Heading by bolding or using different colors for the heading. ● Practical application of knowledge
Be aware of the important information that needs to be included in the memorandum. to everyday situations.
Be aware of the grammars and spelling. ● Also termed as action research
Anticipate any questions your readers might have. Quantitative Research
● Associated with positivist tradition (there is reality out there that can be studied and known) o Forced choice ratings
● Gathers numerical values as its data o Checklists
● Investigates concepts, constructs, variables o Calendar
● Use deductive reasoning o Visual analogue
● Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized and validity and precision are maximized) ● Two Types of Questionnaire Items
● Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality collected through senses) 1. The free response questions or “open-ended” or unstructured Questionnaire
Qualitative Research ● The questions frequently asked are why, what and how
● Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of individual 2. The “close-ended” or structured form of Questionnaire
participating in research.) ● Has the response already prepared, the respondents merely checks, underlines or
● Gathers narrative description as its data ranks the responses as directed
● Investigates phenomena, and concepts The Interview
● Use inductive process ● Is the second most common method for data collection
● Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical insights ● It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the interviewer who
● Gather information, insights that lead to search for further evidence (subjective) takes place in asks questions to gather information and the other called interviewee or respondent who supplies the
the field information asked for
Purposes and Uses of Interview
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction 1. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people to enable to gain insight into his problem
- How to Write Research Introduction 2. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people about the proper construction and validation of
The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating and clearly articulating questionnaire
the research problem. Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes the status of the 3. In case when the subject has some signs of abnormality, the interviewer may wish to gain physical and
problem in context. The background of the study that functions in terms of the following: emotional reactions of the subjects
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development, occurrence or 4. Interview can be used as a principal tool in gathering data or just to supplement data collected by other
existence. techniques
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. This actually refers to What to Avoid in Interviews
the local setting where the respondents have directly experienced the problem. It sets the status of the 1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him participate in an interview
problem. 2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the respondent
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the study. 3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are developed. The introduction is a 4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the respondent to understand
generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating and clearly articulating the research problem. 5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters
Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes the status of the problem in context. The 6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations
background of the study that functions in terms of the following: 7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education, knowledge and social status
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development, occurrence or 8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour
existence. Observation
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. This actually refers to ● Is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the researcher is interested in their behavior
the local setting where the respondents have directly experienced the problem. It sets the status of the ● Perceiving the data through the senses
problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the study. Recording the Results of Observation
● Checklist
Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are developed. ● Is a device which contains the items to be observed and a space for number or checkmarks or short
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method verbal entries
The Questionnaire ● Rating scale
● Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to questions that are intended to ● Is a checklist with an evaluation standard
obtain information about conditions or practices on which the respondent is presumed to have ● Anecdotal forms
knowledge ● Is a checklist that provides for less breakdown of dimensions or factors hence, much space is provided
● Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a telephone survey, or a for writing
structured document uploaded onto the internet ● Mechanical Recording
● The questionnaire format could be: ● Stenographic Recording
o Dichotomous (yes/no) Records
o Multiple choice ● Provide a readily available and valuable source of data
o Cafeteria ● Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and accuracy of records:
o Rank order ◦ Authorship- the identity of the person who conceived the material
◦ Body- the outward form of the material Association) or the APA (American Psychological Association) writing style.
◦ Function- purpose for which it was complied 2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Political
Issues, academic books, journals, newspapers and magazines, etc.
Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis 3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
The review of related literature is a written summary of the existing knowledge base on a research 4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the pages together
problem obtained from an in-depth search on non-research references and research references. The review
includes a statement indicating what the present study will add to what is already known. It is a written, Lesson 7: Academic Presentation
analytic summary of research findings on a topic of interest It is a comprehensive compilation of what is Academic Presentation
known about the phenomenon. It provides the background and the context on which the research is 1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the forum.
conducted 2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the audience about your research; on Explaining the
1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature key findings of your study; Synthesizing your research in relation to the statement of the problem
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related 3. Know your audience in terms of their background knowledge, research interests or
● These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, professional journals, experience.
magazines, newspapers, and other publications 4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
● Also referred to as non-empirical references
● Are classified as local and foreign The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation
1. Prepare Organize one’s content. Relevant to audience’s needs
2. Research Literature/Related Studies 2. Practice Great delivery of the presentation
● These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which present proposed study is 3. Present Well thought speech .Must be comfortable when presenting
related or has some bearing or similarity
● These are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations
● Also referred to as empirical references
● Are classified as local and foreign

Sources of Literature
Empirical References may be of primary and secondary sources:
1. Primary Source
● Description of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of data
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in research forums, seminars,
conferences, and even competitions, may also be considered primary sources
2. Secondary Source
● Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher
● Secondary source documents are a good way to start a literature review with because they provide a
quick summary and a good bibliography

Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper

Political Science analysis paper
● start from the premise that politics does not consist merely of human actions and
interaction
● involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs

Requirements for a decent political analysis paper

1. Topic and research question.
2. Preliminary research
3. Substantial research
4. Thesis
5. Impartiality

Quotations and references

1. Remember to cite all references you used, with either the MLA (Modern Language