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MUSIC

Music of the Medieval Period (700 – 1400)

 The Medieval period is also known as the “Middle Ages or ―Dark Ages” that started with
the fall of the Roman Empire. During this time, the Christian Church influenced Europe’s
culture and political affairs.

Characteristics of the Gregorian Chants:

 monophonic
 Free meter
 Modal
 Usually based on Latin liturgy
 Use of Neume notation
During the latter part of the Medieval Period, secular music which was not bound by Catholic
traditions emerged. Most of these songs were performed across Europe by groups of musicians
called Troubadours.
Troubadour Music:
 Usually monophonic
 Sometimes with improvised accompaniment
 Tells of chivalry and courtly love
 Originated in France
 Written in the French language

Famous Composer of the Medieval Period:

Adam de la Halle - France, 1237 – 128

 Adam de la Halle was also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback).
 He received his education at the Cistercian Abbey of Vaucelles, near Cambral. Adam
was destined for the church but he eventually married.
 Adam was one of the oldest secular composers whose literary and musical works include
chansons and poetic debates.
 His musical play, ―Jeu de Robin et Marion was considered the earliest surviving secular
French play with music.

His works include

1. Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion
2. La Chanson du roi de Sicile

Music of the Renaissance Period (1400 – 1600)

 The term ―Renaissance‖ comes from the word ―renaitre‖ which means “rebirth, ―revival,
and ―rediscovery.
 The Renaissance Period is a period of ―looking back to the Golden Age of Greece and
Rome.
 Lute was the prominent instrument of the renaissance era.
 This era was also known as the ―golden age‖ of a capella choral music.
Characteristics of Renaissance Music:
 Mostly polyphonic
 Imitation among the voices is common
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 Use of word painting in texts and music

 Melodic lines move in a flowing manner
 Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few large leaps
Vocal Music of the Renaissance Period
1. Mass – is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into
music.
Five Main Sections of Mass:
1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy)
2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest)
3. Credo (I Believe in One God)
4. Sanctus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and Blessed Is He)
5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)
2. Madrigal
- A secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy. It is
written and expressed in a poetic text and sung during courtly social gatherings. It
is the most important secular form during the Renaissance period.

Famous Composers of the Renaissance Period

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - Rome, 1525 - February 2, 1594
 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina is said to be the greatest master of Roman Catholic
Church music during the Renaissance period.
 Majority of his compositions are sacred music.
 Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass is held up as the perfect example of counter -
reformation style. Kyrie is part of the first two sections of the Pope Marcellus Mass.
 He was as an organist and choir master at both the Sistine Chapel and at St. Peter's
which may have influenced his distinctively pure and restrained style in musical
compositions.
 He had planned to become a priest but eventually changed his mind and married
a wealthy widow. This improved his wealth and enabled him to pursue a musical
career for the rest of his life.

2. Thomas Morley - 1557 – 1602

 He was a singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood, and he became master of
choristers in 1583.
 He was a singer in the local cathedral during his childhood and was believed to have
studied music with William Byrd, an Elizabethan composer of sacred music.
 He received his Bachelor’s degree in Oxford and became an organist at St. Paul’s in
London.
His works include:
 Fire, Fire, My Heart
 Sing and Chant It
 Fantasie
 April Is In My Mistress‟ Face
 It Was A Lover and His Lass
Music of the Baroque Period (1685 – 1750)
 The word Baroque is derived from the Portuguese word ―barroco” which means ―pearl of
irregular shape.
 Some of the great composers of this time were George Friedrich Handel, Johann Sebastian
Bach, Claudio Monteverdi, and Antonio Vivaldi.
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Characteristics of Baroque Music:

 Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental
 Melodies are not easy to sing or remember
 Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony
 Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft
 Music genres—operas, oratorios, suites, tocatas, concertó grosso, fugue
 Orchestra consists of strings and continuo
 Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used
 New forms:
1. binary – AB
2. ternary – ABC
3. ground bass
4. fugue
Music Genres of Baroque Music
1. Concerto – A form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an
orchestra.
2. Concerto Grosso - A form of orchestral music during the Baroque Period wherein the music
is between a small group of solo instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra
called tutti.
3. Fugue
 A contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint
 It is usually written in 3 or 4 parts, with a main theme called―subject.
 The entire piece grows mainly from a single brief tune of strong musical character
4. Oratorio – a large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates
narratives on religious themes.

5. Chorale – musical compositions that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of

the Protestant Church during the Baroque era.

Famous Composers of the Baroque Period

1. Johann Sebastian Bach
 Born: Germany March 21, 1685 - Died: July 28, 1750
 He entered school at age 7 where he was taught religion and other subjects. He became
orphaned at age ten.
 He was known for his compositions for organ, orchestra, and oratorio. His most important
and long – term position was as ―cantor” at St. Thomas Church.

2. Antonio Vivaldi -Venice, March 4, 1678 to Vienna, July 28, 1741

 Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest") because of his red
hair, was an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest and a virtuoso violinist.
 He entered the priesthood and was ordained in 1703. Vivaldi is well known for giving
the strings a major role in his compositions.
 His most famous piece is The Four Seasons. This composition is a series of four violin
concerti depicting each of the seasons, ―Spring, ―Summer, ―Autumn, and ―Winter.
3. George Friedrich Händel - Germany, February 23, 1685 London, April 14, 1759
 At age 7, he gained access to a church organ and started to play.
 Under Zachau, organist of Halle cathedral, he studied counterpoint, canon and fugue.
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 Händel is remembered for his operas and oratorios. Handel became England’s favorite
composer.
 Handel lost both of his eyesight in 1753.
 The Messiah was written in the space of twenty – four days in London but it was in Dublin
when The Messiah was first performed and became an instant success.

 Monophony – music consisting of a single melodic line without chordal accompaniment; it is

the oldest type of music
 Polyphony – music consisting of several (two or more) melodic lines, each having individual
significance and independence
 Sacred music – music that was specifically written for use in religious services
 Secular music – music that was composed for purposes other than religious

ARTS

PREHISTORIC ERA
 Pre-historic includes all human existence before the emergence of writing.
 Their art is of interest not only to the art historians but also to archeologist and
anthropologist, for whom the art is only one clue- along with fossils, pollens and other finds
to an understanding of early human life and culture.
 Paintings from the Pre-historic Era Their paintings were found inside the caves which may
have been their way of communicating with each other.

Cave of Lascaux - The dominant features in the painting were large animals native in the region.
It was discovered on 12 September 1940 and given statutory historic monument protection. The
painting has nearly 2,000 figures composed mainly of animals, human figures and abstract design.

Paintings from Ancient Egypt

 The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. With
this in mind, themes include journey to the underworld introducing the deceased to the
gods of the underworld by their protective deities.
 The paintings of the walls on the tomb shows events of the life of the king while he was still
on earth and the scenes he expects to encounter in the underworld after his death.

Paintings from Classical Greek Era

 Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb.
It depicts natural figures with dynamic compositions.

Most common methods of Greek painting:

1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a

wall surfaces. Colors are made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with a
plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal for murals, durable and has a matte
style.
2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot wax to fill the cracks
of the ship. Soon pigments (colors) was added and used to paint a wax hull.
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Vase painting

Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named after the place where
it was found.

Shapes commonly found are:

1. pelike (wine container)

2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot)
3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)

Panel Painting

 There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single piece or several
panels joined together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its organic
composition.
 The earliest known panel painting is the Pitsa Panel.

Tomb / Wall Painting

 Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses the method
frescos either tempera (water-base) or encaustic (wax). It has a sharp, flatly outlined style
of painting and because it uses water-based materials, very few samples survived.

Paintings from the Romantic Era

 Roman paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday life, still life,
mythological subjects, portraits and landscapes.

Mosaic - It is an art process where an image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of
colored glass, stones, or other materials.

Romanesque Painting - These are largely placed mosaics on the walls of the churches that follows
a strict frontal pose

Stained glass - windows were created to transform the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing
color and at the same time to instruct Christians in their faith

Venus of Willendorf Venus Brassempouy

Head of Alexander Theodora
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Sarcopagus
Queen Nefertiti The Pharoah Menkaure Myron; The Discobulus
and his Queen

The Colosseum
The Parthenon

Three main types of megalith stones:

 Menhir: a huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the middle of
the field or arranged in rows.
 Dolmens: the word dolmen originated from the expression taolmaen, which means “stone
table”.
 Cromlech: a Brythonic word where “crom” meansbent or curved and “llech” which means
slab orflagstones. Literary it is a circle of standing stones.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly
taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.

Objectives of First Aid:

 To alleviate suffering
 To prevent added/further injury or danger

Common Injury Encountered by Officiating Officials and Athletes

 Sprain – is caused by stretching or tearing of ligament. Swelling and bruising are some signs
ligament. Swelling and bruising are some signs.
 Strain – is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle to tendon – a cord of tissue connecting muscle
to bone.
 Fracture – It is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one-time injury to
the bone (acute fracture) or from repeated stress to the bone over time (stress fracture).
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 Dislocation – when the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.
 Heat Exhaustion – it is a response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness and collapse
due to inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids during sweating.

RICE METHOD

R – Rest the injured part, especially for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury. This is the most critical
time of treatment.

I – Ice is an excellent anti-inflammatory and reduces swelling and pain.

C – Compression also reduces swelling. Use elastic bandages for at least 2 days.

E – Elevation drains fluids from injured tissues. Elevate the injured area whenever you are sitting or
lying down.

Sports Officiating

Sports Officiating is defined as a system of overseeing sports explicitly on implementing the game
principles and maintaining it in control throughout the whole duration of the game.

The role of an official is very crucial in a sporting endeavor. He defines the success or failure of a
certain physical activity. It is therefore necessary for an aspiring officiating official to possess a
number of qualities for him to meet the goal of having a satisfying, complain-free, impartial, and
successful game. The following are some of the qualities to be considered:

 Physical Qualities
 Emotional Qualities
 Mental Qualities
 Social Qualities

Physical fitness is the capacity of an individual to perform his or her daily tasks without undue
fatigue and still has extra energy for recreation and emergencies.

Basketball

The Objective of the Game

 The objective of basketball is to throw the ball (basketball) into a hoop to score points. The
game is played out on a rectangular court and depending on which section of court you
successfully throw a ball into the basket will depend on how many points are scored. The
ball can be moved around by dribbling or passing the ball. At the end of the game, the
team with the most points is declared the winner.

Scoring

There are three scoring numbers for basketball players. Any basket scored from outside the
three-point arc will result in three points being scored. Baskets scored within the three-point
arc will result in two points being scored. Successful free throws will result in 1 point being scored
per free throw. The number of free throws will depend on where the foul was committed.
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Rules of Basketball

1. Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time.
Substitutions can be made as many times as they wish within the game.
2. The ball can only be moved by either dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing the ball.
Once a player puts two hands on the ball (not including catching the ball) they cannot
then dribble or move with the ball and the ball must be passed or shot.
3. After the ball goes into a team’s half and they win possession back the ball must then
make it back over the halfway line within 10 seconds. If the ball fails to do so then a
foul will be called and the ball will be turned over.
4. Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at the basket. A shot constitutes either going
in the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If after the shot is taken and the ball fails
to go in the basket then the shot clock is restarted for another 24 seconds.
5. The team trying to score a basket is called the offense whilst the team trying to prevent
them from scoring is called the defense. The defense must do all they can to stop the
offense from scoring by either blocking a shot or preventing a shot from being fired.
6. After each successful basket the ball is then turned over to the opposition.
7. Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when reached
a certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw. A free throw involves
one player from the offensive team (the player fouled) to take a shot unopposed from
the free-throw line. Depending on where the foul was committed will depend on the
number of free throws a player gets.
8. Violations in basketball include traveling (taking more than one step without bouncing
the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up dribbling, stopping then dribbling again
with two hands), goal-tending (a defensive player interferes with the ball traveling
downwards towards the basket) and backcourt violation (once the ball passes the
halfway line the offensive team cannot take the ball back over the halfway line)

Volleyball

The Objective of the Game:

The objective of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on the opponent’s
court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three hits for returning the
ball (in addition to the block contact).

Scoring

A team scores a point:

 When an opponent team commits a fault;

 When the opponent team receives a penalty;
 By successfully landing the ball on the opponent’s court.

Rules of Volleyball 1.

1. Each team may consist of 12 players including one or two optional Libero/s.
2. Each team are entitled to three hits in addition to blocking.
3. Games are played up to 25 points with an advantage of two points in sets 1 to 4 and up
to 15 points with an advantage of two points in the fifth and deciding set.
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4. Common Game Violations:

1. SERVICE ERRORS
- Stepping on the line during execution of service
- Serving out of turn.
- Serving outside the imaginary extension line of the sideline.
- Did not toss or release the ball during service
2. FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL
- FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.
- ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a team-mate or any structure/object
in order to hit the ball within the playing area.
- CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.
- DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ball contacts
various parts of his/her body in succession.
3. PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET
- A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space before or
during the opponent’s attack hit.
- A player interferes with the opponent's play while penetrating into the
opponent’s space under the net.
- A player’s foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent's court.
- A player interferes with play by (amongst others):
- touching the net between the antennae or the antenna itself during his/her
action of playing the ball,
- Ball fails to pass over the net and falls on the side of the offensive team.
- Sending the ball. - Playing the ball on the opponent’s playing space or
reaching beyond the net.

Sports is a very wide field, composed of several dynamic people and events interacting
with one another. It is a popular activity of most people for its characteristics of being fun, exciting,
and challenging to its participants. But our idea of sports participation is mostly limited to the
players’ role in the sports fields perhaps, it is the one being highlighted during competitions. But
there is more to sports than just being a player, and that is officiating.

Officiating is an important part of any sports activity whether it is competitive or

recreational. It helps in making the activity more challenging and fun. Good officiating results in a
good game and a good game provides better entertainment.

Sports’ officiating is not just the "judge role in the court." More importantly, it benefits us by
improving our fitness. Participation in physical activities such as officiating coupled with a healthy
lifestyle will surely lead us to attain and sustaining quality and healthy life.

HEALTH

The Concepts of Community and Environmental Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of
disease or infirmity.

Community is defined as a sociological group in a large place sharing one environment. It

therefore includes the individual and the family.

Community Health is defined as the art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving the
health of all the members of the community through organized and sustained community efforts.
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Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by physical,
chemical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the surrounding environment.

According to the World Health Organization (2002), the characteristics of a healthy community
include:

1. A clean and safe environment

2. An environment that meets everyone basic needs
3. An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone
4. An understanding of local health and environmental issues.
5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems.
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of interaction and
communication.
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities
8. The promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage
9. A diverse and innovative economy
10. A sustainable use of available resources for all.
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 Corona Virus Disease or more commonly known as COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused
by the most recently discovered virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) that can trigger respiratory tract infection.
 COVID-19 is spread through human-to-human transmission. It mainly spreads through small
respiratory droplets from the nose or mouth, expelled when a person with COVID-19 coughs,
sneezes, or speaks.
 The most effective ways to protect yourself and others against COVID-19 are the following:
1. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol based hand
rub.
2. Maintain at least 1 metre distance between you and other people, especially to those
who are coughing or sneezing.
3. Stay updated with the latest news / information about COVID-19 outbreak.
4. Avoid going to crowded places or any mass/group gathering.
5. Avoid touching your face especially your eyes, mouth and nose.
6. Cover your mouth and nose with tissue or with your bent elbow when coughing or
sneezing. If a tissue is used, discard it immediately and wash your hands with soap and
water.
7. Clean and disinfect especially surfaces you touch often.
8. Stay home especially if you feel unwell.
9. Avoid any unnecessary travel and stay away from large groups of people.
10. Wear a face mask when leaving the house.
11. Refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs.
12. Boost your immune system through eating nutritious foods like fruits and vegetables.
13. In case you feel serious symptoms related to COVID-19, seek for immediate medical
attention

The environment provides us with the resources necessary for life, from clean air and water to
food and shelter, as well as the natural resources used in industrial economies. It serves as our
only habitat to continue life.
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Environmental issues are defined as harmful effects to Earth and its natural systems due to the
actions of humans. Although one can also occur from natural causes, human behaviour has
led to incite an environment corrosion.

The following are the leading environmental issues in the Philippines:

 Poor Solid Wastes Disposal

 Water Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Climate Change
 Declined of Biodiversity
 Environmental Hazards: COVID – 19 – as the biological type of hazards
 Physical hazards are physical processes that occur naturally in the
environment. These include natural disaster events such as earthquakes,
tornadoes, volcanoes, blizzards, landslides, and droughts.
 Chemical hazards can be both natural and human-made chemicals in the
environment. Human-made chemical hazards include many of the synthetic
chemicals we produce, like disinfectants, pesticides and plastics. Some
chemical hazards occur naturally in the environment, like the heavy metals
lead and mercury.
 Biological hazards also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances
that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans.
This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin
(from a biological source) that can affect human health.