NOTES

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT-1
THERMODYNAMICS

B.Tech I Year I/II Semester

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL &

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
 UNIT I

 Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with energy transfer and
its effect on the state or condition of the system.
 Thermodynamics, basically entails four laws known as Zeroth, First, Second
and Third law of thermodynamics.
 Zeroth law deals with thermal equilibrium, relates to the concept of
equality of temperature.
 First law pertains to the conservation of energy and introduces the
concept of internal energy.
 Second law relates the direction of flow of heat, dictates limits on the
conversion of heat into work and introduces the principle of increase of
entropy.
 Third law defines the absolute zero of entropy
 These laws are based on experimental observations and have No
Mathematical Proof.

Application Areas of Engineering Thermodynamics

 All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter;
thus, it is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermodynamics in
some manner.
 Thermodynamics is commonly encountered in many engineering systems and
other aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some
application areas of it. In fact, one does not need to go anywhere. The heart is
constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body, various energy
conversions occur in trillions of body cells, and the body heat generated is
constantly rejected to the environment. The human comfort is closely tied to
the rate of this metabolic heat rejection. We try to control this heat transfer
rate by adjusting our clothing to the environmental conditions.
 Some of the selected areas of application of engineering thermodynamics are:

 Automobile engines
 Turbines, Compressors & Pumps
 Propulsion system for aircraft and rockets
  Combustion systems
 HVAC systems: Vapor compression & absorption refrigeration, Heat pumps
 Cooling of electronic equipments
 Power stations: Nuclear, Thermal, etc.
 Alternative energy systems
 Biomedical applications: Life-support systems, Artificial organs

System:

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space which is

selected for the study.

Suroundings:

The mass or region outside the system is called surroundings.

Boundary:

The real or imaginary surfaces which separates the system and surroundings is called
boundary. The real or imaginary surfaces which separates the system and surroundings is
called boundary.

Types of thermodynamic system

On the basis of mass and energy transfer the thermodynamic system is divided into three
types.

1. Closed system
2. Open system
3. Isolated system

Closed system: A system in which the transfer of energy but not mass can takes place across
the boundary is called closed system. The mass inside the closed system remains constant.

For example: Boiling of water in a closed vessel. Since the water is boiled in closed vessel so
the mass of water cannot escapes out of the boundary of the system but heat energy
continuously entering and leaving the boundary of the vessel. It is an example of closed
system.

Open system: A system in which the transfer of both mass and energy takes place is called
an open system. This system is also known as control volume
For example: Boiling of water in an open vessel is an example of open system because the
water and heat energy both enters and leaves the boundary of the vessel.

Isolated system: A system in which the transfer of mass and energy cannot takes place is
called an isolated system.

For example: Tea present in a thermos flask. In this the heat and the mass of the tea cannot cross
the boundary of the thermos flask. Hence the thermos flak is an isolated system.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium:

A thermodynamic system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium when no

change in any macroscopic property is registered if the system is isolated from its
surroundings.
An isolated system always reaches in the course of time a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium and can never depart from it spontaneously.
Therefore, there can be no spontaneous change in any macroscopic property if the system
exists in an equilibrium state. A thermodynamic system will be in a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium if the system is the state of Mechanical equilibrium, Chemical equilibrium and
Thermal equilibrium.
 Mechanical equilibrium: The criteria for Mechanical equilibrium are the equality of
pressures.
 Chemical equilibrium: The criteria for Chemical equilibrium are the equality of
chemical potentials.
 Thermal equilibrium: The criterion for Thermal equilibrium is the equality of
temperatures.
State:

The thermodynamic state of a system is defined by specifying values of a set of measurable

properties sufficient to determine all other properties. For fluid systems, typical properties are
pressure, volume and temperature. More complex systems may require the specification of
more unusual properties. As an example, the state of an electric battery requires the
specification of the amount of electric charge it contains.

Property:

Properties may be extensive or intensive.

Intensive properties: The properties which are independent of the mass of thesystem.
For example: Temperature, pressure and density are the intensive properties.
Extensive properties: The properties which depend on the size or extent of the system are
called extensive properties.
For example: Total mass, total volume and total momentum.

Process:
When the system undergoes change from one thermodynamic state to final state due change
in properties like temperature, pressure, volume etc, the system is said to have undergone
thermodynamic process.
Various types of thermodynamic processes are: isothermal process, adiabatic process,
isochoric process, isobaric process and reversible process.
Cycle:
Thermodynamic cycle refers to any closed system that undergoes various changes due to
temperature, pressure, and volume, however, its final and initial state are equal. This cycle is
important as it allows for the continuous process of a moving piston seen in heat engines and
the expansion/compression of the working fluid in refrigerators, for example. Without the
cyclical process, a car wouldn't be able to continuously move when fuel is added, or a
refrigerator would not be able to stay cold.
Visually, any thermodynamic cycle will appear as a closed loop on a pressure volume
diagram.
Examples: Otto cycle, Diesel Cycle, Brayton Cycle etc.

Reversibility:
Reversibility, in thermodynamics, a characteristic of certain processes (changes of a system
from an initial state to a final state spontaneously or as a result of interactions with other
systems) that can be reversed, and the system restored to its initial state, without leaving net
effects in any of the systems involved.
An example of a reversible process would be a single swing of a frictionless pendulum from
one of its extreme positions to the other. The swing of a real pendulum is irreversible because
a small amount of the mechanical energy of the pendulum would be expended in performing
work against frictional forces, and restoration of the pendulum to its exact starting position
would require the supply of an equivalent amount of energy from a second system, such as a
compressed spring in which an irreversible change of state would occur.

Quasi static process:

When a process is processing in such a way that system will be remained infinitesimally close
with equilibrium state at each time, such process will be termed as quasi static process or
quasi equilibrium process.
In simple words, we can say that if system is going under a thermodynamic process through
succession of thermodynamic states and each state is equilibrium state then the process will
be termed as quasi static process.
We will see one example for understanding the quasi static process, but let us consider one
simple example for better understanding of quasi static process. If a person is coming down
from roof to ground floor with the help of ladder steps then it could be considered as quasi
static process. But if he jumps from roof to ground floor then it will not be a quasi static
process.
Weight placed over the piston is just balancing the force which is exerted in upward direction
by gas. If we remove the weight from the piston, system will have unbalanced force and
piston will move in upward direction due to force acting over the piston in upward direction
by the gas.

Irreversible Process:
The irreversible process is also called the natural process because all the processes occurring
in nature are irreversible processes. The natural process occurs due to the finite gradient
between the two states of the system. For instance, heat flow between two bodies occurs due
to the temperature gradient between the two bodies; this is in fact the natural flow of heat.
Similarly, water flows from high level to low level, current moves from high potential to low
potential, etc.
 In the irreversible process the initial state of the system and surroundings cannot be
restored from the final state.
 During the irreversible process the various states of the system on the path of change
from initial state to final state are not in equilibrium with each other.
 During the irreversible process the entropy of the system increases decisively and it
cannot be reduced back to its initial value.
 The phenomenon of a system undergoing irreversible process is called as
irreversibility.
Causes of Irreversibility:
Friction: Friction is invariably present in real systems. It causes irreversibility in the process
as work done does not show an equivalent rise in the kinetic or potential energy of the
system. The fraction of energy wasted due to frictional effects leads to deviation from
reversible states.
Free expansion: Free expansion refers to the expansion of unresisted type such as expansion
in a vacuum. During this unresisted expansion the work interaction is zero, and without the
expense of any work, it is not possible to restore initial states. Thus, free expansion is
irreversible.
Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference: Heat transfer occurs only when there
exist temperature difference between bodies undergoing heat transfer. During heat transfer, if
heat addition is carried out in a finite number of steps then after every step the new state shall
be a non-equilibrium state.
Nonequilibrium during the process: Irreversibilities are introduced due to lack of
thermodynamic equilibrium during the process. Non-equilibrium may be due to mechanical
inequilibrium, chemical inequilibrium, thermal inequilibrium, electrical inequilibrium, etc.
and irreversibility is called mechanical irreversibility, chemical irreversibility, thermal
irreversibility, electrical irreversibility respectively. Factors discussed above are also causing
non-equilibrium during the process and therefore make process irreversible.

Heat:
It is the energy in transition between the system and the surroundings by virtue of the
difference in temperature Heat is energy transferred from one system to another solely by
reason of a temperature difference between the systems. Heat exists only as it crosses the
boundary of a system and the direction of heat transfer is from higher temperature to lower
temperature. For thermodynamics sign convention, heat transferred to a system is positive;
Heat transferred from a system is negative.

Work:
Thermodynamic definition of work: Positive work is done by a system when the sole effect
external to the system could be reduced to the rise of a weight.
Work done BY the system is positive and work done ON the system is negative.

Types of work interaction:

  Expansion and compression work (displacement work)
 Work of a reversible chemical cell
 Work in stretching of a liquid surface
 Work done on elastic solids
 Work of polarization and magnetization

Point and Path functions:

 Point function does not depend on the history (or path) of the system. It only
depends on the state of the system.
 Examples of point functions are: temperature, pressure, density, mass, volume,
enthalpy, entropy, internal energy etc.

 Path function depends on history of the system (or path by which system arrived at a
given state).
 Examples for path functions are work and heat.
 Path functions are not properties of the system, while point functions are properties
of the system.
 Change in point function can be obtained by from the initial and final values of the
function, whereas path has to defined in order to evaluate path functions.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

The Thermodynamics Zeroth Law states that if two systems are at the same time in thermal
equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
If an object with a higher temperature comes in contact with an object of lower temperature, it
will transfer heat to the lower temperature object. The objects will approach the same
temperature and in the absence of loss to other objects, they will maintain a single constant
temperature. Therefore, thermal equilibrium is attained.
If objects ‘A’ and ‘C’ are in thermal equilibrium with ‘B’, then object ‘A’ is in thermal
equilibrium with object ‘C’. Practically this means all three objects are at the same
temperature and it forms the basis for comparison of temperatures
Internal Energy
Through, Joule experiment what happen to energy between time it is added to water as work,
and time it is extracted to heat? Logic suggests that this energy contained in the water in
another form which called internal energy.
Internal energy refers to energy of molecules of substance which are ceaseless motion and
possess kinetics energy. The addition of heat to a substance increases this molecular activity,
and thus causes an increase in its internal energy. Work done on the substance can have the
same effect, as was shown by Joule. Internal energy cannot be directly measured; there are no
internal-energy meters. As a result, absolute values are unknown. However, this is not a
disadvantage in thermodynamic analysis, because only changes in internal energy are
required.

First Law of Thermodynamics:

During a thermodynamic cycle, a cyclic process the systems undergoes, the cyclic integral of
heat added is equal to integral of work done. The first law equation can also be written in the
form,

§(dQ – dW) = 0

Equation dU = dQ – dW is a corollary to the first law of thermodynamics. It shows that there

exists a property internal energy (U) of the system, such that a change in its value is equal to
the difference in heat entering and work leaving the system.
The First law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. Thus the
total energy of the universe is a constant. However, energy can certainly be transferred from
one form to another form.
The 1st law of thermodynamics can be mathematically stated as follows:

§dQ = §dW

Corollary 1:

There exists property of closed system; the change in value of this property during the
process is given by the difference between heat supplied and work done.
 dU = dQ - dW

Here E is property of system and is called as total energy that includes internal energy, kinetic
energy, potential energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy, chemical energy, etc.

Corollary 2:
For the isolated system, heat and work both interactions are absent (d Q = 0, d W = 0) and E =
constant. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; but, it can be converted from one
form to other.

Corollary 3:

A perpetual motion machine of first kind is almost impossible.

Limitations of the First Law:
 The first law of thermodynamics merely indicates that in any process there is a
transformation between the various forms of energy involved in the process but provides no
information regarding the feasibility of such transformation.
 First law does not provide any information regarding the direction processes will take
whether it is a spontaneous or a non spontaneous process.

Thermal Reservoir:

A thermal reservoir is a large system (very high mass x specific heat value) from which a
quantity of energy can be absorbed or added as heat without changing its temperature. The
atmosphere and sea are examples of thermal reservoirs. Any physical body whose thermal
energy capacity is large relative to the amount of energy it supplies or absorbs can be
modelled as a thermal reservoir. A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called
a source and one that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called a sink.

Heat Engine:

It is a cyclically operating device which absorbs energy as heat from a high temperature
reservoir, converts part of the energy into work and rejects the rest of the energy as heat to a
thermal reservoir at low temperature.
The working fluid is a substance, which absorbs energy as heat from a source, and rejects
energy as heat to a sink.
Schematic representation of Heat Engine
Heat pump:

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a
heat sink. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat
transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A heat pump
uses a small amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy from the
heat source to the heat sink. The most common design of a heat pump involves four main
components – a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a compressor. The heat
transfer medium circulated through these components is called refrigerant.

Schematic representation of Heat

Pump Coefficient of Performance

The coefficient of performance, COP, of a refrigerator is defined as the heat removed from
the cold reservoir Qcold, (i.e. inside a refrigerator) divided by the work W done to remove the
heat (i.e. the work done by the compressor).

COP - coefficient of performance - equation

As can be seen, the better (more efficient) the refrigerator is when more heat Qcold can be
removed from the inside of the refrigerator for a given amount of work. Since the first law of
thermodynamics must be valid also in this case (Qcold + W = Qhot), we can rewrite the
above equation:
The COP for heating and cooling are thus different, because the heat reservoir of interest is
different. When one is interested in how well a machine cools, the COP is the ratio of the
heat removed from the cold reservoir to input work. However, for heating, the COP is the
ratio of the heat removed from the cold reservoir plus the input work to the input work:
medium to a high-temperature is called heat pump.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
An Engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and uses this
thermal energy to produce mechanical work. Engines normally convert thermal energy into mechanical work
and therefore they are called heat engines.
Heat engines can be broadly classified into :
i) External combustion engines ( E C Engines)

i) Internal combustion engines ( I C Engines )

External combustion engines are those in which combustion

takes place outside the engine. For example, In steam engine or
steam
m turbine the heat generated due to combustion of fuel and it
is employed to generate high pressure steam, which is used as working fluid in a reciprocating engine or
turbine. See Figure 1.
In Intermittent internal combustion engine combustion of fuel take
takess place inside the engine cylinder. Power is
generated intermittently (only during power stroke) and flywheel is used to provide uniform output torque.
Usually these engines are reciprocating engines. The reciprocating engine mechanism consists of piston which
w
moves in a cylinder and forms a movable gas tight seal. By means of a connecting rod and a crank shaft
arrangement, the reciprocating motion of piston is converted into a rotary motion of the crankshaft. They are
most popular because of their use as main
ain prime mover in commercial vehicles.
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Greater mechanical simplicity.
2. Higher power output per unit weight because of absence of auxiliary units like boiler ,
condenser and feed pump
3. Low initial cost
4. Higher brake thermal efficiency as only a small fraction of heat energy of the fuel is dissipated
to cooling system
5. These units are compact and requires less space
6. Easy starting from cold conditions
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 1. I C engines cannot use solid fuels which are cheaper. Only liquid or gaseous fuel of given
specification can be efficiently used. These fuels are relatively more expensive.
2. I C engines have reciprocating parts and hence balancing of them is problem and they are also
susceptible to mechanical vibrations.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.

There are different types of IC engines that can be classified on the following basis.

1. According to thermodynamic cycle

i) Otto cycle engine or Constant volume heat supplied cycle.
ii) Diesel cycle engine or Constant pressure heat supplied cycle
iii) Dual-combustion cycle engine
2. According to the fuel used:
i) Petrol engine ii) Diesel engine iii) Gas engine

2. According to the cycle of operation:

i) Two stroke cycle engine ii) Four stroke cycle engine

4. According to the method of ignition:

i) Spark ignition (S.I) engine ii) Compression ignition (C I ) engine

5. According to the number of cylinders.

i) Single cylinder engine ii) Multi cylinder engine

6. According to the arrangement of cylinder:

I) Horizontal engine ii) Vertical engine iii) V-engine
v) In-line engine vi) Radial engine, etc.

7. According to the method of cooling the cylinder:

I) Air cooled engine ii) Water cooled engine

8. According to their applications:

 i) Stationary engine ii) Automobile engine iii) Aero engine
iv) Locomotive engine v) Marine engine, etc.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTION
1. Cylinder :- It is a container fitted with piston, where the fuel is burnt and power is produced.
2. Cylinder Head/Cylinder Cover:
Cover:- One end of the cylinder is closed by means of cylinder head.
This consists of inlet valve for admitting air fuel mixture and exhaust valve for removing the
products of combustion.
3. Piston:- Piston is used to reciprocate inside the cylinder. It transmits the energy to crankshaft
through connecting rod.
4. Piston Rings:- These are used to
maintain a pressure tight seal between the piston and cylind
cylinder
er walls and also it transfer the heat from
the piston head to cylinder walls.
5. Connecting Rod:- One end of the connecting rod is connected to piston through piston pin
while the other is connected to crank through crank pin. It transmits the reciprocatory
motion of piston to rotary crank.
6. Crank:- It is a lever between connecting rod and crank shaft.
7. Crank Shaft:- The function of crank shaft is to transform reciprocating motion in to a rotary
motion.
8. Fly wheel:- Fly wheel is a rotating mass used as an energy storing device.
9. Crank Case:- It supports and covers the cylinder and the crank shaft. It is used to store the
lubricating oil.
IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY

Bore: The inside diameter of the cylinder is called the bore.

Stroke: The linear distance along the cylinder axis between the two limiting positions of the piston is
called stroke.
Top Dead Centre (T.D.C) The top most position of the piston towards cover end side of the cylinder” is called
top dead centre. In case of horizontal
ntal engine, it is called as inner dead centre
Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C) The lowest position of the piston towards the crank end side of the cylinder is
called bottom dead centre. In case of horizontal engine, it is called outer dead centre (O.D.C).
Clearance Volume The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston, when the piston is at the
top dead centre is called clearance volume.
Compression ratio It is the ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume

Four-Stroke Petrol Engine OR

R Four stroke Spark Ignition Engine (S.I. engine)
The four-stroke
stroke cycle petrol engines operate on Otto (constant volume) cycle shown in Figure 3.0. Since
ignition in these engines is due to a spark, they are also called spark ignition engines. The four different
dif
strokes are:
i) Suction stroke

ii) Compression stroke

iii) Working or power or expansion stroke

 iv) Exhaust stroke.

The construction and working of a four

four-stroke petrol engine is shown

Suction Stroke : During suction stroke, the piston is moved from the top dead centre to
the bottom dead centre by the crank shaft. The crank shaft is revolved either by the momentum of the flywheel
or by the electric starting motor. The inlet valve remains open and the exhaust valve is closed during this
stroke. The proportionate air-petrol
mixture is sucked into the cylinder due to the downward movement of the piston. This operation is represented
by the line AB on the P-V
V diagram. (Figure 3)

Compression Stroke: During compression stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead centre to the top dead
centre, thus compressing air petrol mixture. Due to compression, the pressure and temperature are increased
and is shown by the line BC on the P- V diagram. Just before the end ooff this stroke the spark - plug initiates a
spark, which ignites the mixture and combustion takes place at constant volume as shown by the line CD.
Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke.
Working Stroke: The expansion of hot gase
gasess exerts a pressure on the piston. Due to this pressure, the piston
moves from top dead centre to bottom dead centre and thus the work is obtained in this stroke. Both the inlet
and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke. The expansion of the gas is shown by the curve DE.
Exhaust Stroke: During this stroke, the inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve opens. The greater
part of the burnt gases escapes because of their own expansion. The drop in pressure at constant volume is
represented by the line EB. The piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead centre and pushes the
remaining gases to the atmosphere. When the piston reaches the top dead centre the exhaust valve closes and
cycle is completed. This stroke is represented by the line BA on the P- V diagram. The operations are repeated
over and over again in running the engine. Thus a four stroke engine completes one working cycle, during this
the crank rotate by two revolutions.
Four Stroke Diesel Engine (Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
Engine— C.I.Engine)
The four stroke cycle diesel engine operates on diesel cycle or constant pressure cycle. Since ignition in these
engines is due to the temperature of the compressed air, they are also called comp
compression
ression ignition engines. The
construction and working of the four stroke diesel engine is shown in fig. 4, and fig. 5 shows a theoretical
diesel cycle. The four strokes are as follows:
Suction Stroke:: During suction stroke, the piston is moved from the to
topp dead centre to the bottom dead centre
by the crankshaft. The crankshaft is revolved either by the momentum of the flywheel or by the power
generated by the electric starting motor. The inlet valve remains open and the exhaust valve is closed during
this stroke. The air is sucked into the cylinder due to the downward movement of the piston. The line AB on
the P- V diagram represents this operation.
Compression Stroke: The air drawn at the atmospheric pressure during suction stroke is compressed to high
pressure
ssure and temperature as piston moves from the bottom dead centre to top dead centre. This operation is
represented by the curve BC on the P- V diagram. Just before the end of this stroke, a metered quantity of fuel
is injected into the hot compressed air in the form of fine sprays by means of fuel injector. The fuel starts
burning at constant pressure shown by the line CD. At point D, fuel supply is cut off, Both the inlet and
exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke
Working Stroke: The expansion of gases due to the heat of combustion exerts a pressure on the piston. Under
this impulse, the piston moves from top dead centre to the bottom dead centre and thus work is obtained in this
stroke. Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke. The expansion of the gas is shown
by the curve DE.
Exhaust Stroke:: During this stroke, the inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve opens. The greater
part of the burnt gases escapes because of their own expansion. The vertical line EB represents the drop in
pressure at constant volume. The piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead centre and pushes the
remaining gases to the atmosphere. When the piston reaches the top dead centre the exhaust valve closes and
the cycle is completed.
d. The line BA on the F
F- V diagram represents this stroke.

TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

In two stroke cycle engines, the suction and exhaust strokes are eliminated. There are only two
remaining strokes i.e., the compression stroke and power stroke and thes
thesee are usually called upward
stroke and downward stroke respectively. Also, instead of valves, there are inlet and exhaust ports in
two stroke cycle engines. The burnt exhaust gases are forced out through the exhaust port by a fresh
charge which enters the cylinder nearly at the end of the working stroke through the inlet port. The
process of removing burnt exhaust gases from the engine cylinder is known as scavenging.

Two Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine

The principle of two-stroke

stroke cycle petrol engine is shown in Figure 7. Its two strokes are described as follows:

Upward Stroke : During the upward stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead centre,
compressing the air-petrol
petrol mixture in the cylinder. The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber. Due
to upward movement of the piston, a partial
vacuum is created in the crankcase, and a new charge is drawn into the crank case through the uncovered inlet
port. The exhaust port and transfer port are covered when the piston is at the top dead centre position as shown
in Figure 7 (b). The compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark provided by the spark
plug.
Downward Stroke: As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot gases force the piston to move downwards,
rotating the crankshaft, thus doing the useful work. During this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston
and the new charge is compressed in the crank case as shown in the Figure 7(c) Further downward movement
of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then the transfer port as shown in Figure 7 (d). The burnt
gases escape through the exhaust port. As soon as the transfer port opens, the compressed charge from the
crankcase flows into the cylinder. The charge is deflected upwards by the hump provided on the head of the
piston and pushes out most of the exhaust gases. It may be noted that the incoming air-petrol mixture helps the
removal of burnt gases from the engine cylinder. If in case these exhaust gases do not leave the cylinder, the
fresh charge gets diluted and efficiency of the engine will decrease. The cycle of events is then repeated.
COMPARISON OF SI AND CI ENGINES
COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND TWO-STROKE ENGINES