OPERATING SYSTEM

Module 1
 Operating System - Introduction
• Operating System is a software, which makes a

computer to actually work.

• It acts as an interface between the user and hardware.

• The OS organizes and controls the hardware resources

like CPU, memory, I/O devices etc.

• It is a Software that controls the operation of a

computer, directs the input and output of data, keeps

track of files, and controls the processing of computer

programs.
A computer system can be divided roughly into 4
Components-

➢ Hardware
➢ OS
➢ System & Application programs
➢ Users.
 User
System & Application Programs

Operating System

HARD WARE
 Software

➢ System Software
➢ Application Software
System Software : Is used for satisfying system
needs.

Eg. Operating System, Compiler, Linker, Loader.

Application Software : is used for satisfying user

needs.

Eg. Tally, Explorer, Paint, text editors .....

 OS interfaces
• Users may also interact with the operating system
with some kind of software user interface
➢ CLI (command line interface) – it enables users
to interact with the os by typing commands and
these commands are interpreted and executed
by the OS
➢ GUI ( graphical user interface) – this interface
uses mouse clicks, menus, submenus, icons etc to
interact with the OS. This is more user friendly
approach.
 Functions of OS
We can explore operating systems in two view points:
• User View
• System View
User View
• In a single-user experience, the goal will be to maximize the
work that the user is performing.
• In multi-user environment OS is designed to maximize resource
utilization
System View
• Here OS can be viewed as a resource allocator(OS must decide
how to allocate them to specific programs and users ) and a
control program(OS manages the execution of user programs
to prevent errors and improper use )
 Functions of OS

• Processor management
– Assignment of processors to different tasks.

– The Operating System will Create the Priorities for

the user i.e. it determines and maintains the order
in which jobs are to be executed in the computer
system
• Process Management
• Program in execution is known as a process. A process
needs many resources to do its task and when a
process terminates, the os reclaims any reusable
resources.
– create, execute and delete a process
– cancel or resume a process
– schedule a process
– synchronization, communication and deadlock
handling for processes.
– Makes the Child Process after dividing the
Large Processes into the Small Processes.
• Resource Management
– OS allocates computer resources such as CPU
time, main memory, secondary storage, and
input and output devices to different
processes for use.
– The Operating System will identify at which
Time the CPU will perform which Operation
and in which Time the Memory is used by
which Programs
– OS also identifies When the Input and Output
Devices are used by the which Programs
• Memory management
• To improve cpu utilization & speed of computer, many
programs are kept in memory and so we need a
memory management technique.
– allocation of main memory and other storage
areas to system programs, user programs and
data
– free memory
– re-allocate memory to a program when a used
block is freed
– keep track of memory usage.
• File Management
– creating and deleting a files/directories
– storage of these files
– transfer of these files from one location to
another
– editing or modifying file using text editors, other
file manipulations etc.
– Backup of files
– Secure files
• Data security and integrity management
– OS protects the resources of system
– it keeps the programs and data separate and
protects it from being destroyed by other users
– Protection is done by User authentication,
permissions(read, write), Encryption, and back-up
of data etc.
• Interpretation of commands and instructions

– Operating system provides an interface

between the computer user and the computer
hardware.
– The user interface is a set of commands(CLI)
or a graphical user interface(GUI) via which
the user interacts with the applications and
the hardware.
 Evolution of Operating Systems
• In the early computers there were no Operating
Systems.
• With the advancement of the commercial
computer services we have come across a
number of Operating Systems software in 1960’s .
• Starting from the DOS, a lot much Operating
Systems has got developed through out the
stages like the UNIX, Windows etc.
• The most commonly-used Operating Systems for
laptops and modern Desktops Operating Systems
are the Microsoft Windows.
 Os STRUCTURE
• Stages include
– Serial Processing

– Simple Batch Systems

– Multi­programmed Batch Systems

– Time Sharing Systems

 Serial Processing
• Performs all the instructions into a Sequence
Manner
• Instructions given by the user will
be executed in a FIFO Manner
• only one job is done at a time and only on
the completion of that job the other job
starts.
• No operating system: direct interaction
Programmer - computer hardware
• Machine operation controlled from a console
with display lights(indication of errors) and toggle
switches
• Typical input device: card reader;
typical output device: printer
• No scheduling, programmers had to sign up for
"computer time"
• "Job" included loading the compiler and the source
program, saving compiled program, linking and
loading the compiled program, program execution
• Disadvantages

➢ It is slow
➢ Manual intervention is more
➢ Poor utilization of system resources
 Batch processing
• Batch processing is the execution of a series
of identical non-interactive programs ("jobs") on
a computer without manual intervention.
• i.e. Executing a series of non-interactive jobs all
at one time.
• In Batch processing a series of identical non-
interactive jobs are grouped together as a batch
and the batch is executed all at once.
• batched jobs were executed automatically one
after another saving its time by performing the
activities (like loading of compiler) only for once.
• Requires the program, data and commands to be
submitted together in the form of a job.
• It resulted in improved system utilization due to reduced
turn around time(total time between submission of a
process and its completion).
• Batch monitor- memory resident portion of the
batch OS.
- reads ,interprets and execute commands.
Operating
System
(Batch
Monitor)

User Program
and Data
 Batch processing
Advantages
• Very little user interaction
• Much improved system utilization.

Disadvantages
• Non-interactive environment - No interaction is
possible with the user while the program being
executed
• Low CPU utilization - CPU Sat idle during I/O
operations and transmission from one job to
another
• Off-line Debugging – cannot correct the errors at the
time it occurs
 Multiprogramming
• Multiprogramming is a form of parallel
processing in which several programs are run at
the same time on a single processor.
• Multiprogramming is a feature of an OS which
allows running multiple programs simultaneously
on one CPU.
• Job Pool – all the jobs in the system are kept here
waiting for allocation to main memory
• Job Scheduling - Job scheduling schedules or
decides which process/jobs from job Pool will get
allocation to main memory.
• CPU Scheduling – it is the process by which
an Operating System decides which ready
process/jobs in the main memory get to use
the CPU.
• Multiprogramming is the first instance where
OS makes decisions for users
• Supports multitasking, Multi access , Multi
processing ,multiuser etc…
- Actually programs don’t run
simultaneously, but OS divides time for
each program according to priorities
- Sharing will be done by the OS according
to certain priorities
- Multiprogramming is a Basic form of
parallel processing
Memory Layout of Multiprogramming
 Multi programming OS

Pgm-1

Pgm-2

P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2

Time
 Multi programming
Advantages
• High CPU Utilization
• Support multiple user
• Efficient memory utilization
• More CPU throughput

Disadvantages
• Powerful memory management is required
• CPU Scheduling is must.
• User cannot interact with the job when it is being
executed
 Time Sharing OS
➢ Time sharing is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
➢ In Time sharing, Processor's(CPU) time is shared
among multiple users or tasks simultaneously
➢ Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
➢ Time sharing provides sharing a computing
resource among many users by means of
multiprogramming and multi-tasking
➢ Here CPU executes multiple jobs and the user
can interact with each program(using keyboard
or mouse) while it is running.
➢ Here the user feels that the entire system is
dedicated to him/her as the switches occur
rapidly.
➢ A program loaded into memory and executing is
known as a process.
• Time sharing systems
– Need Good memory management and protection

– Virtual memory technique should be used for

reasonable response time
– Provides File management

– Requires good CPU scheduling for concurrent

execution of processes
 Operating-System Structure
• ability to multiprogram.
• A single program cannot, in general, keep
either the CPU or theI/O devices busy at all
times.
• Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization
by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has
one to execute.
• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory
simultaneously
• This set of jobs can be kept in the job pool
• The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs
in memory.
• the job may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation,
to complete
• operating system simply switches to, and executes, another job.
• When that job needs to wait, the CPU is switched to another job,
• the CPU is never idle.
• The process of loading the job into memory for execution is
known as job scheduling
• several jobs are ready to run at the same time, the system must
choose among them. Making this decision is CPU scheduling,
• virtual memory-it enables users to run programs that are larger
than actual physical memory.
 OS Operations
• To ensure proper functioning of the system
• protect the OS and other programs and data
from any malfunctioning program.
• Protection is needed for all shared resources
• OS provides a hardware support which
differentiates the different modes of execution.
• OS should ensure that an incorrect program
does not adversely affect other programs.
• Dual Mode Operation :
– Dual Mode Operation is used to protect the system from
other malicious programs.
– For this protection, it uses two modes of operations namely
– User mode and Monitor Mode (Supervisor mode, System
Mode, Kernel Mode, Privileged Mode)
– There is a mode bit associated with the computer h/w to
indicate the current mode of operation
• 1 indicates User Mode & execution is done on behalf of user
• 0 indicates Monitor Mode & execution is done on behalf of OS
– When the system is booted it is in Monitor Mode
and after loading OS, the user processes are
started in the User Mode
– The machine instruction which can cause harm
are designated as Privileged instructions and are
allowed to execute only in Monitor Mode.
– If these privileged instructions try to execute in
user mode, then h/w treat it as an illegal
instruction without executing
 Dual Mode Operation

User mode
User process System call Return from Mode bit=1
executing System call

Kernel
Monitor mode
Execute System call Mode bit=0
 Timer
• There are chances that OS can stuck in an infinite loop and
never returns to the OS.
• To avoid this a Timer and clock is maintained.
• The timer interrupts after a specified time and checks the
sequence of events
• OS initializes the counter with the amount of allowable
execution time for a process and the timer is decremented
by 1 for every clock tick and when the timer value
becomes negative, the interrupt is sent to terminate the
program.
 Operating system services
• User Interface – CLI, Batch , GUI
• Program execution – load,run, end
• I/O operations – I/O devices controlled by OS
• File system manipulation – files/dir manip, permissions
• Communication –shared memory & msg passing
• Error detection – aware of errors in h/w & user pgms
• Resource allocation – multiuser & multi job (cpu scheduling)
• Accounting – usage statistics(track of which user & how much)
• Protection – multi user env., secure using authentication
 System call
• Provides the interface to the services made
available by an OS.
• Eg : system calls needed to read and copy from one
file to another.
• Can occur Either -directly or indirectly
• System call to library functions.
• Three general methods for parameter passing in
system call - register
- block
 What is the purpose of system calls?

• System calls allow user-level processes to

request services of the operating system.
System calls grouped roughly in to Five
1. Process CNTRL- create ,end , abort, load , execute, wait
time&Event etc
2. File mgnt- create & delete file, open & close, read,write,
reposition, set & get file attributes
3. Device mgnt- request & release device, read,write,
reposition, set & get device attributes
4. Information maintenance –get/set time&date, get/set
system data, get & set process, file & device attributes
5. Communication – create & delete connection,send &
receive msg, transfer status info, attach or detach
remote devices