UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO560
LAB 1 REPORT
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

LECTURER: DR. NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2. NURUL ALIS SYAMIMI BINTI ABD MANAP (2022827798)
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with a pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
POST LAB QUESTION

A. Units of Measurement

a. Provide the correct conversion units for the following measurements:

i. 100 Å thickness of cell membrane = 10 nm

1 nm = 10 Å

nm = 100 Å ÷ 10 Å

nm = 10

100 Å = 10 nm

ii. 8 Å diameter membrane pore = 800 pm

1 pm = 0.01 Å

pm = 8 Å ÷ 0.01 Å

pm = 800

8 Å = 800 pm

iii. 15 g haemoglobin per 100 ml blood = 150 mg/ml

1 mg/ml = 1/1000 g/ml

mg/ml = 15/100 g/ml ÷ 1/1000

mg/ml = 150

15 g = 150 mg/ml

iv. 100 ml plasma = 0.1 L

1
1 ml = L
1000

1
L = 100 ml x
1000

L = 0.1

100 ml = 0.1L
 v. 25°C room temperature = 77 °F

5
1°C = (°F – 32)
9

5
25°C = (°F – 32)
9

25 x 9
(°F – 32) =
5

°F – 32 = 45

°F = 77

vi. 98.6°F body temperature = 37 °C

9
1°F = °C + 32
5

9
98.6°F = °C + 32
5

9
°C = 98.6°F – 32
5

9
°C = 66.6
5

66.6 x 5
°C =
9

°C = 37

b. A power lifter lifts 500 lb 6 ft off the ground. How much work has he performed?

ft-lb work = kg-m work

How many calories of energy did he used to produce this work? cal

If he performs this feat 11 times in 1 minute, what is his power output? W

B. Concentration of Solutions

Atomic weights: Na = 23 K = 39
Ca = 40 Cl = 35.5

Molecular weights: Glucose = 180 NaCl = 58.5

KCl = 74 CaCl2 = 110

1. How many grams of glucose would you need to make 500 ml of an 8 % solution?

2. If 6 g of NaCl is dissolved in 1 L of solution, what percent concentration is prepared?

3. How many grams of KCl would you need to make 250 ml of a 0.5 M solution?

4. What molar concentration would a 9 % solution of glucose be? M

5. What percent would a 300 mM solution of CaCl2 be? %

6. Sodium ions are found in the extracellular fluid (ECF) in a concentration of 150 mM. How
many grams per litre is this? g/L

7. What osmolar concentration would an 11.7 % solution of NaCl be? Osm

8. A 0.9 % solution of NaCl is considered isotonic to mammalian cells. What molar

concentration is this? M

9. What percent concentration of KCl would be isotonic to body cells? %

10. A 33 % solution of CaCl2 would be what osmolar concentration? Osm

11. You want to make 500 ml of an isotonic glucose solution to infuse into a patient. How many
grams of glucose do you need? g
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO560
LAB 2 REPORT
INSULIN REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

LECTURER: DR. NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with a pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE

3. RESULTS

Glucose Tolerance Test

Record the blood and urine glucose data for the subject in your group and the average
values for all group subjects in the laboratory. Plot the blood glucose data on a graph paper
(Blood glucose level (mg %) vs. Time (min).

Group
Blood
Subject
Glucose
Class
Level
Average

Group
Urine
Subject
Glucose
Class
Level
Average
POST LAB QUESTION

a. List the effect of each of the following hormones on blood glucose, and the mechanism
producing the effect.

HORMONE BLOOD GLUCOSE EFFECT MECHANISM

Insulin

Adrenaline

Glucagon

Growth Hormone

Cortisol

b. How are the levels of insulin and glucagon regulated in the body?

c. What causes the “insulin shock” seen when an overdose of insulin is given to an organism?

d. Why is there an increase in urine output (diuresis) in diabetes mellitus?

e. Why does a person who has diabetes mellitus have more acidic urine?

f. Some diabetics control their blood glucose level by ingesting tablets rather than by receiving
injections of insulin. How do these tablets work, and who may use them?

g. Define the following terms:

Glycogenolysis:

Gluconeogenesis:

Ketonemia

Hyperglycaemia
4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO560
LAB 3 REPORT
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURER: DR. NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with a pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
 3. RESULTS

A KIDNEY REGULATION OF OSMOLARITY

VOLUME EXCRETED CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

SOLUTION (ml/min) NaCl (mg/ml)
STUDENT
INGESTED
30 30
C* min 60 90 120 C min 60 90 120

Group 1
800 ml of
water

AVERAGE

Group 2
800 ml of
isotonic
drink

AVERAGE

Group 3
80 ml of
water + 7 g
of NaCl

AVERAGE
1. Plot the average values for each group. Use the following colours in the plot:

Group 1 = blue Group 2 = green Group 3 = red

Urine volume
10
(ml/min excreted)
8

2
Control 30 60 90 120
Minutes

Sodium chloride 15
(mg/ml)
12

3
Control 30 60 90 120
Minutes

B. URINALYSIS

Clinistix / Dipstick test:

GLUCOSE KETONES BLOOD PROTEIN pH SG

Student’s
urine
Unknown
urine

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Indicate the excretory organs removing nitrogenous wastes in each:

Annelids

Crustaceans

Insects
 Mammals

b. List three forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals.

1. 2. 3.

Which compound is most effective in water conservation?

Which compound is most toxic?

c. Examine the data in the experiment on kidney regulation of osmolarity. Are the results
consistent with what you would expect when a subject imbibes fluids that are hypotonic,
isotonic, and hypertonic? Explain

d. The loss of water during sweating on a hot day causes the blood volume to decrease and
the osmolarity of body fluids to increase. Outline the mechanisms operating to restore
homeostasis via the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in this situation.
e. Two symptoms present in a person with diabetes mellitus are hyperglycemia (elevated blood
glucose) and diuresis (increased urine production). What causes this increase in urine
output?

f. Briefly explain the importance of the following to renal physiology and homeostasis.

a) Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

b) Angiotensin II

c) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO560
LAB 4 REPORT
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY I: ERYTHROCYTE FUNCTIONS

LECTURER: DR. NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should d be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
 3. RESULTS

Blood Physiology I: Erythrocyte Function

Hb (g/100 ml) Hb (g/100 ml) RBC Count

NAME HAEMATOCRIT (%)
Tallquist Method Sahli Method (M/mm3)

Female
Class
Average Male

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What is anaemia? Which blood measurements provide information on a possible anaemic

condition?
b. Briefly explain the function of the following in erythogenesis:

Vitamin B12

Erythropoietin

Iron

Intrinsic factor

c. Polycythemia (excess number of red cells) occurs in patients with chronic emphysema.
Explain the mechanism responsible for this response.

d. How does haemoglobin carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

e. Why is the inhalation of car exhaust fumes life threatening? Explain the physiology
involved.
f. Why are the haematocrits, haemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts generally
lower for females than males?

4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO560
LAB 5 REPORT
DIGESTION

LECTURER: DR. NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with a pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
4. RESULTS

A. SALIVARY DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

pH of saliva Mucin present?

TUBE STARCH MALTOSE EXPLANATION

1. Water

2. Saliva

3. Cooled
saliva

4. Saliva,
HCl

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What is the function of mucin in the mouth?

b. What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4?

c. Does ptyalin hydrolysis of carbohydrate continue in the stomach?

Explain

d. Where else is amylase secreted in the digestive system?

B. GASTRIC DIGESTION OF PROTEIN

Record the initial and final pH of the solutions and the estimated amount of egg white digestion
in each tube.

INITIAL FINAL ESTIMATED

TUBE EXPLANATION
pH pH DIGESTION
1. Pepsin,
HCl

2. Pepsin,
water

3. HCl,
water

4. Pepsin,
NaOH

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What in vivo situation is simulated by tube 4?

b. Which other enzyme have major proteolytic activities in the digestive tract?

c. A person with achlorhydria has defective secretion by the parietal cells. What is the
physiological effect of achlorhydria in the body?

d. What is the function of the mucous cells in the gastric pits?

C DIGESTION OF FAT WITH PANCREATIC LIPASE AND BILE SALTS

Record the final colour, pH, and odour of each tube involved in the digestion of cream.

TUBE COLOUR pH ODOUR EXPLANATION

1. Pancreatin

2. Water

3. Pancreatin,
Bile salts

4. Water,
bile salts

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Which tube (A or B) has the smaller and more dispersed fat droplets?

b. What are bile salts?

What are bile pigments?

c. Where is bile secreted?

d. Describe the mechanism of bile salts in the emulsification process (a diagram would help).

e. What produces the acid pH, indicating that fat digestion as occurred?
f. What produces the rancid odour with fat digestion?

g. Which enzymes are present in the pancreatin solution?

h. Which enzymes are present in the microvilli brush border of the small intestine?

i. Briefly list the site of origin, stimulus for release, and function of the following
gastrointestinal hormones.

SITE OF RELEASE
HORMONE FUNCTION
ORIGIN STIMULUS

Gastrin

Secretin

Cholecystokini

Gastric inhibitory
peptide

j. Why aren’t the acinar cells of the pancreas digested by the proteolytic enzymes they
secrete?

k. How does the intestinal absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of glucose and amino
acids?
4. DISCUSSION