Scribd
Upload
34 views14 pages

2 - Transfer Functions and ODEs

This document discusses Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines the Laplace transform and its properties like linearity and differentiation. Transfer functions relate the input and output of a system using Laplace transforms. Poles and zeros describe characteristics of transfer functions. The document demonstrates solving ODEs by taking the Laplace transform, using partial fraction expansion, and applying the inverse Laplace transform.

Uploaded by

amosainamani6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views14 pages

2 - Transfer Functions and ODEs

This document discusses Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines the Laplace transform and its properties like linearity and differentiation. Transfer functions relate the input and output of a system using Laplace transforms. Poles and zeros describe characteristics of transfer functions. The document demonstrates solving ODEs by taking the Laplace transform, using partial fraction expansion, and applying the inverse Laplace transform.

Uploaded by

amosainamani6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

2.

Laplace; Transfer Functions; and ODEs

▪ Laplace Transform
▪ Properties of Laplace Transform
▪ Inverse Laplace
▪ MATLAB Demo
▪ Transfer function (TF)
▪ Construction of Transfer Function
▪ Zeros and Poles
▪ Inverse Laplace of TF
▪ Solving ODEs

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 1


Laplace Transform
▪ Laplace Transform: takes a function of 𝑡 (time) to a function of a complex
variable 𝑠 (frequency)
▪ Given a function in time 𝑡 ≥ 0 , 𝑓(𝑡) , by transformation:

▪ Above integral might be undefined for some 𝑠


▪ Abscissa of convergence: smallest σ such that for all 𝑠 with 𝑅𝑒(𝑠) ≥ 𝜎, the
integral above converges
▪ Examples (Step, Ramp, and Exponential Signals)
1. What is the LT of 𝑓(𝑡) = 2 ∀𝑡 ≥ 0?
2. What is the LT of 𝑓(𝑡) = 5𝑡 ∀𝑡 ≥ 0?
3. What is the LT of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ∀𝑡 ≥ 0?

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 2


Laplace Transform Properties
1. Linearity

2. Differentiation

▪ 𝑓(0) is the initial conditions of the function 𝑓(𝑡) at 𝑡 = 0


▪ Higher order differentiation:

3. Integration

4. Final Value Theorem (FVT)

▪ if all poles of 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) are in Left Hand Plane (LHP)

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 3


Laplace Transform Properties
5. Initial Value Theorem

▪ if the limit exists


▪ In this theorem, it does not matter if pole location is in LHP or not
6. Convolution

▪ Laplace transform of convoluted functions is a smart way to run away


from doing convolutions.

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 4


Inverse Laplace
▪ Inverse Laplace is defined as

▪ The above integral is often hard to solve, so it’s easier to look at the table and
figure things out
▪ Alternative: partial fraction expansion

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 5


MATLAB Demo
▪ Symbolic toolbox: provides functions for solving and manipulating symbolic
math expressions
▪ Steps followed

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 6


Transfer Function
▪ TF is the ratio of Laplace transform of output and Laplace transform of input
by assuming all the initial conditions are zero.
▪ Input: always defined as 𝑢(𝑡) —called control action
▪ Output: always defined as 𝑦(𝑡) —called measurement or sensor data
▪ TF relates the derivatives of 𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡)

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 7


Construction of Transfer Function
▪ For linear systems, the system dynamics are defined an 𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ order ordinary
differential equation (ODE):

▪ The 𝑦 𝑘 notation means taking the 𝑘 − 𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝑦(𝑡)


▪ Typically, 𝑚 > 𝑛
▪ Given that ODE description, take the LT (assuming zero initial conditions for
all signals):

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 8


Construction of Transfer Function

▪ Transfer function whose order of numerator polynomials is the same as that of


the denominator polynomial, is called proper transfer function.
▪ If the order of the numerator polynomial is greater than that of the
denominator, such a transfer function is called improper.
▪ If the denominator polynomial is set to zero, the equation so obtained is called
characteristic equation.

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 9


Zeros and Poles

▪ Given a TF:

▪ 𝑠 is a complex variable (complex frequency) and is given as: 𝑠 = 𝛿 + 𝑗 𝜔


▪ Roots of numerator are called the zeros
▪ Roots of the denominator are called the poles
▪ Pole – zero plot

Complex s-plane
diagram/ Pole zero plot

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 10


Zeros and Poles

For the following transfer functions, determine


1. Whether the transfer function is proper or improper
2. poles of the system
3. zeros of the system

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 11


Inverse Laplace of TF
▪ Find the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) given that

▪ For linear systems, 𝑁(𝑠) and 𝐷(𝑠) are always polynomials


𝑁 𝑠
▪ write 𝐹 𝑠 = in terms of known expressions from the LTs table
𝐷 𝑠

▪ Three major cases—roots of D(s) are:


1. Distinct,
2. Equal,
3. Complex
▪ Review partial fractions

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 12


Solving ODEs
▪ Solving ODEs using time-domain techniques can be very challenging
▪ Laplace transforms and PFEs offer an easy way to solve ODEs
▪ Solve this ODE, find 𝑦(𝑡)

▪ Steps to follow
1. Take Laplace Transform
2. Find 𝑌 (𝑠)
3. Apply PFE for 𝑌 (𝑠)—find the residues
4. Use the ILT to find 𝑦 (t)
Note: To find the roots of the polynomial, use the command

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 13


Thanks for Your Kind
Attention

Isaac Ndawula BME3204 Sem II 2022/23 14

You might also like