Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Analysis of water conveying aluminum oxide/silver nanoparticles due to

mixed convection through four square cavity’s variable hot (cold) walled
Roubi Abdelhak a, Fares Redouane b, Wasim Jamshed c,⇑,1, Mohamed R. Eid d,e, Kamel Guedri e,
M. Israr Ur Rehman f, Sayed M. El Din g
a
Department of Mechanical, Laboratory of Industrial Technology Study and Research, University Saad Dahlab, 09000 Blida, Algeria
b
LGIDD, University of Relizane, 48000 Relizane, Algeria
c
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST), 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
d
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Al-Kharga, Al-Wadi Al-Gadid, 72511 Egypt.
e
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, 1321, Saudi Arabia.
f
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
g
Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present work focuses on the measurement of the general entropy and the heat exchanges that occur
Received 16 August 2022 inside a square-shaped cavity by changing the cold and hot wall in four cases filled with a hybrid nano-
Revised 5 November 2022 liquid (Al2O3-Ag/water) with a cylinder installed inside it. After validating the model, the parametric
Accepted 3 December 2022
study has been conducted based on Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartman number (Ha), Darcy number (Da),
Available online xxxx
Solid volume fraction (u) and Porosity (e) aspects. An effective finite element method was employed
to solve the problem of flow in a dimensionless form of governing equations towards flow and thermal
Keywords:
behaviors of nanofluid which is laminar and incompressible. Using the COMSOL MultiphysicsÒ software
Hybrid nanofluid
Squar-shaped cavity
computer suite, the equations for energy, motion, and continuity were resolved. Nusselt number calcu-
Heat transfer lations are presented to quantify heat transport via mixed convection. In the case studies, the entropy
Entropy generation improves regardless of where the heated wall is located, except for the third case, where it
Magnetic field is higher than the others. The findings are demonstrated with a higher Rayleigh number Ra, average
Nusselt number, and entropy production. The heat transfer rate (HTR) can be effectively adjusted by mak-
ing use of the magnetic field. The process of producing entropy in the third cavity, where the hot wall
mediates the right wall, is the crucial observation made through this effort.
Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-
versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction several systems of different use and multi-spread in the field of

medicine, industry, and others. Among the known solutions to
The Novel research in the field of fluids and heat exchange work ameliorate the quality of heat transfer is to increase the contact
on improving and developing the performance of heat transfer in surface, but this idea was not very effective. With the beginning
of the discovery of nanofluids that contain nanoparticles (scattered
⇑ Corresponding author. inside a base liquid) to help transfer heat. Fortunately, those com-
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R. Abdelhak), redouane.fares@ binations provide better heat transfer performance. Numerous
univ-relizane.dz (F. Redouane), [email protected] (W. Jamshed), m_r_eid@ problems were discussed under various parametric aspects like
yahoo.com (M.R. Eid), [email protected] (K. Guedri), [email protected]. MHD, slip effects, Radiation heat transfer, and convective boundary
cn (M. Israr Ur Rehman), [email protected] (S.M. El Din).
1
influences. Recently, Entropy formation was investigated in those
Present address: Islamabad Expressway, Kahuta، Road Zone-V Sihala, Islamabad,
Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. kinds of problems to study the irreversible energy transfer occur-
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University. ring in the system. Later, the field of nanofluid was renovated by
researchers by altering the combination of suspended particles in
a single-based fluid or more than one. It was classified as an effec-
tive hybrid nanofluid which is still in trend with more combos of
Production and hosting by Elsevier hybrid particles and base fluids investigated. In that way, the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.102072
2090-4479/Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al., Analysis of water conveying aluminum oxide/silver nanoparticles due to mixed con-
vection through four square cavity’s variable hot (cold) walled, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.102072
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Nomenclature

B magnetic field strength (A:m
1 ) x; y coordinate (m)

CP specific heat (J:kg
1 K
1 )
Da Darcy number Greek characters
Gr Grashof number m kinematic viscosity (m2 =s)
g acceleration due to gravity (m:s
2 ) b thermal expansion coefficient (1=K)
Ha Hartmann number u volume fraction
h local heat transfer coefficient l dynamic viscosity (kg=ms)
K thermal conductivity (W:m
1 K
1 ) e porosity
L channel length h dimensionless temperature
Nuav g Average Nusselt number r electrical conductivity
Nuloc Local Nusselt number q density (kg=m3 )
Pr Prandtl number w non-dimensional stream function
p pressure (Pa) a thermal diffusivity (m2 =s)
Re Reynolds number
Ra Rayleigh number
Subscripts
r radius in the cylinder av g average
sgen entropy generation (W:m
3 K
1 ) bf base fluid
Sgen dimensionless entropy generation
c cold
T temperature (K) h hot
Th hot part temperature (K) hnf hybrid nanofluid
Tc cold part temperature (K) max maximum
U; V nondimensional velocity components
min minimum
u; v velocity components
X; Y dimensionless coordinate

popular cavity heat transfer research with various shapes, particu- et al. [11] analyzed the total entropy generation, and heat
larly square cavities, was tested with the hybrid nanofluids. To get exchange due to stratified transmission with a quadrate bore
a clear insight into the research path of works of such kind, the fol- loaded for a non-Newtonian nano-liquid by which the bore is
lowing survey on literature could help. loaded for nano-liquid, whilst admixture exhibits cut fluffy con-
Khan et al. [1], A power-law analysis is performed to study the duct. Accordingly. Another numeral research by Hayat et al. [12]
magnetohydrodynamic boundary stratum flux of a nano-liquid on studied the boundary strata flux for non-Newtonian liquid with
a nonlinear expansion sheet. Subsequently. Fares et al. [2] explain existence the of nanoparticles via vertical sheet tension resulting
the rising part of entropy generated in a square container. The non- from the flux. Kang et al. [13] discussed the beginning of convec-
reversibility of the zone convective nanofluidic flux in the incident tion in a heterogeneous pored stratum saturated with a nanofluid
in an enclosure with slits is studied by a numeral process and was with the flow-through flow. A power-law type is adopted to
comprehensive in the research of Marzougui et al. [3]. Analysis by express the light shear conduct of nano liquid. with common influ-
Zaim et al. [4] about a single-stage similar nano-liquid type is a ence for the Péclet and Lewis number, and force-law signal within
proposed solution to research the normal transmission of a magne- instability thermic and use Buongiorno’s arithmetical pattern with
tohydrodynamic flux of a Newtonian nanofluid in a perplexing (FDLBM). Kefayati [14] elaborated on entropy generation for corre-
shaped U container. Already. Selimefendigil et al. [5], performed lating together with a nanofluid normal transmission with a slop-
a numeral emulation of jumbled transmission in a heat exchange ing bore. The bore is loaded with a nanofluid and the admixture
cap-driven enclosure loaded for an energy rule nano-liquid for a display shear-thinning conduct. Sasmal et al. [15] elaborated on
hole down the impact of a magnetic field slant. The lower wall the heat transfer natural convection for liquid of an isothermal
for the enclosure is partly heated with the left wall moving in rotary roller coaxially posed in a numerically quadrate channel.
the direction y, for a non-Newtonian nanofluid analysis current Si et al. [16] elaborated on three types of nanoparticles for jumbled
flow effectively. Siavashi et al. [6] describe the entropy generation convection flux and heat exchange for a fake plastic force rule nano
and heat exchange in natural transmission-inclusive nanoparticles, liquid along with a stretched perpendicular chip. Already. Alsabery
during a cylindrical circular enclosure with a circular concentric et al. [17] did study the impact of a lateral even lump flow on the
heat exporter enveloped by a numerically scrutinized pored con- natural non-Darcy convection for the media through the vertical
ductive stratum. The Boltzmann method. Wang et al. [7] used the cone immersed at the pore middle loaded with nano-fluid. Accord-
convective property associated with nanofluids inside a cavity with ingly. Emami et al. [18] studied normal transmission in a sloped
temperature diffusion in detail. Acharya et al. [8] probed heat cavity-loaded nanofluid in the pored middle. The joint impact in
transmission by Natural transmission in a quadrate bore (for corru- bore tilt angle, heating element arrangement, utilized of nano liq-
gated or flat wall) loaded with a non-Newtonian nanomaterial has uid and pored middle on heat transmission improvement has been
been demonstrated to the energy law of input parameters. The investigated for a comprehensive fulfillment on the impact of
shape of a new bore loaded down a constant magnetic field. Abu resolve-making change. Ahmed and Iqbal [19] investigated the
Libdeh et al. [9] investigated nanofluids and pored media compat- impact of two different types of solid nanoparticles on the
ible with total entropy and natural convection. Another work by power-law forced convection media flux over a velar strip channel.
Redouane et al. [10] consists describing the static flux and laminar Cao and Cui [20] provided A computational investigation for the
of a nanofluid crossing come in a square bore, measuring the con- normal transmission in the heat transfer and mass for force rule
vective change that occurs there. The respective cavity is quadrate fluid down an undefined perpendicular dish that a pored middle.
geometry intersecting the flux of a hybrid nanofluid. Utilized the Natural dual-diffusive convection for Dufour and Soret impact
finite difference Lattice Boltzmann (FDLBM) process. Kefayati quadrate bore loaded with media his artificial by (FDLBM), also

2
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

the total entropy generation and heat transmission through media 2. Characterization of the problem
friction mass transfer were analyzed in work [21]. Ma et al. [22]
studied various parameters this as solid size portion in nanoparti- The present work focuses on four square cavities with a fixed,
cles Rayleigh number, side average of the U-form bore and height non-rotating cylinder inside, filled with incompressible Newtonian
of the heating obstacle on the flux range, and the heat transfer hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Ag/water) (Table 1). The thermal proper-
inside the chamber. Alsabery et al. [23] scrutinized normal trans- ties amounts of the hybridity nanoliquid are demonstrated in
mission of the trapezoidal bore partially loaded for a stratum of Table 2. The liquid nanofluid is horizontally exposed to a fixed
porous nanofluid and a stratum of non-Newtonian media visual- magnetic field. The cavity has a length L. The high temperature
ized by a heated line. Subsequently, Meena and Pranitha [24] gave T h that changes its position in the left wall according to four cases.
the impact of the dual dissipation impact on mixed convection In the lower third of the left wall, then the upper third, then the
nanofluid flux in the participation of a non-Darcy pored middle. middle third, and finally the fourth case, the left wall is completely
After studying the impact of heat relocation in a bore filled with heated. The same for the cold part T c in the right wall when four
a hybrid nano-liquid equipped with a porous rippled layer and cases. The upper and lower walls remain heat insulated. Fig. 1
down the impact of a constant magnetic field. Between Fares shows the graph of the cavity. Fig. 2.
et al. [25], the heat transfer inside the can be improved by increas-
ing the Darcy and Rayleigh number. also, porosity affects weakly. 3. Formulation of problem
In a new cavity, Abu-Libdeh et al. [9] elaborated on the impact of
a constant magnetic field filled in the hybrid nanofluid. Results Since the fluid is incompressible and Newtonian, the flux is sup-
present a reduction in heat transmission ratio at a raise in Ha. At posed to be constant and two-dimensional, i.e., the Boussinesq
a triangular enclosure loaded with a crossbred nano liquid, Amine approximation is applicable. The dimensionless governing equa-
et al. [26] elaborate on the behavior of normal transmission. The tions are given as momentum, mass, and energy as follows
results showed the great effect of heat transmission through grow- (Redouane et al. [10]):
ing porosity and permeability. The radius of the circular obstacle
also the speed of rotation affect the energy transfer in the cavity. @u @ v
þ ¼0 ð1Þ
Numerous research [27–29] have been carried out about the heat @x @y
transmission with natural convection at hybrid nanofluids at vari-
ous cavities and down the impact for a uniform magnetic domain
 !
1 @u @u 1 @P v hnf @2u @2u u
at different parameters Da, Ra and Ha, porosity rate and nanopar- u þv ¼
þ þ
v hnf
ticle volume fraction. Showed that the dynamic domain flowing
e2 @x @y qhnf @x e @x2 @y2 K
in porous media varies immediately with Nu and opposite with 1:75ðK Þ
0:5
magnetic field. Also, increasing the magnetic field weakens heat
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ujuj ð2Þ
150e3=2
transfer. Previously, a cool roller in a triangular container was uti-
lized to de-disperse energy. Imtiaz et al. [30] elaborated on the !


experience thermic properties of power fluid and showed a clear @v @v 1 @P v hnf @2v @2v v
u þv ¼
þ þ
v hnf
explanation of the physical parameters in kinetic energy and heat @x @y qhnf @y e @x2 @y2 K
flow as opposed to other physical parameters. Rahman et al. [31]
1:75ðK Þ
0:5  
studied a rectangular container containing the nanofluid down
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi v juj þ bhnf g T
T av g
impact of a magnetic field using the Boltzmann method (LBM). It 150e 3=2

was noted that the height of the magnetic angle leads to a rise in rhnf 2

B v ð3Þ
the average Nussult number in the system. However, they checked qhnf 0
the entropy profile. Hiba et al. [32] explored the thermic rendering

 !
and fluidity of a crossbred nano liquid within hollow cavitation.   @T @T @2T @2T
down the impact of a magnetic domain. Results showed thermic qcp u þ v ¼ khnf þ ð4Þ
hnf @x @y @x2 @y2
diffusion away from walls at the initial values of Darcy number
and Ra. It is also raised at the side of the hooter wall. In a perpen- when e is the porosity and K signifies the permeability, written as
dicular roller loaded within PCM down influence for nanoparticles follows (Esfe et al. [47])
and undulating surface of the heat transfer fluid. Using the finite
element method and with different configurations such that Re, e3 d2m
K¼ ð5Þ
particle size fraction, and altitude. Selimefendigil et al. [33] noticed 150ð1
eÞ2
that the heat transfer improved with the charging process at a high
The following variables to rewrite the past governing equations
Reynolds number. The reason low penetration of HTF leads to inef-
again into non-dimensional equations (Khanafer et al. [48])
fective heat transfer at some sites. In recent years, various combi-
 
nations of fluids as well as affecting parameters on the different p þ qbf g y L2 vL uL x T
Tf y
structures are taken for analysis-oriented with the industrial appli- P¼ ;V ¼ ;U ¼ ;X ¼ ;h ¼ ;Y ¼ ;
cation have been considered and developed, as a result, effective qbf a2bf abf abf L Th
Tf L
enhancement of heat transfer achieved by many research works ð6Þ
Refs. [34–44].
This work is about the analysis of a hybrid nanofluid flow
into a square cavity with cold and hot wall changes in four
cases. In addition. This work aims to investigate the entropy Table 1
Thermophysical characteristics of (Al2O3-Ag/water) (Redouane et al. [10]).
generation of a hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Ag/water) in heat trans-
fer within a square-shaped cavity under a constant magnetic Property Water Al2O3 Ag
field. The effect of various parameters such as Rayleigh number Density 997.1 3970 10,500
(Ra), Hartmann number (Ha), Darcy number (Da), and (u) on Specific heat (J=kgK) 4179 765 235
the characteristics of flow, heat transfer, and entropy generation Electrical conducting (S=m) 5.5  10–6 2.7  10–8 8.1  10–4
Thermal conducting (W=mK) 0.613 40 429
were analyzed.
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R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Thermal aspects of hybridity nanofluid (Animasaun et al. [45] and Oke et al. [46]).

Property Hybridity nanofluid

h i
Density qhnf ¼ u2 qs2 þ ð1
u2 Þ ð1
u1 Þqbf þ u1 qs1
  h     i  
Heat capacitance qcp ¼ ð1
u2 Þ ð1
u1 Þ qcp bf þ u1 qcp s þ u2 qC p s
hnf 1 2
lbf
Dynamic viscosity lhnf ¼ ð1
u 2:5
ð1
u2 Þ2:5
1Þ

Thermal conductance khnf ks2 þð1
nÞkbf
ð1
nÞðkbf
knf Þu2 ks1 þð1
nÞkbf
ð1
nÞðkbf
knf Þu1
knf
¼ ks2 þð1
nÞkbf þðkbf
ks2 Þu2
; knf ¼ ks1 þð1
nÞkbf þðkbf
ks1 Þu1
kbf :

Fig. 1. Schematics diagrams of different geometric models.

Dimensional numbers are given and written as follows

  sffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
bbf g T h
T f L3 rbf K v bf
Ra ¼ ; Ha ¼ LB0 ; Da ¼ 2 ; Pr ¼ ð7Þ
abf v bf lbf L abf
The non-dimensional equations are given as follows:
@U @V
þ ¼0 ð8Þ
@X @Y

 !
1 qhnf @U @U @P 1 v hnf @2U @2U
U þV ¼
þ Pr þ
e2 qbf @X @Y @X e v bf @X 2 @Y 2
v hnf Pr 1:75ðDaÞ
0:5


pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi jUjU ð10Þ
v bf Da 150e3=2

Table 4
A comparison of Nusselt average number at u ¼ 0:06 and Ha ¼ 30 between the
present study, Refs. [50] and [51].

Ra Present study Aghaei et al. [50] Ghasemi et al. [51]

103 1.172 1.182 1.184
104 1.286 1.290 1.291
105 3.119 3.107 3.108
Fig. 2. Graphical illustration of mesh distribution.

Table 3
Estimate of Sgen and Nuav g for varied grid resolve with the computational time necessary for the chosen grid.

Mesh size 1812 2698 7704 21,300 27,962

Nuav g 4.2537 4.2686 4.3600 4.4227 4.4227
Sgen 38.202 39.575 45.226 49.942 49.942
CPU time 1.333 min 1.984 min 5.666 min 15.665 min 20.564 min

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R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
A comparison of Nusselt average number at Ra ¼ 105 with Refs. [50] and [53].

Ri u Present study Aghaei et al. [50] Chamkha and Abu-Nada [53]

1 0.02 4.76 4.76 4.92

0.01 4.769 4.84 4.95
10 0.02 1.76 1.68 1.72
0.01 1.90 1.93 2.01

 !
1 qhnf @V @V @P 1 v hnf @2V @2V 3.1. Non dimensional entropy generation
U þV ¼
þ Pr þ
e2 qf @X @Y @Y e vf @X 2
@Y 2
Local entropy output size is acquired by aggregating the merge
v hnf Pr 1:75ðDaÞ
0:5
flow and forces advanced. In process of heat convection with the

V
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi jUjV
vf Da 150e3=2 existence of the magnetic field, non-dimensional local entropy out-
bhnf rf qf PrHa2 put is set as follows (Woods [49])
þ PrRah þ pffiffiffiffiffiffi V ð11Þ "

2 #
bf qhnf qhnf e Ra khnf @h
2
@h
Sgen ¼ þ
! kbf @X @Y
@h @h ahnf @2h @2h ( "

2
2 #)
U þV ¼ þ ð12Þ lhnf  2  @U
2
@V @U @V
@X @Y abf @X 2
@Y 2 þv U þ V 2 þ Da 2 þ2 þ þ
lbf @X @Y @Y @X
rhnf
þ vHa2 V 2
rf
ð13Þ
Table 6
v ¼ 10
2

lhnf T av g
2
Entropy generation comparison in with [50] and [52].
abf TH þ TC
Ra Present study Aghaei et al. [50] Oliveski et al. [52] v¼ ; T av g ¼ ð14Þ
kbf K LðT H
T C Þ 2
103 4.72 4.58 4.72
105 19.42 19.14 19.04 The average and local Nusselt numbers along the hot wall are
specified as follows:

Fig. 3. Illustrate the wmax in the four cavities loaded by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at (Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).
5
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Illustrate the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at (Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).

Fig. 5. Illustrates the entropy in four cavities filled by (al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at (Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).
6
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

khnf @h @h
Nuloc ¼
ð15Þ The insulated walls : U ¼ V ¼ 0; ¼0 ð22Þ
kbf @X @n

Z L
Nuav g ¼ Nuloc dY ð16Þ 4. Grid independence analysis and numerical validation
0

Six different grids were employed in the second cavity to

3.2. Boundary condition demonstrate that the results are network-independent. At differ-
ent networks, the independence of flow from the heat was assessed
The walls of the enclosure and looking at the boundary condi- using Nuav g (Table 3). The fourth network is the most important.
tions attached to it. The precedent dimensions are given as follows: Belief in the numerical approach to the answer is one of the most
The cold wall : u ¼ v ¼ 0; T ¼ T c ð17Þ crucial factors for getting results. Previous studies were carried out
by Aghaei et al. [50], Ghasemi et al. [51], Olivsky et al. [52], and
The hot wall : u ¼ v ¼ 0; T ¼ T h ð18Þ Chamkha and Abu Nada [53], to Validation of a model used in this
study are shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6.
@T
The insulated walls : u ¼ v ¼ 0; ¼0 ð19Þ
@n 5. Results and discussion
The boundary conditions in dimensionless forms are deter-
mined next: Using the aforementioned model. A square container with a cir-
cular cylinder is installed in the middle. In this part, the numerical
The cold wall : U ¼ V ¼ 0; h ¼ 0 ð20Þ
data obtained from entropy generation, streamline, and isotherm is
discussed. In addition. The curves of the mean Nusselt number
The hot wall : U ¼ V ¼ 0; h ¼ 1 ð21Þ
Nuav g and the general entropy Sgen in terms of the different param-

Fig. 6. Illustrate the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).

7
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Illustrate the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).

Fig. 8. Illustrate the entropy in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).

8
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 9. Illustrate the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different u (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 0:01).

eters (103 < Ra < 106 ); (0 < Ha < 100); (10
5 < Da < 10
2 ); Fig. 5 illustrates the entropy in the for cavity’s filled by (Al2O3-
(0:02 < u < 0:08); (0:2 < e < 0:8). Taking into account the flow Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at (Ha ¼ 0;
pattern. e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01). The general entropy s is shown from
both thermal sides of the cavity. In the porous region, the entropy
changes increase for lower numbers of Ra. When increasing Ray-
5.1. Effect of Rayleigh number leigh’s number, this situation reflects.

Fig. 3 illustrates the wmax in the four square cavities loaded by

(Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at 5.2. Effect of Hartmann number
(Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01). Physically, the Rayleigh
number is used to represent the nature of thermal transfer that Fig. 6. illustrates the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-
occurs in the natural convection mode. Although the location of Ag/water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0.2; u ¼
the heat source has changed. The flow momentum of the nanofluid 0.02; Da ¼ 0:01). The Hartmann number, which measures the rel-
dominated the entire cavity when the increase of Ra. With a ative significance of drag forces originating from magnetic induc-
change in the location of the heat source, it is remarked the differ- tion and viscous forces, is the ratio of electromagnetic force to
ent results. Near the heated wall, the streamline formed two viscous force. According to Animasaun et al. [54,55], diffusive mag-
perimeters, while near the cooled wall of the cavity formed one netic layers develop at the boundaries of materials with various
perimeter. An increase in Rayleigh Ra also leads to a stop of control electrical characteristics when a magnetic field is present. It can
towards the end of the cooling side. model the viscous changes caused by electromagnetic forces with
Fig. 4 illustrates the isotherm in the square-cavity filled by the opposing forces through Hartmann number Ha with tempera-
(Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Rayleigh numbers Ra at ture changes. Whatever the source of heat. It was noticed in the hot
(Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01). It is noted the joined tem- zone. This is due to the high resistance to flow. When the number
perature distribution is almost. Although the position of the heat of Hartmann is higher. The force of those lines descended to the
source has been changed, except for the area next to the heat bottom of the cavity.
source. With high Ra and under the influence of natural convection, Fig. 7 illustrates the isotherm in four cavities filled with (Al2O3-
the temperature profiles inside the cavity slightly change. So that Ag/water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0:2;
the rise is gradual for high-temperature areas. u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01). The temperature of the fluid within the cav-
9
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 10. Illustrate the isotherm in four cavities filled with (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different u (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 0:01).

ity is slightly dissipated as a result of the magnetically limited flow 5.4. Effect of Darcy Number
from two sides into each other. The isotherm spreads away from
the surface at elevated Hartmann values. The isotherm cooler cov- The Darcy number reflects the relation between the cross-
ers the lower bore region. sectional area of the porous and the permeability of the medium.
Fig. 8 illustrates the entropy in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/ As a fluid moves through a porous media, there is a non-linear con-
water) nanofluid for different Ha at (Ra ¼ 106 ; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; nection between the flow rate and pressure decrease. However,
Da ¼ 0:01). It is noticed that whatever the source of heat. The according to Ref. [55], Darcy’s empirical flow model represents a
entropy of the Ha is the reverse of the entropy of the Ra. As the direct linear connection between flow rate and pressure drop in
magnetic effect rises, the lines scatter at both ends, then head to a porous medium. Fig. 11 illustrates the streamline in four cavities
the middle part of the cavity, and then form two perimeters on filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ;
each end. Ha = 0; e ¼ 0.2; u = 0.02). Darcy number has a clear effect on
the porous structure of the cavity. It permits to get a perfect flow
5.3. Effect of solid volume fraction by increasing the permeability of the medium. The cold side has
a strong perimeter. This is due to the slow permeability of the
Fig. 9 illustrates the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3- coolant.
Fig. 12 illustrates the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-
Ag/water) nanofluid for different u (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2;
Da ¼ 0:01). The solid volume fraction was the composition of a Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2;
mixture of solid particles to the based fluid represented in terms u ¼ 0:02). The increase in fluid entry into the porous medium is
of a dimensionless quantity. Thermal efficiency and fluidity are through an increase in Darcy’s number. It is noticed a significant
affected by the u in the quality of the nanofluids. On both sides smoothness of the isotherm at high Darcy values. Where the tem-
of the cylinder, it is noted that the impact of the u on the stream- perature appears in the pored intermediate and the middle of the
line. Where the latter is dissipated due to the slow formation bore.
within the cavity. This is due to obstruction of the added particles. Fig. 13 illustrates the entropy in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-
Fig. 10 illustrates the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3- Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0;
Ag/water) nanofluid for different u (Ra ¼ 10 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2;
6 e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02). It is noticed when Darcy’s minimum values.
Da ¼ 0:01). It is concluded that on the hotter side there is more There is an accumulation as a result of the fluid’s resistance to
heat absorption. This is due to the slow flow caused by the increase entering the porous medium. The graph of Sgen , as a conclusion of
in particles. the permeability constraints, shows the entropy loss in the liquid.

10
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 11. Illustrate the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02).

At higher Da values. Entropy losses occur when the flow enters the ity of the nanofluid inside the cavity. However. With the Lorentz
second end, resulting in thermal changes. force and raise in Ha, the average Nusselt number deficiency. The
Lorentz force rejects the forming of vortices. This causes a decrease
5.5. Effect of Porosity in the rapidity of the nanofluid in the cavity, then the Nusselt num-
ber goes down.
Fig. 14 illustrates the streamline in four cavities filled by (Al2O3- Fig. 17 demonstrates changing of Nuav g with Ha in four cavities
Ag/water) nanofluid for different porosity at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; for diverse u at (e ¼ 0:2; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; Da ¼ 10
2 ). In all values of u
Da ¼ 0:01; u ¼ 0:02). Fig. 15 illustrates the isotherm in four cavi- with a higher Ha. The intensity of heat transfer decreases. How-
ties filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different porosity at ever. The higher rate of the Nuav g match the height of the nanopar-
(Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; Da ¼ 0:01; u ¼ 0:02). It is noted that porosity ticle’s fraction volume.
is a good parameter in the flow of nanofluids compared to normal Fig. 18 demonstrates changing of Nuav g with Ha in the cavity for
liquids. This might be due to the pendent nanoparticles and their varied e at (u ¼ 0:02; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; Da ¼ 0:01). The heights of the
efficiency. Whatever the location of the heat source. The porosity mean Nusselt number and Hartmann number Ha decrease because
e lines are collected in a less way at the porous media. The high the convective flow is greatly reduced. This is due to the control of
porosity allows for better flow into the cavity. The streamlining the magnetic parameter inside the cavity. High porosity enhances
changes slightly. Regarding the isotherm in Fig. 15, it is noticed heat transfer response.
that porosity has a weak effect. Where there are no clear and sig- Fig. 19 demonstrates changing of Nuav g with Ra in the cavity for
nificant amendments to the fees collected. varied Da at (u ¼ 0:02; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; e ¼ 0:2). In the four cases, it is
remarked the raise in Nu with Rayleigh number Ra for all values
5.6. Effect of various parameters on Nusselt number of Da. In addition. Higher Darcy number Da enhances heat transfer
and Nu for higher values of Ra. The movement of the nanofluid is
Fig. 16 demonstrates changing of Nuav g with Ra in four-cavities intercepted due to the low pores. Because of the control of heat
for diverse Ha at (e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01), shows that Nuav g transfer, only nominal effects are observed for Ra at low values.
increases when the raise of Ra. It is noticed the same relationship On small scales, the improvement is more visible. However. Better
in the four cases (square-cavity). This is due to a rise in the buoy- heat transfer was observed due to the free activity of fluids. This is
ancy force caused by raise in Ra, which leads to a rise in the veloc- due to good heat convection.

11
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 12. Illustrate the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02).

Fig. 13. Illustrate the entropy in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different Da at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02).
12
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 14. Illustrate the w in four cavities loaded by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different porosity e at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; Da ¼ 0:01; u ¼ 0:02).

Fig. 15. Illustrate the isotherm in four cavities filled by (Al2O3-Ag/water) nanofluid for different porosity e at (Ra ¼ 106 ; Ha ¼ 0; Da ¼ 0:01; u ¼ 0:02).
13
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 16. Changing of Nuav g with Ra in four cavities for diverse Ha at (e ¼ 0:2; u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01).

Fig. 17. Changing of Nuav g with Ha in four cavities for diverse u at (Ra ¼ 10
6 ; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 0:01).
14
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 18. Changing of Nuav g with Ha in four cavities for varied e at (u ¼ 0:02; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; Da ¼ 0:01).

Fig. 19. Changing of Nuav g with Ra in the cavity for varied Da at (u ¼ 0:02; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; e ¼ 0:2).

15
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 20. Changing of entropy generation with Rayleigh number Ra in the cavity for varied Ha at (u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01; e ¼ 0:2).

Fig. 21. Changing of Sgen with Rayleigh number Ra in the cavity for varied u at (Ha ¼ 0; Da ¼ 0:01; e ¼ 0:2).
16
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 22. Changing of entropy generation with Hartmann number Ha in the cavity for varied Da at (u ¼ 0:02; e ¼ 0:2; Ra ¼ 10
6 ).

5.7. Effect of various parameters on entropy generation position of the cold and hot wall). The average Nusselt number
increases with heat transfer at higher Ra values. It is good in the
Fig. 20 demonstrates changing of Sgen with Rayleigh number Ra first and fourth packs, better than in the second and third packs.
in the cavity for varied Ha at (u ¼ 0:02; Da ¼ 0:01; e ¼ 0:2). The There is no improvement at low Ra values. This is due to the con-
entropy generation improves with the improvement of Ra in any trol of conductive heat transfer.
case of the position of the heated wall and the Hartmann number. Fig. 24 demonstrates changing of Sgen with Ra in the cavity at
With the rise of Ha there is a lowering in the heat transfer and (u ¼ 0:02; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 10
2 ). Fig. 25 demonstrates
eddies for high numbers of Ra. Lorentz’s force also decreases. This changing of entropy generation with nanoparticle volume fraction
shows that the thermal entropy and the friction of fluids are supe-
rior to the entropy, due to the magnetic field of this field of Ra. In
addition, For the low Ra domain. It was identified that fluid friction
and the generation of thermal entropy less. This reduces the total
generation of the universe. Ha has no effect.
Fig. 21 demonstrates changing of entropy generation with Ray-
leigh number Ra in the cavity for diverse u at (Ha ¼ 0; Da ¼ 10
2 ;
e ¼ 0:2). In the four cases studied. It appears that the variance in
nanoparticle u does not impact the Sgen with clear validity. This
confirms again that the Sgen linked to heat transfer.
Fig. 22 demonstrates changing of entropy generation with
Hartmann number Ha in the cavity for varied Da at
(u ¼ 0:02; e ¼ 0:2; Ra ¼ 10
6 ). It is remarked that the rise in
the value of Ha reduced the heat transfer process. Hence, the
generation of entropy is still reproducible. However. The
entropy generation is affected and decreased with the increase
in the values of Da and Ha. The main conclusion is that the
increase in Da and Ha reduces the movement of the fluid inside
the cavity, which in turn leads to a decrease in the production
of large amounts of entropy.
Fig. 23 demonstrates changing of Sgen with Ra in square-cavity
at (u ¼ 0:02; Ra ¼ 10
6 ; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 0:01). Shows the variation Fig. 23. Changing of Sgen with Rayleigh number Ra in the cavity at (u ¼ 0:02;
in the mean Nu with Ra in each of the four cases (change in the Ra ¼ 10
6 ; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 0:01).

17
R. Abdelhak, F. Redouane, W. Jamshed et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

and Hartmann number Ha. It can summarize the obtained results

in the following points:

 Higher Hartmann number Ha and proximity to the hot wall

have an impact on the thermal and hydrodynamic fields.
 The magnitude of the vortex inside the cavity grows as the Ray-
leigh number Ra rises.
 Heat transmission and entropy production are directly
impacted by an increase in Ra, Ha, and Da. It is observed that,
especially at high Ra, the volume concentration of solid
nanoparticles has little impact on the production of entropy
or the heat transfer mechanism.
 Entropy generation and thermal performance improve with
higher Ra and u values. It decreases with the height of Ha.
 The third cavity produces substantially better entropy. The sec-
ond cavities come next. While the fourth wave continues to
generate entropy poorly and unstimulated.

The findings of this study are beneficial for extending the work
Fig. 24. Changing of entropy generation with Rayleigh number Ra in cavities at
(u ¼ 0:02; Ha ¼ 0; e ¼ 0:2; Da ¼ 10
2 ).
with effects taken into consideration to industrial applications like
heat exchangers, coating a sheet with nanoparticles, water purifi-
cation, steel production, etc. The excess amount of heat generated
during the process can be effectively utilized. The current approach
could be applied to a variety of physical and technical challenges in
the future [56–63].

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Findings.
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific
Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by
Grant Code:23UQU4331317DSR125.

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