Intellectual Competencies:

Purposive Communication English

CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY
COMMUNICATION
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics

- Components of the Communication Process

Technically, communication happens in a systematic process to achieve its

success. Communication process is important particularly among professionals
because of the following notable reasons according to Bhasin (2021):
● It develops coordination for people to understand the thoughts, and ideas
of one another.
● Its function in an organization is elemental for the smooth and proper
functioning of each member of the organization.
● It contributes to effective and efficient decision making among people.
● It increases the managerial efficiency and leader potentials in
organizations.
● It promotes the overall organizational peace and cooperation among all
employees who are holding different places in the hierarchy.
● It boosts the morale of all employees and promotes and healthy working
environment in the organization.

Principles of Effective Communication

9 communication principles into operation as suggested by Kapur (2020):

1. Trustworthiness 6. Objective Judgement

2. Effective Speaking Skills 7. Value Difference
3. Active Listening 8. No Assumptions
4. Good Writing Skills 9. Authenticity
5. Good Reading Skills

- Ethical Considerations in Communication

1. Respectful of their audiences. 4. Efficient in using information

2. Considerate of the consequences 5. Watchful on falsified information.
of their communication. 6. Respectful of the rights of others
3. Truthful to information.
Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization

- Globalization
Globalization is not only the mobility and trade of goods across countries, but all
that go with it such as people, services, knowledge, culture, etc. Historically,
globalization has opened borders and modernization from one country to
another.
Thus, the inevitable globalization is now intertwined not only in economy but
also in human communication. As communicators, we need to recognize and
understand the features, dimensions, and impact of globalization to human
Communication.

- Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication

1. Language 4. Norms and values
2. Stereotypes and prejudices 5. Ethnocentrism
3. Behaviours and beliefs 6. Body language and gestures

- Strategies to become an effective global communicator. (www.books

forbetterliving.com):
1. Mindful Presence 4. Unconditional Friendliness
2. Mindful Listening 5. Mindful Responsiveness
3. Mindful Speech

Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication

- Communication in Multicultural Settings
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.
People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily
have engaging interactions with each other.

Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication (Dapat, et al, 2016)

1. Cultural identity 4. Social class
2. Gender role 5. Religious identity
3. Age identity

Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings (Cotton, 2013)

1. Mother tongue and secondary 9. Teachers
languages 10. Friends
2. Race 11. Neighborhood
3. Ethnicity 12. Education
4. Gender 13. Profession
5. Local culture 14. Experience
6. Religion 15. Politics
7. Regional attire 16. Physical features
8. Ancestry, Parents and Families 17. Media
- Intercultural Communication
People from different backgrounds often encounter difficulties in processing
meanings and understanding messages due to the difficulties in understanding
certain factors of communication such as language, context, and meaning.
Communication problems often occur when there is a lack of understanding
about how certain cultures "work."

- Forms of Intercultural Communication

a. Interracial communication – communicating with people from different races
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different ethnic
origin
c. International communication – communicating between representatives
from different nations.
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial
or ethnic group or co-culture

- Improving Intercultural Communication Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016)

1. People should be mindful of the other communicators who have different
culture.
2. People should mindfully choose the suitable words and actions that are
culturally
acceptable to others.
3. People should be skillful and tactful in communicating in multicultural
settings.
4. People should be observant on the connection among communication
patterns.
5. People should open their minds to dissimilar culture because it can give them
fresh options to try a new approach in life.

Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

- Varieties of Spoken and Written Language

Written language is carefully organized and explanatory. Word of choice is
deliberate and follow a particular structure. Spoken language is spontaneous
and momentary; it is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue.

Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English:

Written English Spoken English

Flow of language steady Pauses - utterances

Organization structured Less particular with structure

Register Both formal and informal Mostly informal

Different Registers in different Forms and Functions
1. Frozen or “static” register
2. Formal register
3. Consultative register
4. Casual register
5. Intimate register

Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images of different types of texts

reflecting different cultures
- Key Concepts of Media Literacy
● Media refers to all electronic or digital means and print or artistic visuals
used to transmit messages.
● Literacy is the ability to encode and decode symbols and synthesize and
analyze messages.
● Media literacy is the ability to encode and decode the symbols
transmitted via media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce
mediated messages.
● Media education is the study of media, including ‘hands-on’ experiences
and media production.
● Media literacy education is the educational field dedicated to teaching
the skills associated with media literacy.

Skills as Media Literate Communicator

1. Understand and respect the power of mass communication messages.

2. Understand content by paying attention and filtering out noise.
3. Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions to mass communication
content in order to act accordingly.
4. Develop heightened expectations of mass communication content.
5. Understand genre conventions and recognize when they are being mixed.
6. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter how credible
their source.
7. Understand the internal language of mass communication to understand its
effects, no matter how complex.

CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND

STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
Topics:
- Pecha Kucha definition
Pecha Kucha is a presentation method that calls for telling a story using images
rather than reading text from slides during a PowerPoint presentation. Pecha
Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow only 20 seconds of commentary per
slide. That keeps a total presentation to just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.

Lesson 3: Blogging
- What is Blog
A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational
website displaying information in reverse chronological order, with the latest
posts appearing first, at the top. It is a platform where a writer or a group of
writers share their views on an individual subject.

CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS

PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and Argumentative Communication

Informative Communication Persuasive Argumentative

Communication Communication

focuses on talking about act of presenting used to settle

people, events, processes, arguments to move, disputes and
places, or things; however, motivate, or change discover truth
informing an audience about your audience
one of these subjects without
being persuasive is often a
difficult task to complete.

Lesson 2: Public Speaking

● Reading from a Manuscript - word-for-word iteration of a written
message
● Memorized - rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
committed to memory.
● Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
● Impromptu - presentation of a short message without advance
preparation.

3. Making Inquiries
Topics:
- Inquiry Letter
A letter of inquiry is mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining a specific
information to another party whom it addresses. This letter intended to pose a
request or question to the reader and persuading it to respond. There are three
types of inquiry letter, the solicited, unsolicited and inquiries asking for a favor.
Solicited letter of inquiry is a letter used when a business is advertising its
product or services, unsolicited letter of inquiry is a letter that inquiring
regarding something thus it is a formal letter if the sender doesn’t know the
receiver, and the latter is seeking information with or without commercial
proposition and must be clear with their objectives. It is
very useful when seeking information but be mindful of asking too much
information especially if that information you can obtain easily.

- Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry

1. Write the sender’s name and address, you may also include phone number
and email if it is required.
2. Leave one space below the address then write the date.
3. Include the receiver’s address.
4. Subject of the letter; state what is your main reason in writing this letter.
5. Below the subject, write a salutation to address the person being written to. If
not sure on the gender of the recipient, you may write Sir/Madam.
6. The body of the letter, it is divided into three (3) paragraphs; First Paragraph -
Introduce yourself and include the purpose of the letter; Second Paragraph -
Inform the recipient about the details of your inquiry and the other information
you wanted to know; Third Paragraph - Conclusion and end of the paragraph,
you may include here that you are expecting or waiting to have their response.
And don’t forget to include gratitude in the letter.
7. Below the body of the letter, write the sender’s name and signature, include
also the designation of the sender.

- Emails
Communication Internal operational communication is a system where
members of an organization communicate with one another to implement the
business goals which has become increasingly important. It has many forms
such as supervisors giving orders, oral exchanges among employees about work
matters, assembling and distributing reports, and composing and sending
e-mail messages to other workers within the company, other companies in and
outside the country.

- Interview
A job interview is a conversation which occurs between a potential employer
and a job applicant. During the job interview, the employer has the opportunity
to appraise applicant’s qualifications, appearance and general fitness for the job
opening.
- Tips in Conducting an Interview
1. Display sense of responsibility by coming to the scheduled interview on time
and prepared.
2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study about the employer, hiring
manager and job opportunities.
3. Suggest sense of loyalty by verbalizing intention to stay longer with the
company.
4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that you can work with less
supervision.
5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions with style and ease,
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work ethic by dressing up
corporately during the interview.
7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident, candid, and precise.
8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful questions.
9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself.
10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the interviewer for his or her time.

CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK

PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Communication for Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes
A patient note is the primary communication tool to other clinicians treating the
patient, and a statement of the quality of care.
Topics:
- Patient Notes
● Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest assessment
● Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment reports done in order to
monitor the condition of the patient
● Discharge notes: are the reports given once medication is discontinued or
the patient is release from the hospital
- Way of Organizing Patient Notes
● Subjective (assessment given by the family member or patient himself)
● Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected in laboratory or other
medical reports)
● Assessment (diagnosis)
● Plan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis)
● Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or more definite.
● Concretizing: make something concrete, Become specific; "the idea
concretized in her mind"
● Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or feelings. To look into or
examine (one's own mind, feelings, etc.).

Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: Writing a Lead

- Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or Lead
● The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:”
that is, Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as
many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. When writing a
lead, it helps to think about which of these facts is the most vital for
readers to know.
 ● Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the information the reader requires
in just a few words.
● Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and 40 words.
● Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or
adverbs. Also make sure that your lead only discusses one idea to avoid
confusion.
● Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common
exceptions including writing about fatalities (“two people were killed
Thursday”) and when discussing police activity (“two people were
arrested”). Passive voice is often theresult of incomplete reporting.
● Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most crucial information at the
very beginning of the sentence. Important secondary information can go
in subsequent sentences. Not following this practice is called “burying the
lead.” If you need attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the
end of the sentence because it is less important than the information
itself.
Understand the Context:
● Keep in mind what your readers may already know about your story based
on previous media coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these realities
and adds relevant, useful information.
● Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of
information with your lead, you should be ready to deliver.
- Types of Lead
● Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief summary, containing most of the
Five W’s and H in one sentence.
● Question Lead - ask a question. Although they are effective in sparking
interest, use them sparingly because they generally do not provide the
main points of a story as concisely.
● Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in first paragraph
● Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way
● Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The anecdote
must help enhance the article’s broader point, and you must explain the
connection to that point in the first few sentences following the lead.
● Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened rather than simply
telling what the event is about
●
Lesson 3: Tour Guiding
- Tourism
To inform, remind and advise

- Communication Tasks for Tour Guides

● giving directions and commentaries;
● explaining procedures and itineraries;
● providing advice on safety and security; and describing tourist attractions.
 - Communication Techniques in Dealing with Complaints

1. Set a complaints handling policy 5. Involve customers in the solution

2. Respond quickly to complaints 6. Keep customers updated
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair 7. Touch base with the customer
with customers afterward
4. Research the customer’s situation

Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling

- Storytelling - interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements
and images of a story while encouraging the listener’s imagination.
- Image Description - a detailed explanation of an image that provides textual
access to visual content; most often used for digital graphics online and in digital
files; can be used as alt text in coding to provide access to more complete
information.

Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade

A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your company’s strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats. The primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to help
organizations develop a full awareness of all the factors involved in making a
business decision.

Strengths (Internal) Threats (External)

● Financial resources ● Technology innovations and
● Technical resources and changes
capabilities ● Competition
● Human resources ● Economic trends
● Product lines ● Government policies and
legislation
● Legal judgments
● Social trend
A SWOT analysis pulls information internal sources (strengths of weaknesses of
the specific company) as well as external forces that may have uncontrollable
impacts to decisions (opportunities and threats).

Benefits of SWOT Analysis (managementstudyguide.com)

1. It is a source of information for strategic planning.

2. Builds organization’s strengths.
3. Reverse its weaknesses.
4. Maximize its response to opportunities.
5. Overcome organization’s threats.
6. It helps in identifying core competencies of the firm.
7. It helps in setting of objectives for strategic planning.
8. It helps in knowing past, present and future so that by using past and current data,
future plans can be chalked out.

Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Reports

A report is a specific form of writing that is organised around concisely identifying and
examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense, such as
events that have occurred within an organisation, or findings from a research
investigation. (owll.massey.ac.nz/)

Report Categories (qsstudy.com)

Formal Report - reports that are prepared in prescribed forms
● Form of the report: Formal report is highly structured and is prepared in a
prescribed format. Most Formal report is always written in a manuscript (narrative
style) format.
● Purpose: Formal report is written to help management in making long term and
strategic decisions.
● Objective: Objective of the formal report is to assist decision making by providing
an effective recommendation.
● Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal report is large. It generally includes some
particular pages (e.g. prefatory page) that do not appear in short reports.
● Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are circulated to top-level executives
and outside parties.
● Nature of problem: Formal report deals with complex and non-recurring problems.
It is analytical and systematic in nature. It deals with key complex problems.
● Frequency of writing: Formal report is written very infrequently.
● Writing responsibility: This type of report is usually written by internal or external
experts.
● Use of visual aids: This type of report makes extensive use of visual aids to present
the facts and findings.
● Writing Style: This report follows inductive (indirect) and impersonal writing style.
A formal report on the other hand, after analyzing and interpreting the conclusion
of the draw and makes recommendations.
● Recommendation: Recommendation is an essential part of a formal report.
Informal report - prepared not by following any prescribed rule or formality.
● Form of the report: Informal report is less structured and it is less important to
follow the prescribed format. Most Informal reports are written in memorandum
and letter formats.
● Purpose: The main purpose of an informal report is to present the facts that help
managers in making thy-to-thy business decisions.
● Objective: Conveying routine messages and to help routine functions are the basic
objectives of the informal report.
● Length: It is short in size. An informal report is short in size. This report writing is
generally complete in a page or two.
● Distribution: Short report is usually circulated within the organization.
● Nature of problem: Informal report deals with less complex and recurring
problems. It is not methodical in nature. This report deals with the schedule
matters.
● Frequency of writing: It is written very frequently even daily a weekly.
● Writing responsibility: These reports are usually written by a subordinate.
 ● Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom uses visual aids.
● Writing Style: This report follows deductive (direct) and personal writing style.
Informal reports follow deductive writing styles. A short report highlights facts and
specific recommendations. It avoids analysis and inclusion of supporting
information.
● Recommendations: Recommendations are not required in an informal report.

Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The Resume

Resume - where you can display your top skills and qualities it consists of one to two
pages. It is the most required tool to every company when looking for a job because it will
be a way to help you get your interview and it will be easy for the employer in hiring
decisions. Structuring your resume and deciding what to include matters the most. there
are characteristics that must include
in your resume example of this is communication skills, openness, creativity, commitment
and etc. To have a good resume, it must include the same keywords that can be seen to
the job description.

There are three most popular formats that are using when writing Resume. These are
the:
Chronological, Functional and Combination. All of these types are useful for every people
who have different backgrounds and objectives when applying for a company.

These are the Guidelines that helps us how to write a resume correctly.
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment:
The Application Letter
The application letter is a clear link between the position the applicant is searching for
and the qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put it another way, the letter fits those
credentials with the specifications of the position, illustrating how correct an applicant is
for that role. It addresses details in the resume selectively, as needed. Working with
information, examples, information about relevant aspects of your educational and job
history is one of the best ways to make an application letter perfect. However, so little
interest might be created by a letter that is too general and ambiguous that the reader
may not even want to turn to the resume. Working in a selective detail in the application
text, which makes the person stand out, makes it unforgettable, and completes the
statements making about their abilities and experience.

Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The Memorandum

A Memorandum, or commonly known as a memo, is a short concise message or record

that is used for internal communication in a business, administration, or an institution.
A note, document or a form of communication intended to issue a directive, execute a
policy, present an information report, provide convey information, rebuke errors, give
warnings, solve problems or make requests. This communication can be between or
among administrators, and subordinates or may suffice subordinates coordinating with
co-employees to carry out a task or activity. This communication is an interoffice tool.

Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting

Meetings are set and conducted in different ways by different companies and
organizations to discuss different agendas and matters that affect the surrounding area
and the people involved.
-Being in a meeting, one must keep record of the meeting’s agendas, suggestions, and
actions requested by the group; a list of what happened during the meeting, the Minutes
of the Meeting.
-A written record of the meeting that lets the attendees be reminded, and the absentees
be informed of what happened in the meeting. A written record that serves as detailed
notes reflecting all actions done within the meeting; A record that also serves as a
reminder to the task that must be completed after the discussion.
Before the meeting:
● Choose your recording tool. One may choose to use it in recording the meeting,
from a pen and paper to a laptop or a recorder. Always check your tools as one will
need it for future references.
● Reading the meeting’s agenda may also help your outlining of the meeting where
one can easily pinpoint what are the important points within the meeting.
During the meeting:
● Passing the attendance is a sign that the meeting is starting, know who is involved
within the meeting to know who they are and what their main point is.
● One may not include all comments instead the important notes are enough. Write
all motion and who made them, and its results.
● Always remember to keep your own biases.
After the meeting:
● Encode the notes you have taken during the meeting. Include the participants and
the different key points they added. Add to your final record the organization, the
title of the committee, the type of meeting, and the purpose of it. Always proofread
your record and avoid lapses of important discussion within the meeting, if needed
second opinion do not hesitate to ask to fully verify your work. Submit it to the
person who ran the meeting unless instructed to do another way or otherwise.

CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC

PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
Topics:
- Quoting
- Plagiarism
- Paraphrasing
- Summarizing

Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal

Research
Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and systematic
procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or for the verification or
confirmation of previews and existing knowledge to answer problems and
to apply in practical life.
Types of Research
● Pure Research
○ Also termed as library or desk research
○ The researcher tries to find the truth
○ The research meant to seek knowledge simply for knowledge’s sake
● Applied Research (action research)
○ Practical application of knowledge to everyday situations.
● Quantitative Research
○ Associated with positivist tradition (there is reality out there that can be
studied and known)
○ Gathers numerical values as its data
○ Investigates concepts, constructs, variables
○ Use deductive reasoning
○ Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized and validity
and precision are maximized)
○ Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality collected through senses)
● Qualitative Research
○ Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not a fixed entity but rather a
construction of individual participating in research.)
○ Gathers narrative description as its data
○ Investigates phenomena, and concepts
○ Use inductive process
○ Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical insights
○ Gather information, insights that lead to search for further evidence
(subjective) takes place in the field

Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction

- How to Write Research Introduction
The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating and
clearly articulating the research problem. Thus, the introduction provides a background
that establishes the status of the problem in context. The background of the study that
functions in terms of the following:
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development,
occurrence or existence.
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. This
actually refers to the local setting where the respondents have directly experienced the
problem. It sets the status of the problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the
study. Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are developed. The
introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating and clearly
articulating the research problem.

Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes the status of

the problem in context. The background of the study that functions in terms of the
following:
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development,
occurrence or existence.
 2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. This
actually refers to the local setting where the respondents have directly experienced the
problem. It sets the status of the problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the
study. Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are developed.

Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method

The Questionnaire
● Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to questions that are intended to
obtain information about conditions or practices on which the respondent is presumed to
have knowledge
● Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a telephone survey, or a
structured document uploaded onto the internet
● The questionnaire format could be:
o Dichotomous (yes/no) o Forced choice ratings
o Multiple choice o Checklists
o Cafeteria o Calendar
o Rank order o Visual analogue
● Two Types of Questionnaire Items
1. The free response questions or “open-ended” or unstructured Questionnaire
● The questions frequently asked are why, what and how
2. The “close-ended” or structured form of Questionnaire
● Has the response already prepared, the respondents merely checks, underlines or
ranks the responses as directed
The Interview
● Is the second most common method for data collection
● It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the
interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called interviewee or
respondent who supplies the information asked for

Purposes and Uses of Interview

1. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people to enable to gain insight into his
problem
2. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people about the proper construction and
validation of questionnaire
3. In case when the subject has some signs of abnormality, the interviewer may wish to
gain physical and emotional reactions of the subjects
4. Interview can be used as a principal tool in gathering data or just to supplement data
collected by other techniques

What to Avoid in Interviews

1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him participate in an
interview
2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the respondent
3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the respondent to understand
5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters
6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations
7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education, knowledge and social
status
8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour

Observation
● Is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the researcher is interested in
their behavior
● Perceiving the data through the senses

Recording the Results of Observation

● Checklist
● Is a device which contains the items to be observed and a space for number or
checkmarks or short verbal entries
● Rating scale
● Is a checklist with an evaluation standard
● Anecdotal forms
● Is a checklist that provides for less breakdown of dimensions or factors hence, much
space is provided for writing
● Mechanical Recording
● Stenographic Recording

Records
● Provide a readily available and valuable source of data
● Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and accuracy of records:
● Authorship- the identity of the person who conceived the material
● Body- the outward form of the material
● Function- purpose for which it was complied

Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis

The review of related literature is a written summary of the existing knowledge base on a
research problem obtained from an in-depth search on non-research references and
research references. The review includes a statement indicating what the present study
will add to what is already known. It is a written, analytic summary of research findings on a
topic of interest It is a comprehensive compilation of what is known about the
phenomenon. It provides the background and the context on which the research is
conducted
1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
● These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, professional
journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications
● Also referred to as non-empirical references
● Are classified as local and foreign

2. Research Literature/Related Studies

● These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which present
proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity
● These are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations
● Also referred to as empirical references
● Are classified as local and foreign
Sources of Literature
● Empirical References may be of primary and secondary sources:
1. Primary Source
● Description of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of data
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in research forums, seminars,
conferences, and even competitions, may also be considered primary sources
2. Secondary Source
● Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher
● Secondary source documents are a good way to start a literature review with because
they provide a quick summary and a good bibliography

Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper

Political Science analysis paper
● start from the premise that politics does not consist merely of human actions and
interaction
● involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs

Requirements for a decent political analysis paper

1. Topic and research question. 4. Thesis
2. Preliminary research 5. Impartiality
3. Substantial research 6. Quotations and references

1. Remember to cite all references you used, with either the MLA (Modern Language
Association) or the APA (American Psychological Association) writing style.
2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking Sides: Clashing Views on
Political Issues, academic books, journals, newspapers and magazines, etc.
3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the pages together

Lesson 7: Academic Presentation

Academic Presentation
1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the forum.
2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the audience about your research; on
Explaining the key findings of your study; Synthesizing your research in relation to the
statement of the problem
3. Know your audience in terms of their background knowledge, research interests or
experience.
4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.

The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation

1. Prepare
Organize one’s content. Relevant to audience’s needs
2. Practice
Great delivery of the presentation
3. Present
Well thought speech
Must be comfortable when presenting