Handwriting Text Recognition

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Handwriting recognition, also known as Handwriting Optical Character Recognition

(OCR), is a technology that enables the conversion of handwritten text or symbols into
machine-readable and editable digital text. It plays a crucial role in various applications,
including document digitization, data entry automation, and even assisting individuals
with disabilities. In your project, you can explore the principles, techniques, and
challenges associated with handwriting recognition, and perhaps develop a system or
algorithm to recognize and transcribe handwritten text. This technology has wide-ranging
real-world applications, from improving data entry efficiency to aiding historical
document preservation.

1.2 METHODOLOGIES:

1.Feature-Based Recognition:

In this approach, various distinctive features of handwritten characters are extracted and
analyzed. These features may include stroke direction, curvature, endpoints, and more.

Handwritten characters are represented as a set of features, and pattern recognition algorithms
like Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) or Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are used to
classify and recognize characters based on these features.

2.Template-Based Recognition:

Template-based recognition involves the creation of a database of predefined templates for

known characters or words.

When recognizing handwritten text, the input is compared to these templates, and the best
match is selected. This approach is useful for recognizing specific, well-defined character
sets.

3.Neural Network-Based Recognition:

Deep Learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), have gained significant prominence in handwriting
recognition.

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CNNs are used for image preprocessing and feature extraction, while RNNs, including Long
Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, are used for sequence modeling and recognition.
These networks are capable of learning complex patterns in handwriting.

4.Statistical Language Models:

Statistical language models are often used in conjunction with other recognition methods to
improve accuracy. These models take into account the likelihood of character sequences in a
given language and can correct recognition errors by considering contextual information.

5.Hybrid Systems:

Many modern handwriting recognition systems combine multiple methodologies to improve

accuracy and robustness.

For example, a system might use feature-based recognition to preprocess the data and then
employ neural networks for character recognition.

6.Online vs. Offline Recognition:

Handwriting recognition can be categorized as online or offline. Online recognition processes

data as it is being written, capturing information like stroke order and speed. Offline
recognition deals with static images of handwritten text after it has been written.

Testing and Deployment: The Testing and Deployment phase involves rigorous testing
of the entire system to identify and rectify any bugs or errors. Once the system passes
all necessary tests, it is deployed for practical use, ensuring that it operates seamlessly

and efficiently for all users.

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1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW:

A literature review for handwriting text recognition typically involves summarizing and
analyzing the key research papers, studies, and advancements in the field. Below is an
overview of relevant research areas, techniques, and notable contributions up to my last
knowledge update in January 2022. Please note that there might have been additional
developments in this field since then.
1. Introduction:

Introduce the topic of Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) and its importance.

Explain the scope of the literature review and its objectives.

2. Historical Background and Evolution:

Trace the historical development of HTR from early optical character recognition (OCR)
systems to modern deep learning-based approaches.

Discuss the major milestones and breakthroughs in the field.

3. Methodologies and Techniques:

Provide an overview of the various methodologies and techniques used in HTR, including
feature-based recognition, neural networks, template-based recognition, and hybrid systems.

Highlight the evolution and shift toward deep learning techniques such as Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs).

4. Data Sets and Benchmarks:

Present notable handwriting recognition datasets that have been instrumental in advancing
HTR research, such as the IAM Handwriting Database, MNIST, and CEDAR.

Discuss benchmark evaluations and competitions that have driven progress in the field.

5. Challenges in Handwriting Text Recognition:

Explore the challenges faced in HTR, including variations in handwriting styles, noise in
handwritten documents, and a lack of labeled training data.

Discuss how multilingual HTR and recognition of historical manuscripts present unique
challenges.

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6. Deep Learning Advancements:

Delve into the impact of deep learning on HTR, especially the use of CNNs and RNNs.

Highlight key studies or models that have pushed the boundaries of recognition accuracy and
efficiency.

7. Transfer Learning and Pretrained Models:

Discuss the adoption of transfer learning in HTR, where models pretrained on large text
corpora are fine-tuned for handwriting recognition.

Present examples of successful transfer learning models in HTR.

8. Applications and Industry Implementations:

Provide case studies and examples of HTR applications across various domains, such as
historical document preservation, automated data entry, and accessibility services for visually
impaired individuals.

9. Conclusion:

Summarize the key findings from the literature review.

Identify gaps in the current research and suggest potential future directions for HTR.

10. References

Cite the sources and studies referenced in the literature review.

Ensure that your literature review is well-structured, critically evaluates the existing research,
and provides a coherent narrative of the evolution and trends in Handwriting Text
Recognition.

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1.4 NEED OF PRESENT WORK

To properly introduce the need for your present work in the field of Handwriting Text
Recognition (HTR), it's important to highlight the existing challenges, limitations, or gaps in
the current state of HTR technology or research. This will help establish the context and
motivation for your work. Here's how you can structure the section on the "Need of Present
Work" in your project or research:

1. Introduction to the Need

Begin by explaining the significance of Handwriting Text Recognition in today's digital

world.

Highlight the widespread use of handwritten documents in various contexts, from historical
manuscripts to personal notes, and underscore the challenges of manually converting these
documents into machine-readable text.

2. Challenges in Handwriting Text Recognition

Identify and discuss the persistent challenges in HTR, such as:

Variability in handwriting styles, which can include cursive writing, different languages, and
individual idiosyncrasies.

The lack of standardized datasets and benchmarks for evaluating HTR systems.

The need for real-time or near-real-time recognition for practical applications.

The ethical and privacy concerns related to digitizing sensitive handwritten content.

3. Existing HTR Limitations

Discuss the limitations of current HTR methodologies and technologies, including:

The dependence on large amounts of labeled training data, which may not be readily
available, especially for underrepresented scripts or languages.

The need for advanced computing resources to run deep learning models, making HTR less
accessible to smaller organizations or underprivileged communities.

The inability of existing systems to handle handwritten text with low image quality, such as
faded ink or handwritten text on wrinkled paper.

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4. Relevance to Real-World Applications

Emphasize the practical applications of HTR in various fields, such as:

Preservation and digitization of historical documents and manuscripts.

Automation of data entry and form processing in businesses and government agencies.

Enhanced accessibility for individuals with visual impairments.

Facilitating research in fields like linguistics, history, and social sciences.

5. Contribution of the Present Work

Clearly state the objectives and contributions of your current project or research.

Explain how your work aims to address one or more of the identified challenges or limitations
in HTR.

Highlight the innovative approaches, methodologies, or technologies that you will use to
advance the field.

6. Expected Impact

Discuss the potential impact of your work on the broader HTR community and the specific
domains or applications that stand to benefit from your research.

Consider the societal, economic, and academic implications of your contributions.

7. Conclusion

Summarize the key points discussed in the "Need of Present Work" section to reiterate the
significance and relevance of your project or research in the context of Handwriting Text
Recognition.

By addressing the need for your present work in this structured manner, you will effectively
convey the motivation and importance of your research or project in advancing the field of
Handwriting Text Recognition.

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1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THIS WORK

Defining clear and specific objectives is crucial in any project related to Handwriting Text
Recognition (HTR). These objectives will guide your work and help you measure its success.
Here are some common objectives for HTR projects:

1. Enhancing Recognition Accuracy:

Improve the overall accuracy of HTR systems in recognizing handwritten text, including
cursive writing and different scripts.

2. Handling Multilingual Text:

Develop or enhance HTR systems to accurately recognize and transcribe text in multiple
languages and scripts.

3. Real-Time Recognition:

Enable real-time or near-real-time recognition of handwritten text for applications that require
immediate processing.

4. Robustness to Image Quality:

Develop HTR systems that can handle handwritten text with varying image quality, such as
faded ink, skewed text, or noisy backgrounds.

5. Dataset Creation:

Create or curate high-quality datasets for training and evaluating HTR models, especially for
languages or scripts with limited resources.

6. Low Resource Languages:

Focus on recognizing and preserving handwritten text in languages or scripts that have
traditionally received less attention in the field of HTR.

7. Historical Document Preservation:

Develop HTR systems tailored to the preservation and digitization of historical manuscripts
and documents.

8. Data Privacy and Security:

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Address ethical and privacy concerns by developing techniques for anonymizing and securing
handwritten text data, especially in sensitive contexts.

9. User Interface Integration:

Integrate HTR capabilities into user-friendly applications and devices, making it accessible
and practical for non-technical users.

10. Accessibility Features:

Develop HTR systems that provide accessibility features, such as text-to-speech conversion,
to assist visually impaired individuals.

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1.6 REPORT ORGANIZATION

Organizing your report on Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) effectively is essential to
ensure that the information is presented in a logical and coherent manner. Here's a suggested
organization for your HTR report:

Title Page

Title of the Report

Author(s)

Institutional Affiliation

Date

Table of Contents

List of Sections and Subsections with Page Numbers

List of Figures and Tables

If applicable, list the figures and tables in your report with their corresponding page numbers.

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Define any abbreviations and acronyms used throughout the report.

Executive Summary

A concise overview of the report's key findings, objectives, and significance.

1. Introduction

Provide an introduction to the topic, including the importance of Handwriting Text

Recognition (HTR).

State the problem statement and objectives of the report.

Give an overview of the report's organization.

2. Literature Review

Review the existing literature on HTR, highlighting relevant methodologies, challenges, and
recent developments.

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3. Methodologies and Technologies

Explain the methodologies and technologies used in HTR.

Discuss data preprocessing, feature extraction, and recognition models.

4. Data Sets and Benchmarks

Describe prominent HTR datasets and benchmark evaluations.

Discuss any datasets used in your research, if applicable.

5. Challenges in HTR

Discuss the common challenges and limitations in HTR identified in the literature review.

6. Objectives and Research Questions

Clearly define the objectives and research questions guiding your work.

7. Methodology

Provide a detailed explanation of your research approach, including data collection,

preprocessing, model selection, and evaluation methods.

8. Experimental Results

Present the results of your HTR experiments.

Discuss accuracy, performance metrics, and any comparative analyses.

9. Discussion

Interpret and analyze the results.

Explain how your work addresses the challenges and limitations identified in the literature
review.

10. Practical Applications

Discuss real-world applications of HTR and how your work can be applied in various
domains.

11. Conclusion

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Summarize the key findings.

Reiterate the significance of your research.

Identify future research directions and areas for improvement.

12. Recommendations

Provide suggestions for organizations or researchers looking to implement HTR systems.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem statement for Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) should succinctly describe
the specific challenge or issue that your research or project aims to address. Here's a sample
problem statement for HTR:

Problem Statement:

The problem of accurately and efficiently recognizing and transcribing handwritten text,
encompassing diverse handwriting styles, languages, and scripts, remains a significant
challenge in the digital age. Existing HTR systems often struggle with achieving high
accuracy, especially in the presence of noisy or low-quality handwritten documents.
Additionally, the scarcity of comprehensive datasets for training and evaluating HTR models,
especially for underrepresented languages and historical scripts, further exacerbates the
problem. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop and enhance HTR methodologies
and technologies that can reliably and robustly convert handwritten text into machine-
readable format, catering to a wide range of applications, from historical document
preservation to data entry automation.

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1.8 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig: System Architecture Handwritting Text Recognition

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1.9 IMPLEMENTATION
Implementing Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) involves creating a working system or
application that can recognize and transcribe handwritten text. Below, I outline a high-level
implementation plan for HTR:

1. Data Collection:

Gather a dataset of handwritten text samples. The dataset should be diverse and representative
of the handwriting styles, languages, and scripts you aim to recognize.

2. Data Preprocessing:

Preprocess the acquired data to enhance its quality. This step includes tasks like image
enhancement, noise reduction, binarization, skew correction, and text segmentation. Popular
libraries like OpenCV can be used for these tasks.

3. Feature Extraction:

Extract relevant features from the preprocessed data. Common features may include stroke
direction, curvature, character height, and width. The choice of features depends on your
chosen recognition method.

4. Recognition Model:

Implement the recognition model, which can be a deep learning model (e.g., Convolutional
Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks), template-based recognition, or other
methodologies.

Train the model on your dataset, fine-tuning it to improve recognition accuracy. Consider
using deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow or PyTorch for this step.

5. Language Model (Optional):

If your application involves context-aware recognition, implement a language model to

consider word or character sequences in the context of a specific language or script.

6. Post-Processing:

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After recognition, apply post-processing techniques to correct errors and enhance the overall
accuracy. This step can include spelling correction, context-based corrections, and smoothing
of the recognized text.

7. User Interface (Optional):

Develop a user-friendly interface that allows users to input handwritten text and view
recognition results. You can use web applications or mobile apps for this purpose.

8. Integration with External Systems (Optional):

If your HTR application is intended to work alongside other systems, integrate it with
document management, data entry, or archival systems to automate and streamline workflows.

9. Evaluation and Testing:

Assess the performance of your HTR system through rigorous testing and evaluation. Use
metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score to measure its effectiveness.

10. User Feedback and Improvement: - Collect user feedback to identify areas for
improvement. Implement machine learning techniques, if applicable, to refine the recognition
model based on user-corrected data.

11. Documentation:

Create comprehensive documentation for your HTR system. This should include user guides,
technical documentation, and any necessary instructions for system maintenance.

12. Deployment:

Deploy your HTR system in your target environment. This may involve setting up servers,
cloud infrastructure, or making your application accessible through relevant platforms.

13. Ongoing Maintenance:

Regularly update and maintain your system to keep it running smoothly and to adapt to
evolving needs and technologies.

Keep in mind that the specific implementation details, tools, and technologies you use will
depend on your project's requirements and resources.

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2.0 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Setting up experiments for Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) involves carefully preparing
and configuring the environment in which you will evaluate and test your HTR system. Here's
a step-by-step guide for an experimental setup in HTR:

1. Define Your Objectives:

Clearly outline the objectives of your experiments. What aspects of HTR are you trying to
evaluate or improve? Are you focused on recognition accuracy, speed, scalability, or other
factors?

2. Data Selection:

Choose a dataset that is representative of the handwriting styles, languages, and scripts you
aim to recognize. Consider using publicly available datasets or curating your own if
necessary.

3. Data Preprocessing:

Apply preprocessing steps to your dataset to enhance its quality. This may include image
enhancement, noise reduction, binarization, skew correction, and text segmentation.

4. Feature Extraction:

Extract relevant features from the preprocessed data. Determine which features are most
appropriate for your chosen recognition method.

5. Recognition Model Selection:

Decide on the recognition model to be used in your experiments. This could be a deep
learning model (e.g., Convolutional Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks), template-
based recognition, or other methodologies.

6. Training:

Train your recognition model using a portion of your dataset. Fine-tune the model to improve
recognition accuracy. Ensure that your training dataset is well-balanced.

7. Testing Data Split:

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Split your dataset into a training set and a separate testing set (or validation set). The testing
set is used to evaluate the model's performance.

8. Evaluation Metrics:

Define the metrics you will use to evaluate the performance of your HTR system. Common
metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and character error rate (CER).

9. Experiment Design:

Carefully design your experiments, specifying the variables you will manipulate and the
conditions you will control. This may include experimenting with different recognition
models, hyperparameters, or preprocessing techniques.

10. Experiment Execution:

Run your experiments systematically, ensuring that conditions are consistent and that you
collect relevant data for evaluation.

11. Data Annotation:

Annotate the recognized text and compare it to the ground truth in the testing set to measure
the system's performance.

12. Statistical Analysis:

Perform statistical analysis to determine the significance of your results. Tools like Python
with libraries such as NumPy and SciPy can be helpful for this step.

13. Reporting and Documentation:

Document your experiments thoroughly, detailing the experimental setup, data used, results,
and analysis. Provide visualizations and graphs to present your findings effectively.

14. User Feedback (If Applicable):

If your HTR system is user-facing, collect user feedback regarding recognition accuracy and
usability to gain insights into real-world performance.

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2.1 RESULT
The results of Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) experiments typically include various
performance metrics that assess the accuracy and effectiveness of the recognition system.
Here's a summary of the results you might obtain in HTR:

Accuracy: This is one of the primary metrics for HTR. It measures the percentage of correctly
recognized characters or words in the test dataset. For example, you might find that your HTR
system has an accuracy of 95%, meaning that it correctly recognizes 95% of the characters or
words.

Precision: Precision measures the fraction of correctly recognized characters or words out of
the total characters or words recognized by the system. It helps you assess how many of the
recognized items are relevant.

Recall: Recall measures the fraction of correctly recognized characters or words out of the
total actual characters or words in the test dataset. It helps you assess how many of the actual
items are being correctly identified by the system.

F1-Score: The F1-score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. It provides a balanced
measure of accuracy that considers both false positives and false negatives. It is especially
useful when the classes in the dataset are imbalanced.

Character Error Rate (CER): CER measures the rate of character-level errors in the recognized
text compared to the ground truth. It quantifies the average number of insertions, deletions, or
substitutions required to align the recognized text with the ground truth.

Word Error Rate (WER): Similar to CER, WER measures the rate of word-level errors in the
recognized text compared to the ground truth. It quantifies the average number of insertions,
deletions, or substitutions required to align the recognized words with the ground truth.

Confusion Matrix: A confusion matrix provides a breakdown of correct and incorrect

recognitions, showing which characters or words were confused with others. This can help
identify specific recognition errors.

Recognition Time: For real-time applications, you may measure the time it takes for the
system to recognize handwritten text. This is crucial for assessing the system's efficiency.

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User Feedback (If Applicable): If your HTR system is user-facing, collect user feedback
regarding recognition accuracy and overall user experience. This qualitative data can be
valuable for improvements.

Visualizations and Graphs: Create visualizations and graphs to present the results effectively,
such as accuracy trends, error distributions, and comparison charts for different recognition
models or methods.

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2.3 CONCLUSION:
In the conclusion of a report or research project on Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR),
you should summarize the key findings, insights, and implications of your work. Here's a
sample conclusion for an HTR project:

Conclusion:

The journey into the realm of Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) has revealed a complex
landscape where technology meets the intricacies of human expression. Through this
research and experimentation, we have gained valuable insights and drawn important
conclusions that shape our understanding of HTR's potential and its current challenges.

Our work has illuminated the following key points:

Recognition Accuracy: Our HTR system, powered by [mention your recognition model or
methodology], demonstrates significant promise in achieving high recognition accuracy.
[State the accuracy achieved, e.g., "With an accuracy rate of 95%, our system excels in
correctly identifying characters and words in handwritten text."]

Challenges in Variability: The variability in handwriting styles, languages, and scripts

remains a substantial challenge. However, our experiments have shown that robust feature
extraction techniques and advanced recognition models can mitigate these challenges to a
significant extent.

Real-World Applicability: HTR technology has a wide range of practical applications,

including historical document preservation, data entry automation, and accessibility services
for visually impaired individuals. Its adaptability to various domains underscores its potential
impact on diverse industries.

Ongoing Evolution: The field of HTR is in constant evolution. Recent advancements in deep
learning models and transfer learning show promise for improving accuracy and efficiency.
We must stay attuned to these trends and continue to innovate.

Ethical Considerations: We acknowledge the importance of addressing ethical and legal

concerns related to data privacy and security, particularly when digitizing sensitive
handwritten content.

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2.4 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS:

In the "Discussion on Results" section of a report or research paper on Handwriting Text
Recognition (HTR), you should provide a comprehensive analysis of the results obtained in
your experiments. This section allows you to interpret your findings, draw insights, and
discuss the implications of your research. Here's how to structure and approach the
discussion on results for HTR:

1. Recognition Accuracy:

Begin by discussing the accuracy of your HTR system. What was the accuracy rate, and how
does it compare to the state of the art or benchmarks in the field?

Analyze whether the accuracy meets the requirements for your intended applications. For
example, is it sufficiently accurate for historical document preservation or data entry
automation?

2. Challenges and Variability:

Address the challenges posed by the variability in handwriting styles, languages, and scripts.
How did your system perform in the presence of different handwriting styles?

Discuss the specific challenges you encountered and how your system overcame them. Did
certain features or techniques prove particularly effective in mitigating variability?

3. Impact on Practical Applications:

Examine the practical applications of your HTR system. How can it be applied in various
domains, and what are the potential benefits?

Provide concrete examples of how your system's accuracy and efficiency can positively
impact real-world scenarios, such as automating data entry or making historical documents
more accessible.

4. Comparative Analysis:

If applicable, compare your HTR system's performance to other recognition models or

methodologies. What advantages or limitations does your system have compared to existing
solutions?

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Discuss any insights gained from this comparative analysis, including areas where your
system excels and areas that require further improvement.

5. Areas for Improvement:

Identify specific areas for improvement based on the results. Did your experiments reveal
shortcomings or limitations in your HTR system?

Suggest potential avenues for further research and development, such as refining
preprocessing techniques, exploring different recognition models, or addressing specific
recognition challenges.

6. User Feedback and Real-World Applicability:

If you collected user feedback or conducted user studies, discuss the insights gained from
user experiences. How did users perceive the system's accuracy and usability?

Relate user feedback to the practical applicability of your HTR system and any
enhancements needed for better user acceptance.

7. Ethical and Legal Considerations:

Address ethical and legal considerations, especially those related to data privacy and security
when working with handwritten content. Discuss how your system ensures the protection of
sensitive data.

2.5 FUTURE SCOPE:

The field of Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR) continues to evolve, offering promising
opportunities for future research, development, and application. Here are some key areas of
future scope in HTR:

Improved Recognition Models:

Future research can focus on developing more advanced recognition models, especially in
the realm of deep learning. Techniques like self-attention mechanisms and transformer-based
architectures may lead to significant accuracy improvements.

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Multimodal Integration:

Combining HTR with other modalities, such as image recognition, speech recognition, or
natural language processing, can result in comprehensive solutions for content understanding
and interaction.

Transfer Learning and Pretrained Models:

The use of transfer learning and pretrained models can expedite HTR model training and
enhance recognition accuracy. The development of large-scale pretrained models specifically
for HTR could be a valuable future direction.

Low Resource Languages:

Research in HTR for low-resource languages or scripts can make a significant impact, as
these languages often lack sufficient resources and recognition systems.

Adaptive Recognition:

Future HTR systems could adapt to the user's handwriting style, leading to improved
recognition accuracy in applications like personal note-taking and accessibility services.

Real-Time Recognition:

Enhancing the speed and efficiency of HTR for real-time applications is essential. Research
can focus on reducing recognition latency and enabling near-instant text transcription.

Diverse Data Handling:

Developing HTR systems that can handle diverse forms of handwriting data, including
different ink colors, paper textures, and writing instruments, is a pertinent area for
exploration.

Historical Document Preservation:

Improved HTR for historical documents can help digitize and preserve cultural heritage.
Research should continue to address the specific challenges associated with historical scripts
and faded ink

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2.6 REFERENCES

1. K. Dergachov, l. Кrasnov, v. Bilozerskyi, a. Zymovin ,“Data pre-processing to increase

the quality of optical text recognition systems” in National Aerospace University “Kharkiv
AviationInstitute”, Ukraine 2021
2. Guenter Muehlberger, Louise Seaward, Melissa Terras , “Transforming scholarship in
the archives through handwritten text recognition” 2019.
3. Prof. Vaibhav. V. Mainkar ,Ms. Jyoti A. Katkar, Mr. Ajinkya B. Upade
“HandwrittenCharacter Recognition to obtain Editable Text” 2020
4. Yasir Babiker Hamdam ,Prof.Sathish “Construction of Statistical SVM based
Recognition model for handwritten character recognition” 2021
5. JOSÉ CARLOS ARADILLAS 1, JUAN JOSÉ MURILLO-FUENTES 1,AND
PABLOM. OLMOS “Boosting Offline Handwritten Text Recognition in Historical
Documents With Few Labeled Lines” 2021
6. Guenter Muehlberger, Louise Seaward, Melissa Terras “Transforming scholarship
in the archives through handwritten text recognition” 2018
7. M. Afzal, M. A. Khan, and M. F. Qadir “Handwritten Text Recognition Using
Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Review" (2022).
8. Y. Li, Y. Li, and L. Li "Handwritten Text Recognition Using Convolutional
Neural Networkand Recurrent Neural Network" (2021).
9. F. Almasri, F. Almasri, and R. Badeau "Enhancing Handwritten Text Recognition
with Domain- Specific Pre-Training" (2021).
10. X. Liu, B. Zhang, and X. Li "Handwritten Text Recognition Using Multi-Channel
Feature Fusion and Self-Attention Mechanism" (2021).

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