The Legend of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very
hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared
about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the
boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a lesung, a big wooden mortar for pounding
rice. She reminded him; “Please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use
this lesung; as a boat!”

The little boy was happy and thanked the old woman.He continued his journey. While
he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy
came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out
that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd
laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the
stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded
the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old
woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the lesung, as a boat and
picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa
Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.
 The Legend Of Prambanan Temple

Once, there was a beautiful Javanese princess whose name was Rara Jonggrang.
Rara Jonggrang whose beauty was very famous in the land was the daughter of Prabu Baka,
and evil king.

One day, a handsome young man with super natural power named Bandung
Bondowoso defeated and killed Prabu Baka. On seeing Princess Rara Jonggrang’s beauty,
Bandung Bondowoso fell in love with her and wanted to marry her.

Meanwhile, Princess Rara jonggrang felt sad due to her death father. She did not want
to marry Bandung because he had killed her father. But she was also afraid of Bandung. So
to refuse politely, she made a condition. “I will marry you but you have to build one thousand
temples in one night as a wedding gift” requested Rara Jonggrang. Bandung Bondowoso
agreed with the condition. Helped by the spirit of the demons, Bandung Bondowoso started
building the temples. Approaching midnight, the work would nearly be done. Rara Jonggrang
knew and thought, “What shall I do? Bandung Bondowoso is smarter than I thought. I would
lose against Bandung.”

Suddenly she got an idea. She woke up all the women in the palace and ordered them
to make the noisy sounds of grinding rice so that the rooster thought that it had already been
dawn. Bandung Bondowoso got frustrated because he failed completing one, the thousandth
temple.

The Princess has deceived me!” Following his anger, he cursed Roro Jonggrang, “You
have been cheated. Now, the thousandth temple is you!”

At once, the Princess turned into a statue. knowing this, Bandung Bondowoso
regretted and he went away into a farm land. From then, people called the temple,
Prambanan Temple, and the Princess statue, Rara Jonggrang statue.
 The Legend of Tangkuban Perahu Mountain

Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a
father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a
child which was called Sangkuriang.

One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang.
After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer.
Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.

Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang’s, his own dog.
So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang’s head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got
wounded and scar then cast away from their home.

Years go by, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He
met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding
plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang’s head. It matched to her son’s wound
who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.

She couldn’t marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake
and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He
built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang
Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the
cock crowed for a new day.

Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over
and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.
 The Legend of Kesodo Feast in Mount Bromo

Hundreds years ago, the last king of Majapahit had a young princess from one of his
wives. The princess was named Roro Anteng. Later, Roro Anteng married Joko Seger, who
came from Brahman caste.

Because of unfortunate situation the couple was forced to leave the kingdom. They
settled in the mountain area. They ruled the area and named it Tengger, which was derived
from their names, Roro Anteng and Joko Seger.

After several years of reign, the region flourished in prosperity, but Roro Anteng and
Joko Seger were sad because they did not have a child. They climbed the top of mountain
and prayed there night and day hoping that the God would listen. The prayer was heard and
Betoro Bromo promised to give them many children. However, they had to promise that they
would sacrifice their youngest child in return.

Roro Anteng gave birth to a child, then another and another. In the end, Roro Anteng
and Joko Seger had 25 children. Soon it was time to sacrifice the youngest child , Kusuma,
but the parents could not do it. They tried to hide him, but an eruption happened and Kusuma
fell into the crater. There was silence before they heard a voice. “I have to be sacrificed so
that you will all stay alive. From now on, you should arrange an annual offering ceremony on
the 14th of Kesodo (the twelfth month of Tengerese calendar)”. It was Kusuma’s voice.
Kusuma’s brothers and sisters held the offering ceremony every year. Instead of human
being, they collected fruits, vegetables, rice, and meat to be offer to the Gods. And this has
been done generation after generation until today.
 The legend of Lau Kawar Lake

It was a beautiful day. Everybody in the Kawar village was happy. The farmers had just
had their best harvest. The villagers were planning to hold a party to celebrate the good
harvest. On one beautiful day, all the villagers gathered in a field. They wore beautiful dresses
and made delicious food. Everybody was having good times! They were singing, laughing
and, of course, eating delicious food.

Did everyone go to the party? Unfortunately, there was one old woman still staying at
her house. She was too old and weak to go to the party. Her son, her daughter-in-law, and
her grandchildren all went to the party. At home, the old woman felt very sad and lonely. She
was very hungry too. She tried to find some food in the kitchen, but she was very
disappointed. Her daughter-in-law did not cook that day. At the party, the son asked her wife,
“Why don’t you take some food from the party and give it to my mom? Ask our son to deliver
it.” Then the little boy brought the food to her grandmother. The old woman was so happy. But
her happiness turned into sadness when she saw the food was not in a good condition. It
seemed that someone had eaten the food. She just got little rice and fish bones.

The old woman was very sad. She thought bad things about her son. The old woman
did not know that it was her grandson who had eaten the food on the way from the party to
the house. She cursed her son. Then, a terrible thing happened. There was a great
earthquake! Thunders struck the village. And heavy rains started to fall. All the villagers were
so scared. They wanted to save themselves. They tried to find shelters. Slowly, the field
turned into a lake. The lake was getting bigger and bigger, and finally the whole village turned
into a big lake. People then named the lake Lau Kawar
 The legend of Telaga Warna

Long time ago, there was a kingdom in West Java. The kingdom was ruled by a king
named His Majesty Prabu.

Prabu was a kind and wise king. But it was a pity that Prabu and his queen hadn’t got
any children. The queen often cried. That was why Prabu went to the jungle. There he prayed
to God every day, begging for a child.

A few months later, the queen got pregnant. Nine months later, a princess was born.
Prabu and Queen loved their beautiful daughter so much. They gave whatever she wanted. It
made Princess turn into a very spoiled girl.

One day, the princess celebrated her 17th birthday party. Many people gathered in the
palace. Then, Prabu took out a necklace which was made from gold and jewel.

“My beloved daughter, today I give you this necklace. Please, wear this necklace,” said
Prabu.

“I don’t want to wear it! It’s ugly!” shouted the princess. Then she threw the necklace.
The beautiful necklace was broken. The gold and jewels were spread out on the floor.
Everybody couldn’t say anything. They never thought that their beloved princess would do
that cruel thing. In their silence, people heard the queen crying. Every woman felt sad and
began crying, too. Then, everybody was crying. Then, there was a miracle. Earth was crying.

Nowadays, people called the lake “Telaga Warna”. It means “Lake of Color”. On a
bright day, the lake is full of color. These colors come from shadows of forest, plants, flowers,
and sky around the lake. But some people said that the colors are from the princess’s
necklace, which spreads at the bottom of the lake.
 The Legend Of Banyuwangi

Once upon a time, there was a local ruler named King Sulahkromo. The king had a
Prime Minister named Raden Sidopekso. The Prime Minister had a wife named Sri Tanjung.
She was so beautiful that the king wanted her to be his wife.

One day, the King sent his Prime Minister to a long mission. While the Prime Minister
was away, the King tried to get Sri Tanjung. However he failed. He was very angry. Thus,
when Sidopekso went back, the King told him that his wife was unfaithful to him. The Prime
Minister was very angry with his wife. Sri Tanjung said that it was not true. However,
Sidopekso said that he would kill her.

He brought her to the river bank. Before he kill her and threw her into the river, she
said that her innocence would be proven. After Sidopekso killed her, he threw her dead body
into the dirty river.

The river immediately became clean and began to spread a wonderful fragrance.
Sidopekso said, “Banyu…Wangi… Banyuwangi”. This means “fragrant water”. Banyuwangi
was born from the proof of noble and sacred love.

The Legend of Surabaya City

Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat. Yummy,
this is my lunch; said Baya.

No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy; said Sura. Then they fought for the goat.
After several hours, they were very tired.

Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and
Baya lived in the land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.

One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very
hungry and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that
Sura broke the promise.

They fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya’s tail. Baya did the same
thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up and went back to the sea. Baya was
happy.

Malin Kundang
 Once upon a time, a poor woman and his son lived on the north coast of Sumatra.
Malin Kundang was the name of the boy. As they lived in the coastal area, fishing was their
primary income. Malin Kundang grew up as a skillful young boy. He always helped his mother
to make money. However, as they were only fisherman’s helpers, they still lived in poverty.

One day, Malin Kundang shared his thought with his mother. He wanted to sail
overseas so that he could be a successful man. Hearing this, his mother disagreed.

“But mother, if I stay here, I’ll always be a poor man. I want to be a successful person.”
he said.

Seeing his persistence, his mother couldn’t stop Malin Kundang. She asked Malin
Kundang to promise her to go home after gaining success.

The following day, Malin Kundang was ready. He joined a successful ship crew who
offered him to join the crew. Malin Kundang’s mother bid him adieu, and asked her son to
take care of himself. Malin Kundang asked the same from his mother. They parted, with Malin
Kundang pursuing his dream and his mother waiting for him at home.

It had been three months since Malin Kundang’s departure. Not once did he take his
time to contact his mother. The mother, who waited patiently, always stood up on the dock
every morning. She wished for a ship to bring her son home. She prayed day and night,
endlessly, for Malin Kundang’s safety.

One day, after several years of not hearing from her son, the fated day came. A large
ship docked at the point where Malin Kundang’s mother used to wait. A wealthy-looking man
stepped down from the ship, accompanied by a beautiful woman next to him. Realizing he
was her son, Malin Kundang’s mother ran toward the man. She hugged her son dearly while
crying out how much she missed him.

Malin Kundang froze and gave no response. He was ashamed that the woman wearing
old and shabby clothes was his mother. He replied coldly, “You’re not my mother. My mother
would never such a shabby clothes.”

The mother released her hug and asked unbelievably, “Malin, you don’t recognize your
mother? I am your mother!”

Malin Kundang then ordered his guards to take his mother out of there. Her mother
cried as the bodyguards dragged her. She was very sad, knowing that his awaited son treated
her badly like this.

Malin Kundang ignored her mother’s cry and ordered his crew to set sail. Malin
Kundang’s mother stared at him blankly. She prayed to God, “Oh God, if he is not my son,
please let him have a safe journey. But if he is indeed my son Malin Kundang, I curse him into
a stone.”

Right after she prayed, the calm sea turned into a thunderstorm. Malin Kundang’s ship
was wrecked. The wave threw him out of his ship, and he was stranded on an island.
Suddenly, his whole body turned into stone. He was punished for not admitting his mother.
 Legend of Mount Merapi

A long time ago, the island of Java was not balanced. The western side of the island
was higher than the east. It is because there was a big mountain on the western side. The big
mountain was called Jamurdipa Mountain.

The gods were planning to move the mountain to the island’s center. The head of the
gods, Batara Guru, held a meeting with the gods. However, there was one problem. Two
empus, or blacksmiths, lived around where the gods wanted to move the mountain.

The two empus were Empu Rama and Empu Pamadi. They were blacksmiths who
created objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal. They were excellent at making
keris, a traditional weapon with mystical powers. At that time, only the chosen ones could
create keris. Both of them, Empu Rama and Empu Pamadi, were the chosen ones.

Batara Narada, ordered by Batara Guru, went to persuade the empus to move to
another place. Hearing this, they rejected the suggestion. They said they couldn’t move to
another area, as it would affect their work creating keris. They asked Batara Narada to find
another place to move the Jamurdipa Mountain.

Batara Narada reported that the empus refused to move to another place. Batara Guru
had decided that he would move the mountain, whether the empus would like it or not.

Then, Batara Guru asked Dewa Bayu, the god of wind, to move Jamurdipa Mountain.
With his power, he placed the mountain on the empus’ houses in a second. The two empus
who were inside the houses died instantly.

It is believed that the spirits of Empu Rama and Empu Pamadi are still in the mountain.
The fireplace inside the empus’ houses is still working. It is also believed that the fireplace
became the mountain’s crater burning heavily. Now, the mountain was known as Gunung
Merapi or the mountain of fire.
 Cindelaras

A long time ago in the Jenggala Kingdom. He had two wives, a queen, and a
concubine. Both of them were beautiful. But, the concubine had a bad personality. She was
jealous of the queen and wanted to take her place. She planned to make the queen leave the
palace.

So the concubine carried out the plan. She asked the palace healer to help her. They
said that the queen wanted to poison the king. Hearing this, the king was angry. He sent the
queen to the jungle as her punishment. Little did the king know that the queen was pregnant.

The queen now lived in the jungle. She gave birth to a healthy baby boy named
Cindelaras. He grew up as a nice and handsome man. One day, when Cindelaras and his
mother went to collect some fire woods, he saw an eagle. The eagle dropped an egg.
Cindelaras took it, and he took care of it.

The egg hatched into a chick and later grew into a strong rooster. The rooster was
mystical. He was very strong in dueling with other roosters. He could also sing. He sang a
song about Cindelaras and his father.

Once Cindelaras heard the song, he ignored it. The rooster kept singing the song until
Cindelaras was fed up. He asked his mother about the song. The queen then told him
everything. Cindelaras was surprised to know it.

He decided to go to the palace to meet the king, his father. He brought the rooster as
well. On the way to the kingdom, he met many people who did the rooster fighting. Cindelaras
joined, and he always won. The king, Raden Putra, also heard about the greatness of
Cindelaras’ rooster. He invited Cindelaras to the palace to fight with his rooster.

The king made a bet. If Cindelaras won, he could get all the king’s jewelry. But if he
lost, he would be sent to jail. Cindelaras agreed, and the roosters started fighting. Easy
guess. Cindelaras’ rooster won. The rooster then sings the song.

“My master is Cindelaras. He lives in the jungle. His father is a king. His name is Raden
Putra.”

When hearing the song, the king was surprised. He asked about Cindelaras’ origin.
The palace healer admitted the true story that the queen was innocent and that all the things
that happened in the past were the concubine’s evil plan. The king was angry and ordered the
concubine to be sent to jail. The king then went to the jungle to pick up his wife and made her
queen again.
 Kebo Iwa

Once upon a time, there was a couple in Bali, the island of Gods. This couple had
been married for a long time but didn’t have any children. They prayed to God every day.

Finally, God answered their prayers. The wife was pregnant with a baby boy. They
were very happy. The wife gave birth to a healthy baby boy.

But the baby was different. He was much larger, and he ate and drank a lot. With this
habit, his parent should provide him with food and drinks. His body was as big as a buffalo
when he was a teenager. People then called him Kebo Iwa.

Kebo Iwa kept consuming food with his enormous amount. This led to the bankruptcy
of his parents. His parent then asked the villagers to feed Kebo Iwa. The people agreed, and
they provided food for him. Besides, they also built a big house for Kebo Iwa. Kebo Iwa’s
body was like a giant, and he couldn’t stay at his parents anymore.

Finally, after several months, people gave up on feeding Kebo Iwa. They asked Kebo
Iwa to cook his food, and the people would prepare the raw materials. Kebo Iwa agreed and
showed his gratitude by building facilities the villagers need, such as a dam and wells. He
also protected the village from dangerous animals and men. The people were happy.

At the same time, the Majapahit kingdom planned to conquer Bali. They heard about a
giant human called Kebo Iwa, who protected his village. The troops of Majapahit then made a
plan. They pretend to invite Kebo Iwa to Majapahit to help them dig wells. The Chief Minister
or Maha Patih Gajah Mada, made an alibi that Majapahit went through a long dry season and
needed much water. That’s why they invited Kebo Iwa to dig well.

Kebo Iwa, who didn’t know the plan went to Majapahit and helped the kingdom. Little
did he know that the troops covered the well with soil when he was busy digging well. Kebo
Iwa was buried alive, and he died.

After Kebo Iwa’s death, Bali could be conquered by Majapahit. Up until now, people
still remember Kebo Iwa and his good deed.
 Lutung Kasarung

Once upon a time in tatar pasundan there is a Kingdom that lead by a wise King, he is
known as Prabu Tread.
Prabu Tapa Agung has two beautiful daughters namely Purbararang and Purbasari sister.
Upon approaching the end of his life King Supreme Footprint pointing her
youngestdaughter, Purbasari as a replacement. “I was too old, it’s time I abdicated,” said
Prabu Tapa.
Purbasari had a brother named Purbararang. He appointed his younger brother
disagree replace their father. “I’m the eldest daughter, supposed father chose me as his
successor,” grousing Purbararang on his fiancée named Indrajaya. Kegeramannya already
have the intention to make it hurt peaked his younger brother. He encountered a grandmother
magic for memanterai Purbasari. Grandma magic put a spell on Purbasari so that time
suddenly becomes black leather Purbasari. Purbararang so have reason to evict his sister.
“People who are condemned like him unworthy of being a Queen!” said Purbararang.
Then he sent a Minister to isolate Purbasari to a forest. Once in the forest the vizierstill
kind enough with making a cottage to Purbasari. He also advised Purbasari, “Bethe master of
the Princess. This ordeal will certainly come to an end, the Almighty will surely always be with
Princess “. “Thank you Uncle”, says Purbasari. During his time in the jungle, he had a lot of
friends that is the animals that are always good to him. Among the animals there is a
mysterious black hairy ape. But the ape that is the most attention to Purbasari. Lutung
kasarung is always exhilarating Purbasari with flowers – get a beautiful flower and fruits along
with his friends.
On the night of the full moon, Lutung Kasarung behave weird. He walked to a
quietplace and then meditate. She was begging for something to the gods. Lutung Kasarung
proves that this is not an ordinary beings. Shortly thereafter, the land near Lutung breaks and
creating a small lake, the water is clear. The water contains a drug that is very fragrant.
Lutung Kasarung next day encountered Purbasari and asked her to bathe in the Lake.
“What are the benefits to me?”, think Purbasari. But he was willing to comply. Shortly after he
only himself. Something happened on his skin. His skin became clean as before and it
became beautiful again. Purbasari was very surprised and excited when he reflect in lake.
At the Palace, Purbararang decided to see his brother in the forest. He went with his
fiancée and his bodyguard. When he arrived in the forest, he finally met with his sister and
looked at each other. Purbararang could not believe seeing her sister back as before.
Purbararang did not want to lose face, he invites Purbasari buffalo hair length. “Who is the
most long hair he is winning!“, said Purbararang. Purbasari was initially unwilling, but because
his elder brother meladeni he urged continued. It turns outthe hair longer Purbasari.
“Well I was lost, but now let’s handsome fiance kicks us, this is my fiance“, said
Purbararang while approaching to Indrajaya. Purbasari started to fidget and confusion. Finally
he glanced at and interesting hand Lutung Kasarung. Lutung Kasarung bobbing as if to
soothe Purbasari. Purbararang laughing out loud, “so the monkey your fiancé?”.
At that time also Lutung Kasarung soon to meditate. All of a sudden happened a
miracle. Lutung Kasarung changed into a dashing young man very handsome-faced, more
than Indrajaya. All were surprised to see the incident as cheer. Purbararang finally admitted
his defeat and his guilt over this. He apologises to his younger brotherand begged not to be
punished. Purbasari that kind forgiving them. After the events that eventually all of them back
to the Palace.
 Purbasari to be a Queen, accompanied by a young idamannya. The young man
whoturns out to be has always been accompanying dihutan in the form of a lutung.
Keong Mas

Oce upon a time there lived a king named Kertamarta in Daha Kingdom. The king
had two daughters named Dewi Galuh and Candra Kirana. Candra Kirana was a very
beautiful and kind but his sister was an evil girl. One day, Candra Kirana was engaged to
Raden Inu Kertapati, a prince of Kahuripan Kingdom. The prince is handsome and wise.

This engagement made Dewi Galuh envied to his sister. Then she went to a witch
and planned to harm Candra Kirana. The witch agreed to do what Dewi Galuh asked. When
Candra Kirana was walking around the palace, the witch came and cursed her. She
transformed her into a golden snail and Dewi Galuh threw her in the river.

One day, an old woman was looking for fish in the river using nets. When she was
about to lift the net, she saw a golden snail transported. Then she brought the golden snail
home and put it in a jar. The next day, she returned to the river to get some fish but
unfortunately, she did not get any fish. She was disappointed and went home. However, when
she arrived, she was very surprised to see a lot of delicious dishes at the top of the table.

This incident occurred in the next days. The old woman was curious and decided to
find out who did it to her by pretending to go to the river. She hid behind her house and
peeked at what’s going on inside. Then she saw the snails turned into a beautiful woman.
Then, the beautiful woman cooked meals for her. Soon the old woman came into her house,
“Who are you?” Asked the old woman “I was a princess of Daha were cursed by a witch into a
golden snail” said her. After tahta, Candra Kirana telling her what had happened and. The old
lady invited Chandra Kirana to stay with her.

The news of Candra Kirana’s loss made prince Inu Kertapati confused. He is al so
very sad, so he searched for her all over the kingdom by disguising as a villager. The evil
witch knew what was done by him. She was disguised as a raven to disrupt the prince’s effort
to meet the princess. On his own way Prince Inu Kertapati was helped by an old man who
was great. He hit the bird with his stick until it died. Prince Inu thanked to him. He also told the
purpose of his journey. After knowing what had happened, the old man told Prince Inu to
search her in Dadapan village. After that, the prince traveled right away to the Dadapan
Village.

After walking for several days, the prince arrived in the Dadapan Village. He was very
thirsty and then he saw a small hut and approached it. Suddenly he was so shocked because
he saw his fiancée was cooking through the window. Sunddenly, he immediately entered the
hut to see her. Finally, they were both very happy because they met, and the magic was lost.
Then the princess told what had happened to her. The princess also introduced the old
woman who had helped her to the prince. The prince was very grateful to the old woman.
Then he brought Candra Kirana and the old woman to the palace. After arriving at the palace,
the king was happy because her daughter had returned. The king also knew what had
happened. Knowing his sister had been found, Dewi Galuh run away because she was afraid
of being punished by the king. Finally, Candra Kirana and Raden Inu Kertapati were married
and they lived happily ever after.
 Sacriface of Raden Kusuma story

There was a couple who lived on the foot of Mount Bromo, Roro Anteng and Joko
Seger. After eight years of marriage, they had not had any children. For six years they
prayed, pleaded with God to give them children. Finally, their prayer was complied on one
condition: they would have to sacrifice their youngest son to the Bromo crater.

After some time, Roro Anteng gave birth to a child. And it happened every year until
they had 25 children. They lived happily and ignored the agreement. The Mount Bromo
erupted signaling that the Gods asked the couple to fulfill their promise. But, they didn’t want
to let their youngest son, Raden Kusuma, be sacrificed to the crater.

Raden Kusuma learned about the deal his parents had made. Meanwhile, the lava
from the crater had made the people living near the mountain suffered. Raden Kusuma was a
kind and noble man. He did not want his siblings and the people suffered because of him.
Therefore, he went to Mount Bromo and sacrificed himself to the carater. The eruption
suddenly stopped.

Since that day, every Kasodo 14th in the Tenggerese calendar, the Tengger people
(descendant of Roro Anteng and Joko Seger) give offerings to the crater, as raden Kusuma
had asked before the sacrifice.
 Telaga Warna

Long long ago, there was a kingdom in West Java. The kingdom was ruled by a
king named His Majesty Prabu.

Prabu was a kind and wise king. But it was a pity that Prabu and his queen hadn't got
any children. The queen often cried. That was why Prabu went to the jungle. There he
prayed to God every day, begging for a child.

A few months later, the queen got pregnant. Nine months later, a princess was born.
Prabu and Queen loved their beautiful daughter so much. They gave whatever she wanted. It
made Princess turn into a very spoiled girl.

One day, the princess celebrated her 17th birthday party. Many people gathered in the
palace. Then, Prabu took out a necklace which was made from gold and jewel.

"My beloved daughter, today I give you this necklace. Please, wear this necklace,"
said Prabu.

"I don't want to wear it! It's ugly!" shouted the princess. Then she threw the
necklace. The beautiful necklace was broken. The gold and jewels were spread out on the
floor. Everybody couldn't say anything. They never thought that their beloved princess would
do that cruel thing. In their silence, people heard the queen crying. Every woman felt sad and
began crying, too. Then, everybody was crying. Then, there was a miracle. Earth was crying.

Suddenly, from the underground, a spring emerged. It made a pool of water. Soon,
the place became a big lake. The lake finally sank the kingdom.

Nowadays, people called the lake "Telaga Warna". It means "Lake of Color". On a
bright day, the lake is full of color. These colors come from shadows of forest, plants, flowers,
and sky around the lake. But some people said that the colors are from the princess's
necklace, which spreads at the bottom of the lake.
 The legend of Nyi Roro Kidul

Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess named Dewi Kadita. Because of her
beauty, she was called Dewi Srengenge. It means the goddess of the sun.

Her father was King Munding Wangi. Although he had a beautiful daughter, he was
unhappy because he always expected to have a son.

The king decided to marry Dewi Mutiara. He had a son from her. Dewi Mutiara wanted
her son to became a king in the future. She asked the King to send his daughter away. The
King did not agree.

Dewi Mutiara called a black wizard tor curse Kadita. She wanted kadita’s beautiful
body full of ulcer. Then, Kadita’s body was full of ulcer. It smelled bad. The beautiful princess
cried.

The King was very sad. No one could cure the illness of his daughter. The King did not
want her daughter to be a rumour, so he sent his daughter away.

The poor princess did not know where to go. However, she had a noble heart. She did
not have any bad feelings about her stepmother.

She walked for almost seven days and seven nights. Then, she came to the south
Ocean. The ocean was so clean and clear. She jumped into the water and swam.

Suddenly, there was a miracle. The ocean water cured her illness. She became more
beautiful than before. She also had a power to command the whole South Ocean. She
became a fairy called Nyi Roro Kidul or the Queen of South Ocean.
 Legend of King Siliwangi

One of the stories tells about prince Jayadewata, the son of Prabu Anggalarang, king
of Galuh, who ruled from Surawisesa Palace in Kawali. Prince Jayadewata also known as
Ratu Purana Prebu Guru Dewataprana.

During his youth the prince was known as Raden Pamanah Rasa (the archer of
feelings of love). The name suggests that he was a charming and strikingly handsome young
man. People easily fell in love with him. The tradition says he was a master of literature,
music, dance, and the arts, as well as pencak silat martial arts and the princely arts of sword
fighting and archery.

An usurper of evil ambition overthrows King Anggalarang and murders him, taking over
the throne. The prince Jayadewata is poisoned, drugged, and cast under a black magic spell
that caused him to suffer amnesia and insanity. The powerful but insane prince wandered
around and caused trouble in many villages, until Ki Gedeng Sindangkasih, the chief of
Sindangkasih village, managed to pacifize him. With the love of Nyi Ambetkasih, Ki Gedeng's
daughter, the prince is finally cured from his illness. Prince Jayadewata married Nyi
Ambetkasih. Later, Prince Jayadewata managed to gain the support of the people and
succeeded in reclaiming his rightful throne.
 Jaka Tarub And Seven Angels

Once upon a time there was a widow who lived in the village of Dadapan. She had a son whose
name was Jaka Tarub. Dadapan village was close to a wood so Jaka Tarub liked to go to the wood.
He liked hunting for animals with his blowpipe.

One day when he was in the wood he saw a beautiful rainbow and he saw seven angels went
down through it. He came closer and searched for them. The seven angels were swimming and
taking a bath in a lake. Jaka Tarub looked at them while hiding behind trees. When they had finished
taking a bath, they flew through the rainbow to heaven.

The next day he saw the same thing again. This time Jaka Tarub had an idea. He searched for
their dress and when he found them he took one of them. As they had finished swimming and taking
a bath, they looked for their dress. One of them could not find her dress. Her friends had to come
back to heaven so they left her. She was crying while staying in the water. Jaka Tarub approached
her.

‘Why are you crying lady?’

‘I lose my dress so I cannot go home’

‘Where is your home?’

‘I live in heaven. I’m an angel. My name is Nawang Wulan. But I lose my dress so I cannot fly
anymore’

‘I you don’t mind I will take my mother’s dress for you’

‘OK, please do’

‘Wait for me here, I’ll be back’

Then Jaka Tarub went home to take her mother’s dress and gave it to Nawang Wulan. He asked
her to stay at her house with his mother. Not long after that Jaka Tarub married Nawang Wulan.

As an angel Nawang Wulan had spiritual power. She had ability which far above human being.
She could cook rice with just a bar of rice and when it had done the bowl will be full of rice. But there
was one condition. The bowl must not be opened before it has done. Jaka Tarub was very surprised
with her wife’s ability. He was very curious about it. So when Nawang Wulan was away he opened
the bowl. Consequently Nawang’s spiritual power disappeared. She had to cook as ordinary human
being.

Several months later Nawang Wulan gave birth to a beautiful baby girl. Her name was Nawang
Sih. The birth of Nawang Sih added happiness to Jaka Tarub and Nawang Wulan.

Since Nawang Wulan could not cook efficiently anymore, she needed more rice than usual. The
stock of rice in their store room diminished rapidly. Then one day when she took rice there she was
very surprised. Nawang Wulan found her angel dress. It was hidden there under piles of rice. She
immediately wore it and talked to Jaka Tarub.

‘My dear husband, now I know what you did to me’

‘Forgive me, my dear. I admit that I did this because I love you’

‘I love you too. But now I find my dress. I must come back to heaven. I am an angel. My place
is not here. I have to go now’.

‘How about Nawang Sih? She needs you’‘I will leave her but don’t worry. I will take care of her.
Anytime she needs me I will be here. For that purpose please build a tower. When Nawang Sih cries
put her there then call my name. I will come immediately. But I will be invisible to you. Good bye
dear’

Then Jaka Tarub built a tower behind his house. Every time Nawang Sih cried he would put her
there. Nawang Wulan would come and take care of Nawang Sih.

Joko Tingkir

Banyu Biru is the name of village in Middle Java. The nature was so beautiful, many
garden which full of vegetable and flowers. The people lived form the gardener and farmer
too. In that village lived a kind and wise man, he was Ki Banyu Biru.

One afternoon, there was a man who came him; he wanted to be Ki Banyu Biru’s pupil.
How he knew the power of Ki Banyu Biru, he did not tell it because he only dreamt which
asked him to meet Ki Banyu Biru. The pupil was Jaka Tingkir. He was so polite and
ambitious in his coming. He told that he wanted to request pardon after killing Dadungwuk.

In the house of Ki Buyut Banyubiru, there were Joko Tingkir and Mas Manca. Mas
Manca had lived there and he came from Kalpitu village in Lawu Mountain slope. Both of men
trained how to increase their power with Ki Banyu Biru. They were solid and worked in team
together.

One day, Mas Manca and Jaka Tingkir had to soak their body in cool water in the river
at a long night. It was to increasing their power, kept their emotion and handled their selves.
They did all without complaining. They had done it for three months.

After Mas Manca and Joko Tingkir had finished, Ki Banyu Biru asked they met Sultan
Demak and gave a handful of ground. He told them to pour the ground to bull’s mouth when
they met the bull. The gate would be angry and then it run to town square of Prawata. It
made Sultan Demak called you. After listening the notice, they permitted to live Ki Buyut
Banyu Biru

Joko Tingkir went with Mas Manca, Ki Wuragil dan Ki Wila walked along by passing
the river with raft. Suddenly, there were many crocodiles which surrounded their raft. They
opposed a herd of crocodiles. The fight was so long and the finally they won. The king
crocodile admitted his fail by asking his forty crocodiles made a line and they shore up the raft
of Joko Tingkir and friends. The raft sailed fast without using the oar.

After sailing the river, they arrived in the thick jungle. It was well known as dangerous
jungle based on the people. In their way, Joko Tingkir and friends saw a wild bull which was
ready to attack them. He remember Ki Buyut Banyu Biru’s message and he continued to pour
the ground in his hand to the bull. Suddenly it was angry and run to the town square of
Prawata.

The angry bull entered the village and made the people were scary to save their
selves. The children cried seeing that situation. The livestock run unstoppable. The noisy
made Sultan Demak called Joko Tingkir and asked him to appear Sultan Demak in the
palace. He was asked to oppose the wild bull.

Getiing in the palace, he met Sultan and told that he was ready to oppose the wild bull.
Sultan Demak asked him to get down to town square of Prawata. All the people were so
enthusiast and support Joko Tingkir to be a winner. The yell and voice of people were listened
in running contest. Moreover, Joko Tingkir could win and the bull died.
 Sultan Demak was so happy knowing Joko Tingkir’s winning. He met Joko Tingkir after
duel finished. He gave an inauguration to Joko Tingkir who had saved his citizenry from the
wild bull. Joko Tingkir was given a position as Leader of soldier. He was wise and polite so
Sultan Demak married him to his daughter

Jaka Kendil
Once upon the time there was an old woman who lived alone in the jungle. Her husband had
passed away but they did have a child. She was weak in fulfill her life. She had to find the fire wood in
the jungle, then she sold them in the market to get her food. Although she was in poor, but she never
approved moreover she worked hard in her old age. She was kind to other.

One night, the old woman slept and she dreamt. The dream told that she was hit a moon in the
afternoon, she was scared and she run away but the moon did not leave her go. She woke up in her
scary. She was worried about the meaning of her dream. She went on getting the meaning of her
dream. To lose her scary, she went to Jungle to collect some fire wood and sold them in the market.

Getting the market, she rolled out her wood on the ground, the lucky was to her. All was sold
out. She was happy. In her way home she met a crowd people among a fortune teller. She was
interested to know it. With her weak power, she came closer and asked about her dream last night
that she was hit a moon in the afternoon. The fortune teller told that she would get a baby. Hearing the
explanation, she did not believe and continue to go home.

In the way home, she thought the impossibility of getting baby, she was old and did not have a
husband anymore and also she did not have much money to fulfill her life. When getting home, she
was shocked by two men in front of her door. She asked about the aim of their arrival. They told that
they gave a baby in a pack and she could not open when they had not left her home. She denied
because she did not have much money to take care of that baby. They promised would give the want
of her while the baby was by her. they suggested her to love the baby as her son.

After two men left the home, suddenly the old woman was shocked by baby from the pack. His
body was so strange and was not liked other baby. His body was liked a cooking pot but his face was
as same as other baby. Based on the situation, the old woman called him, Joko Kendil. She was still
silent in looking Joko Kendil. She thought how she did fulfill their life in the other hand she was so old.

Year by year, Joko Kendil grew well and clever, it made the old woman loved him like her own
son. He used to help her in collecting the fire wood and carried them to the market. He planted the
vegetables and rice, and the harvest was so much. It made them life in the enough of food as two
men’s promise. Joko kendil was a gardener too.

One day, when Joko Kendil took a rest after gardening, he looked a huge ship of kingdom. He
saw a beautiful princess in there. it made Joko Kendil fell in love her. then he continued to go home
and told his incident in the garden. Her mother laughed and told that she was a princess of the
Kingdom. Hearing the Joko Kendil’s feeling made her smiled and laughed too.

One day, a kingdom held a contest about “Who could bring Lokanata Instrument Music; he
would be married with the princess of the kingdom. Joko Kendil listened the good news and continued
to ask his mother’s permitting. His mother was so afraid because it was impossible for him to get the
winner. She forbade him but he had strong aim so she gave permitting to him to follow it. Joko Kerdil
and her mother went to the palace to follow the contest.

Getting at the palace all the people looked at Joko Kendil’s performance, they thought that he
was so strange among them. But Joko Kendil and his mother kept calm in that situation. They passed
the gate and be allowed as one of the contest candidates. The king asked all he candidates to show
the instrument music they had, suddenly Joko Kendil read magic spell. Charming instrument music
came.
 All the candidates had been tested by the king but there was no having good voice, finally Joko
Kendil carried his instrument music and played it slowly so it flew the beautiful and soft sound. It made
all the people there enjoying in hearing. The king believed that it was Lokananta instrument music.
And the king chose Joko Kendil as the winner.

The wedding of Joko Kendil and The beautiful princess came, it was so luxurious. All the
citizenry came to take a part there. All the delicious and kinds of food and drink had been prepared by
the palace. Joko Kendil and his wife sat in front of the guests, the princess hugged him so he could
not breathe and suddenly Joko Kendil became a handsome prince. That incident made all the people
was shocked. They lived happily

The king told that Joko Kendil was punished by his father because he broke the regulation of
the kingdom. And Joko Kendil would come back in his body when he was hugged after getting
married.

Ciung Wanara Story

Long time ago in west Java there was a kingdom called Galuh. The ruler was King Barma Wijaya
Kusuma. He had two wives – Pohaci Naganingrum and Dewi Pangreyep. At that time both of them
were pregnant. The king was very happy when Dewi Pangreyep gave birth to a baby boy. The king
named him Hariang Banga. He was a handsome boy.
Several months later Pohaci Naganingrum also gave birth. Dewi Pangreyep helped her during
the birth process but she had an evil plan. She had prepared a baby dog and gave it to Pohaci. Then
she put the baby in a box and had it thrown to a river. Lengser, the man who received the order to
throw the baby in a river, put him in a safe box and gave an egg. Meanwhile Dewi Pangreyep
reported to the king that Pohaci had given birth to a baby dog.
‘Oh, Your Majesty, Pohaci is an evil woman. Last night he gave birth but her baby is a dog!
They are sinners. God had punished them. This a shame for Your majesty the King and the whole
kingdom”
The king was shocked and very angry to hear that. He thought it was a shame for the royal
family. So he ordered his soldier to kill Pohaci and the baby.
‘There is no place here for sinners. They must go to hell”
Then the king called his servant , Lengser.
“Lengser ! Bring them to the wood and kill them!”
“Yes, Your Majesty”
Lengser, who had to carry out the order, did not dare to do it. He saved Pohaci instead. Then
Pohaci lived in a remote village.
Meanwhile in a village by the river lived a couple of husband and wife. Aki Balangantran lived
with his wife Nini Balangantran. Several years had passed after their marriage but still they had no
children. Day and night they prayed to god to ask for children. One night Nini was dreaming that she
saw a full moon. Aki interpreted the dream that they would receive provision from god. The next
morning Aki went to a river with his net to fish. Suddenly something caught his attention. In the
middle of the river there was a wooden box floating on the water. Then he grabbed it. He was
shocked when he saw a baby inside it. He brought the baby home and gave him a name of Ciung
Wanara. In Sundanese language Ciung means bird and Wanara means monkey. They were very
happy since they had no children.
Several years later Ciung Wanara grew up to be a handsome and smart boy. The egg had
become a cock. Ciung loved cock fighting. He went everywhere to play cock fighting game. His cock
was so quick and strong that it won all of its fights. Soon he and his cock became famous in Galuh.
Everybody knew them.
Then the king of Galuh who had many cocks and also loved cock fighting heard the news. So he
ordered Lengser, his faithful assistant, to find the boy. As Lengser got to Ciung’s house he was
surprised to see the box. He realized that it was the box he threw into the river some years earlier.
When he asked Ciung’s father he was sure that Ciung was the king’s son from Pohaci Naganingrum.
That time he wanted to do a good deed for Ciung. Then he told Ciung that the king invited him to
palace for a cock fight. He also told ciung to ask for the kingdom if his cock win the fight. Ciung
agreed so they went to palace immediately.
Later in the palace of Galuh, Ciung told the king that he had a condition for the cock fight. If his
cock wins, he wants the king to give him his kingdom. If he his cock loose, then he will give his head.
The king agreed because he was sure that his cock would win. Then in a fierce fight Ciung’s cock
won the fight. Everybody was surprised. The king had no choice. He had to keep his words and give
his kingdom to ciung Wanara. Then Lengser told the king that ciung was actually hing own son from
Pohaci naganingrum. He revealed Dewi Pangreyep’s evil action.
The king was shocked and very angry. He ordered his soldiers to arrest and punish Dewi
Pangreyep. This event made Prince Hariang Banga got very angry. He quickly attacked Ciung
Wanara. Finally the king decided to divide his kingdom into two parts. The border was Cipamali
river. The west of the river was given to Hariang Banga while Ciung Wanara ruled the eastern part of
the kingdom.

“ANDE-ANDE LUMUT”

In ancient times on the island of Java, the prince Kusumayuda ( narrated equal to or
associated with Kamesywara , king of Kediri ) are met, the youngest daughter of four children
who is the daughter of a wealthy widow who lived in one of the areas where the father Prince
Kusumayuda rule. The youngest daughter named Kleting Yellow. Kleting Yellow is a foster
child, who is actually the daughter of the Kingdom Jenggala, which was then known as Dewi
Candra Kirana. After the meeting one another in their hearts remember. Kusumayuda prince
realized, sewangi girl roses that are candidates for consort Kingdom Banyuarum very perfect.
But alas after that they never see again .

Year continues to change, at one time there was one handsome young man named
Ande - Ande Lumut pledge that he was looking for a candidate companion . But should not
the girls in the other villages, including the sister Kleting other Yellow, Yellow Kleting not
interested to go see Ande - Ande Lumut, because in his mind always pictured Prince
Kusumayuda. However, he received advice from a magical stork ever help him to come see
Ande - Ande Lumut notoriously handsome and dashing, thus ultimately Yellow Kleting was
pleased to participate .

The four daughters before it reached the village brothers Dadapan, they are faced with
the problems that have to cross a river that is very broad and deep water. No boat or a tool
that they can use to cross the river, the population was no one dares to come into the river
because it is inhabited by giant creatures known human predators. Amid the confusion,
comes the giant creatures of the river guards tangible giant crab named Yuyu Kangkang.
Yuyu Kangkang willing to take across their exchange disebrangkannya girls who are willing to
be kissed and kissed.

Due to the desire to be able to meet Ande - Ande Lumut are known to be very
handsome and dashing, almost all the village girls, including three sisters Kleting Yellow
immediately agreed to offer Kangkang Yayu. They think that Ande - Ande Lumut handsome
prince will not know about it. Only one person who is not willing to accept offers Kangkang
Yuyu , that person is none other than the youngest Kleting Yellow. Yellow Kleting refused to
kiss Yuyu Kangkang. On When Yuyu Kangkang intend to prey Kleting Yellow, Yellow Kleting
not stay silent. He pulled out the weapons given by her mother. Incident on the river was
known by Ande - Ande Lumut. With the youngest Kleting Yellow reasons that are not willing to
be kissed by Yuyu Kangkang, then Ande Ande Lumut vowed that he chose the youngest
Kleting Yellow as the queen. At that moment Kleting Yellow aware if youth Ande - Ande
Lumut is Kusumayuda Prince, the man of his dreams.

The Legend of Batu Menangis

Sometime in the distant past, there was an old dowager who lived in a little house on
the highest point of a slope with her lovely girl. The old dowager is poor to the point that she
must buckle down consistently. She gathered dry woods in the wilderness and sold them in
the business once per week. She needed to fulfill her girl so she worked increasingly hard
each and every day.
The young lady, the old dowager’s girl, was clearly wonderful. Each man could without
much of a stretch experience passionate feelings for on the off chance that they saw her face.
Lamentably she had a terrible mentality. The young lady was extremely sluggish and never
helped her mom. Consistently she simply prepared and took a gander at the mirror to
appreciate her own particular excellence. She was additionally ruined young lady. The greater
part of his solicitations must be obeyed despite the fact that her mom was poor old woman.
The business was so distant from their home. They ought to stroll down the slope and
pass a town. The young lady wore pleasant garments and spruce up so the individuals who
saw her will be appreciating her excellence. In opposite, her mom wore grimy garments with a
crate brimming with dry wood on her back. She needed that her mom to stroll behind her so
that individuals would feel that she was not her mom. The young lady can’t acknowledge if
individuals in the town realize that the old dowager was her mom. Without a doubt, none
realize that the young lady and the old dowager were mother and little girl on the grounds that
they lived alone on the highest point of slope.
When they started to enter the town, every one of the individuals who went by were
taking a gander at them. They were so interested by the magnificence of the young lady.
They couldn’t avoid to take a gander at her excellent face. Be that as it may, when individuals
saw an old woman who strolled behind her, it was so contrastive. It made individuals to
ponder who the old messy woman behind her was. Among the individuals who saw it, a
young fellow drew nearer and asked her, “Hey, beautiful young lady. Is that your mom behind
you? ”
“No,” the young lady said pompously. “She is my hireling!”
 The old woman could comprehend why her own little girl said as much. She just
pointed the finger at herself that she couldn’t be the mother that her little girl needed. The old
woman just kept noiseless and proceeded with the trip. Not far from there, a young fellow
drew closer again and asked the young lady the same inquiry.
“Greetings sweetheart. Is it your mom who strolls behind you? ”
Again the young lady dismisses the actuality by saying no the old dowager was her
mom. “No, no, she is not my mom,” said the young lady. “She is my slave!”
The same inquiries proceeded with over and over a few times. Also, the young lady
constantly addressed the inquiries by telling that the old dowager was not her mom. The
primary, second, and the third ones, the old dowager could acknowledge it. However when it
came a few times, it made the old dowager miserable. It hurt the old woman so much that her
own particular little girl did not concede that she was her mom. The noiseless swung to
bitterness. The trouble swung to frenzy. Also, when a mother was frantic, a terrible thing
would take after. At long last, the poor old dowager can’t avoid any longer. The old dowager
appealed to the God to rebuff her insubordinate girl.
“Gracious my God, I was not ready to oppose this affront. Why my own particular little
girl treat her own mom like this. Yes, God rebuff this insubordinate youngster! Rebuff her…. ”
On the force of God Almighty, gradually her body was swung to stone. The change
begins from the feet. At the point when the change has come to a large portion of the body,
the young lady was crying asking absolution to her mom.
The young lady kept on wailing and cry begging his mom. Be that as it may, everything
was past the point of no return. The entire body of the young lady was in the long run
transformed into stone. Notwithstanding when she transformed into stone, individuals still can
see the tears. The stone cries. Accordingly, individuals start to call it “Crying Stone or Batu
Menangis”.
Joko Seger dan Roro Anteng

Long long time ago there lived a couple in the village near the top of mount Bromo.
Joko Seger is his name. He lived peacefully with his wife Roro Anteng. But they were not
happy because after some time they did not have any children.Then Joko Seger meditated in
mount Bromo asking for god to give them children.

Some times later Joko Seger had a dream. In his dream he was told that he would
have descendants but on one condition. The god asked him to sacrifice his children to the
crater of mount Bromo. If he refused to sacrifice, then the god will be angry. Without thinking
twice Joko Seger agreed to the condition.

After that every year Roro Anteng gave birth to twenty five children. They were very
happy and they loved their children so much that they were reluctant to sacrifice them to the
crater. They did not give anything to the crater. Then something happened.

One day there was a big eruption of mount Bromo. Smoke, fire, hot cloud of ash came
out of its crater. The earth was trembling. The sky was dark. Animals ran away from the
mountain. People were very scared since some of them became victims of the hot cloud.

Joko Seger and Roro Anteng remembered their promise to god. He realized that god
was very angry. So he decided to sacrifice one of his sons. Then he went to the crater with
his youngest son Kusuma. Because Joko Seger did not really want to sacrifice his son to the
crater, he tried to hide him. But suddenly an eruption began and made Kusuma fall.
Afterwards, Kusuma, who had fell to the crater, gave a voice, "I have to be sacrificed by my
parents so that you will all stay alive. From now on, you should arrange an annual offering
ceremony on the 14th of Kesodo (the twelfth month of Tenggerese calender.)"

Since then on Joko Seger and Roro Anteng gave offerings to the crater. Every year on
the 14th day of the month of Kesada the people of Tengger held a ceremony to give offerings.