SQL Basics Cheat Sheet

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language to talk to FULL JOIN

databases. It allows you to select specific data and to build FILTERING THE OUTPUT QUERYING MULTIPLE TABLES
FULL JOIN (or explicitly FULL OUTER JOIN) returns all rows
complex reports. Today, SQL is a universal language of data. It is COMPARISON OPERATORS INNER JOIN from both tables – if there's no matching row in the second table,
used in practically all technologies that process data. Fetch names of cities that have a rating above 3: JOIN (or explicitly INNER JOIN) returns rows that have NULLs are returned.
SELECT name matching values in both tables. SELECT city.name, country.name
SAMPLE DATA FROM city SELECT city.name, country.name FROM city
WHERE rating > 3; FROM city FULL [OUTER] JOIN country
COUNTRY
[INNER] JOIN country ON city.country_id = country.id;
id name population area ON city.country_id = country.id; CITY COUNTRY
1 France 66600000 640680 Fetch names of cities that are neither Berlin nor Madrid: CITY COUNTRY id name country_id id name
SELECT name id name country_id id name
2 Germany 80700000 357000 1 Paris 1 1 France
FROM city 1 Paris 1 1 France 2 Berlin 2 2 Germany
... ... ... ...
WHERE name != 'Berlin' 2 Berlin 2 2 Germany 3 Warsaw 4 NULL NULL
CITY AND name != 'Madrid'; 3 Warsaw 4 3 Iceland NULL NULL NULL 3 Iceland
id name country_id population rating
1 Paris 1 2243000 5
2 Berlin 2 3460000 3 TEXT OPERATORS
Fetch names of cities that start with a 'P' or end with an 's':
CROSS JOIN
... ... ... ... ... CROSS JOIN returns all possible combinations of rows from
SELECT name
FROM city
LEFT JOIN both tables. There are two syntaxes available.
QUERYING SINGLE TABLE WHERE name LIKE 'P%' LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table with SELECT city.name, country.name
OR name LIKE '%s'; corresponding rows from the right table. If there's no matching FROM city
Fetch all columns from the country table:
row, NULLs are returned as values from the second table. CROSS JOIN country;
SELECT *
SELECT city.name, country.name
FROM country;
FROM city SELECT city.name, country.name
Fetch id and name columns from the city table: Fetch names of cities that start with any letter followed by 'ublin' LEFT JOIN country FROM city, country;
SELECT id, name (like Dublin in Ireland or Lublin in Poland): ON city.country_id = country.id; CITY COUNTRY
FROM city; SELECT name CITY COUNTRY id name country_id id name
FROM city
id name country_id id name 1 Paris 1 1 France
Fetch city names sorted by the rating column in the default WHERE name LIKE '_ublin';
1 Paris 1 1 France 1 Paris 1 2 Germany
ASCending order:
2 Berlin 2 2 Germany 2 Berlin 2 1 France
SELECT name
3 Warsaw 4 NULL NULL 2 Berlin 2 2 Germany
FROM city
ORDER BY rating [ASC]; OTHER OPERATORS
Fetch names of cities that have a population between 500K and
Fetch city names sorted by the rating column in the 5M:
DESCending order: SELECT name NATURAL JOIN
SELECT name FROM city NATURAL JOIN will join tables by all columns with the same
FROM city WHERE population BETWEEN 500000 AND 5000000; RIGHT JOIN name.
ORDER BY rating DESC; SELECT city.name, country.name
RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table with
corresponding rows from the left table. If there's no matching FROM city
ALIASES Fetch names of cities that don't miss a rating value: row, NULLs are returned as values from the left table. NATURAL JOIN country;
SELECT city.name, country.name
COLUMNS SELECT name CITY COUNTRY
FROM city FROM city country_id id name name id
SELECT name AS city_name
WHERE rating IS NOT NULL; RIGHT JOIN country 6 6 San Marino San Marino 6
FROM city;
ON city.country_id = country.id; 7 7 Vatican City Vatican City 7

TABLES CITY COUNTRY 5 9 Greece Greece 9

id name country_id id name 10 11 Monaco Monaco 10
SELECT co.name, ci.name Fetch names of cities that are in countries with IDs 1, 4, 7, or 8:
1 Paris 1 1 France
FROM city AS ci SELECT name NATURAL JOIN used these columns to match rows:
JOIN country AS co FROM city 2 Berlin 2 2 Germany city.id, city.name, country.id, country.name.
ON ci.country_id = co.id; WHERE country_id IN (1, 4, 7, 8); NULL NULL NULL 3 Iceland NATURAL JOIN is very rarely used in practice.

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SQL Basics Cheat Sheet
AGGREGATION AND GROUPING SUBQUERIES SET OPERATIONS
GROUP BY groups together rows that have the same values in specified columns. It A subquery is a query that is nested inside another query, or inside another subquery. Set operations are used to combine the results of two or more queries into a single result.
computes summaries (aggregates) for each unique combination of values. There are different types of subqueries. The combined queries must return the same number of columns and compatible data
CITY types. The names of the corresponding columns can be different.

id name country_id SINGLE VALUE CYCLING SKATING

1 Paris 1 The simplest subquery returns exactly one column and exactly one row. It can be used
id name country id name country
CITY with comparison operators =, <, <=, >, or >=.
101 Marseille 1 This query finds cities with the same rating as Paris: 1 YK DE 1 YK DE
country_id count
102 Lyon 1 SELECT name 2 ZG DE 2 DF DE
1 3 FROM city
2 Berlin 2 3 WT PL 3 AK PL
2 3 WHERE rating = (
103 Hamburg 2 SELECT rating ... ... ... ... ... ...
4 2
104 Munich 2 FROM city
WHERE name = 'Paris' UNION
3 Warsaw 4
); UNION combines the results of two result sets and removes duplicates. UNION ALL
105 Cracow 4 doesn't remove duplicate rows.

MULTIPLE VALUES This query displays German cyclists together with German skaters:
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS A subquery can also return multiple columns or multiple rows. Such subqueries can be SELECT name
avg(expr) − average value for rows within the group used with operators IN, EXISTS, ALL, or ANY. FROM cycling
count(expr) − count of values for rows within the group This query finds cities in countries that have a population above 20M: WHERE country = 'DE'
max(expr) − maximum value within the group SELECT name UNION / UNION ALL
min(expr) − minimum value within the group FROM city SELECT name
sum(expr) − sum of values within the group WHERE country_id IN ( FROM skating
SELECT country_id WHERE country = 'DE';
EXAMPLE QUERIES FROM country
Find out the number of cities: WHERE population > 20000000 INTERSECT
SELECT COUNT(*) );
INTERSECT returns only rows that appear in both result sets.
FROM city;
CORRELATED This query displays German cyclists who are also German skaters at the same time:
Find out the number of cities with non-null ratings: SELECT name
A correlated subquery refers to the tables introduced in the outer query. A correlated
SELECT COUNT(rating) FROM cycling
subquery depends on the outer query. It cannot be run independently from the outer
FROM city; WHERE country = 'DE'
query.
INTERSECT
Find out the number of distinctive country values: This query finds cities with a population greater than the average population in the
SELECT name
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT country_id) country:
FROM skating
FROM city; SELECT *
WHERE country = 'DE';
FROM city main_city
Find out the smallest and the greatest country populations: WHERE population > (
SELECT MIN(population), MAX(population) SELECT AVG(population) EXCEPT
FROM city average_city EXCEPT returns only the rows that appear in the first result set but do not appear in the
FROM country;
WHERE average_city.country_id = main_city.country_id second result set.
Find out the total population of cities in respective countries: );
This query displays German cyclists unless they are also German skaters at the same
SELECT country_id, SUM(population)
time:
FROM city This query finds countries that have at least one city:
SELECT name
GROUP BY country_id; SELECT name
FROM cycling
FROM country
WHERE country = 'DE'
Find out the average rating for cities in respective countries if the average is above 3.0: WHERE EXISTS (
EXCEPT / MINUS
SELECT country_id, AVG(rating) SELECT *
SELECT name
FROM city FROM city
FROM skating
GROUP BY country_id WHERE country_id = country.id
WHERE country = 'DE';
HAVING AVG(rating) > 3.0; );

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Try out the interactive SQL Basics course at LearnSQL.com, and check out our other SQL courses. vertabelo.com | CC BY-NC-ND Vertabelo SA