w do

EXPERIMENT 1
amber
www. To measure diameter of asmall spherical/cylindrical body using Vernier Callipers.
hich
APPARATUS
Ae, the
Vernier Callipers, a spherical body (pendulum bob) or a cylinder and a magnifying lens.

THEORY
he po
If with the body betweenthe jaws, the zero of vernier scale lies ahead of Nth division of main
R
scale, then main scale reading (M.S.R.) =N.
If nth division of vernier scale coincides with
surt any division of main scale, then vernier scale
n reading (V.S.R.)
nd
=
n x (L.C.) (L.C. is least count of vernier
callipers)
=
n x
(V.C.) (V.C. is vernier constant of vernier
callipers)
Total reading, T.R. = M.S.R. + V.S.R.
(L.C. V.C.)
= N+nx (V.C.).

DIAGRAM
D
Main Scale
E
5 6 78 9 10
luuluulu ilunluuluuluuliuilulilululunl

A B
Sphere

Fig. Vernier Callipers-Measuring diameter of a sphere.

PROCEDURE
Determine the vernier constant (V.C.) ie. least count (L.C.) of the vernier callipers and record
it stepwise.
34
Comprehenstve Practical Physics
2 Dng the movable
jaw BD in close contact with the fixed jaw AC and find the zero error.
nree times and record Do
them, If there is no zero error, record zero error as nil.
3 Open the jaws, place the sphere cylinder between the jaws A and B and adjust the
DD, Such that it
or two
the jaj
gently grips the body without any undue pressure on it. Tighten the screw
attached to
the vernier scale V.
4. o t e the
position of the zero mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Kecora tne
Scale
reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (N) is called mainmai
reading (M.S.R.). scal
Note the number (n) of the vernier scale division which coincides with some division of
main scale. t
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the body by 90° for
measuring the diameter in a perpendicula
direction.
.
Repeat steps 3,4, 5 and 6 for three different positions. Record the observations in each
a tabular form.
set i
8. Find total reading and apply zero correction.
9. Take mean of different values of diameter and show that in the result with proper unit.
 OBSERVATIONS
Determination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the Vernier Callipers
1M.S.D. = 1 mm
10 V.S.D. =
9 M.S.D.

1V.S.D. = 1 M.S.D. = 0.9 mm

10
Vernier Constant, V.C. = 1 M.S.D. - 1 V.s.D. = (1 -0.9) mm -0.1 mm - 0.01 Cm

2. Zero (i) .c m , ()....

error
(). cm, m.
Mean zero error (e) =.-. m.

Mean zerocorrection () = -e =. m.

3. Table for the Diameter (D)

Vernier Scale Reading Total Reading
Man Scale Value Observed Corrected
Serial No. of No. of Vermier
Reading (N) division Inx (V.C.) D, =N+m D-D+
Observations
(cm) coinciding (n) x V.C.
D, (a) =
(a)AOB
1
Cb) D D,()=
D, (a) =
(a)A B
2
D,b)
D, (a) =
(a)A OB
3-
C6)O |D,()=_
 Measurement of Length
35
CALCULATION

Mean corrected diameter,

e
D,(a)+ D, (b) + D,(a) + D, (b) + D, (a) D,(b)
D +
6

maiRESULT
n is...
The diameter of the given sphere/cylinder cm.

PRECAUTIONS
1Motion of vernier scale on main scale should be made smooth (by oiling, if necessar).
endi 2. Vernier constant and zero error should be carefuly found and properly recorded.
3. The body should be gripped between the jaws firmly but gently (without undue pressure on it
from the jaws).
4. Observations should be taken at right angles at one place and taken at least at three different
places.

sOURCES OF ERROR

1. The vernier scale may be loose on main scale.

2. The jaws may not be at right angles to the main scale.
3. The graduations on scale may not be correct and clear.
4. Parallax may be there in taking observations.

EXPERIMENT 1A
To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier
www
Callipers and hence find its volume.

APPARATUS
Vernier Callipers, a beaker or a calorimeter, magnifying glass.
orre THEORY
) For measuring internal diameter and depth. Same as in Experiment 1A.
(ii) For volume:
a) Volume of beaker or calorimeter = internal area of cross-section x depth

Or
V- 5 4
a)
where, D internal diameter of beaker/calorimeter
d depth of beaker/calorimeter.
a
 ComprekensivePractical Physe
IAGRAM
Mec

PR

Main Scale

TTTT M

Beaker

Internal diameter
of beaker.
Fig. (a)

Beaker

Fig. (6) Depth of beaker.

w w . w w N w n a t h

PNONRDURN

Iviemine he venier onatan (VC)1e, leant count of the vernier

eallipers and rer od i
ewive

he
Ovable jaw RI) in elone contact with the fixed jaw AC and find the zero error Do it
hw tines and econt it it there In no vero error, then record, zero error as nil.

Measurement of internal diameter

t the iaws 'and Dinstde the beaker or calorimeter and open them illeach of them touches
the inner wall of the beaker or calorimeter, without any undue pressure on the walls. Tighten

thesew attached to the vernier Bcale gently

Note the position of the zero mark of the vernier acale on the main scale, Record the main
alereading just before the zero mark of the vernier neale. This reading () is called main stale

mading (M.S.R.).
Note the number (7) of the vernier acale division which coincides with some division of the

man seale

Repeat steps 4 and 5 atter rotating the vernier callipers by 90" for measuring internal dianeter
in a perpendicular direction.

Find total reading and apply zero correction.

Measurement of depth
Keep the edge of the main scale of vernier callipers on its peripheral edge. This should be done
in such a way that the tip of the strip is able to go frely inside the beaker along its depth.

Keep sliding the moving jaw of the vernier callipers until the strip just touches the bottom of
the beaker. Take care that it is just perpendicular to the bottom surface. Now, tighten the screw
of the vernier
callipers.
Repeat steps 4 and 5 for four different positions along the circumference of the upper edge of
the beaker or
calorimeter
1 Find total reading and apply zero correction.
1ake mean of two different values of internal diameter and four different values of the depth.

3 Calculate the volume by using proper formula and show that in the result with proper unit

OBSERVATIONS
emination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the vernier callipers

1 M.S.D. = 1 mm

10 V.S.D. = 9 M.S.D.

1 V.S.D. = M.S.D. =0.9 mm

10
 Comprehemwe Practicai a
38 (1 -0.9)mm
-1V.S.D.
-

V.C-1M.S.D.

Vernier constant,
-

0.1 mm - 0.01 cm.

( i i ) . . . cm.

2. Zero error = ( ) . . cm, (ii). cm,

m
Mean zero error (e) = . . .

Cm.
Mean zero correction (c) =
-

(e) =
.
Internal
Diameter (D)
3. Table for the Total Reading
Vernier Scale Reading

Observed
Main Scale
Serial
Reading (N)
No. of Vernier Value
D N+n Corect
DD
No. division n x (V.C.) xV.C.
of Observations (cm) coinciding (n)

1.

2.

3.

4.

4. Table for
the depth (d)
Total Readi
Vernier Scale Reading
Position
Main Scale
Serial Observed Correc
Reading (N) No. of Vernier Value
No. d
(cm) Inx (V.C.)] d=N+n
division
of Obs. x (V.C.)
coinciding (n)

at A

at B

3 at C

at D

CALCULATIONS

Mean corrected internal diameter,

D,(a)+ D, (b)
D= Cn
2
Mean corrected depth,

dd= t d , t d, +d,
CMI

Volume of beaker/calorimeter .Cm'

Measurementof Length
39
RESULT

The volume of the beaker/calorimeter is... cma

PRECAUTIONS

in Experiment 1.
Same as given

SOURCES OF ERROR

Same as given in Experiment 1.