CH2- HEAT TRANSFER

1. Thermal Conduction
2. Thermal conductivity coefficient
3. Searle's method
4. Lee's Disc
5. Applications of heat transfer by conduction
6. Heat transfer by thermal radiation
7. Kirchhoff's law
8. Heat Transfer by Convection

Dr. Gamal Elhomosy

1. Thermal Conduction

Fourier’s Law :
states heat flux (Q) resulting from thermal
conduction is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the temperature gradient,
and that the direction of heat flow is in the
negative direction relative to the
temperature gradient. dT
Q  k
dx
The proportionality constant k: is called
the thermal conductivity with the
dimensions W m  o K or J m  sec .o K
1. Thermal Conduction

Table 1: Thermal conductivity of

the amount of heat Q that passes through a different materials

layer of matter has two surfaces Thermal

Material conductivity
W/(m.K)
1. The surface area through which heat passes
Oxygen 0.023
A.
Steam 0.0248
2. The difference between the temperatures of
Polystyrene 0.032-0.050
the two faces of the heat-conducting layer
Water 0.5562
T1and T2
Glass 0.76
3. The time of transfer of thermal energy Concrete 2.1
through the conductive material t. Steel high-alloyed 15
4. It is inversely proportional to the thickness of
Steel unalloyed 48-58
the heat-conducting layer d.
Iron 80.2

Copper pure 401

Diamond 2300
1. Thermal Conduction

The proportionality constant k is called

the thermal conductivity coefficient,
which is characteristic of the material
in terms of its thermal nature, and its
units are Cal/cm.sec.oC, meaning that:

Qk tA
 T1  T2 
d
The ratio T1  T2  d is called the
temperature gradient inside the
material
2. Thermal conductivity coefficient

Measurement of thermal conductivity

coefficient of materials
Searle's method
Searle's method for determining the
coefficient of thermal conductivity of a
material that is a good thermal conductor
"Copper":
Q  m T4  T3   k t  r 2 
T1  T2  , t  1sec
d
At thermal equilibrium, the amount of heat
passing through the rod by conduction is
equal to the amount of heat absorbed by
the cold water,
2. Thermal conductivity coefficient

If the heating is by electric heating

IV t 2  T1  T2 
Q  k t  r  , t  1sec
4.18 d
Lee's Disc
Determination of the thermal conductivity
coefficient of a bad conductive material
in the form of a disc:
Knowing the mass of the metal disk m
and its specific heat c, the average
cooling rate is given of it in the region
between T2 +5, T2 -5 is:
mc  10 oC  T1  T2 
Q=  k  r 2

t d
Example 1.1

A metal rod with a coefficient of thermal conductivity of (0.9 cal /cm. oC .sec), a length of
(25 cm) and a cross-sectional area of (10 cm2). The temperature of one end of it was kept
at 100 oC , while the other end was cooled by a stream of water passing through
cooling tubes surrounding it, and the temperature of the entering water was 14 oC . Find
the rate of flow of water if we assume that the temperature of the tip of the rod should not
exceed 20 oC
Solution
This is the rate of water flow that keeps the tip of the rod at 20 oC :
 T -T 
m cw  T4 -T3  =k At  1 2 
 d 
m  2  100-20 
 
 t 
 1cal / gm  o
C   20 - 14  =  0. 9 cal / cm  o
C  sec  10 cm  
 25cm 


m 
   4.8 gm / sec
 t 
Example 1.2

A disk of insulating material, its surface area is 5 cm2, the thickness of the disk is 0.4 cm,
and the difference between its surface temperature is 32 oC . Find the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the disk material, given that the rate of thermal conductivity through the
disk is (200 k cal/h).
Solution

 T1 -T2   200 k cal   200  1000 cal 

Q =k At    Q t =   
 d   1 h   60  60 sec 

 1000 cal  2  32 
 18 sec  =k  5cm   0.4 cm   k  0.138 cal / cm  oC  sec
   
5. Applications of heat transfer by conduction

1- Heat transfer through the walls of a hollow cylindrical tube :

cylindrical tube - inner radius r1  D1 2 , outer radius r2  D2 2
, and length L, thin cylindrical element at radius r. Let thickness of
this elementary ring be dr and the change of temperature across it be
dT. Then invoking Fourier law of heat conduction
(The rate of heat transfer dQ dt  const. )
dQ dT
 Q  k  2 rL  at t  1sec
dt dr
r2 T
Q dr 2
Q  r2 
 r    dT   ln    T1  T2 
2 Lk r
1 T1
2 Lk  r1 
T1  T2   T1  T2 
 Q  2 Lk
ln  r2 r1  Rt
ln  r2 r1 
the thermal resistance takes the form Rt 
2 Lk
 2 Lk T  T1  2 Lk T1  T2 

T  T1   ln  r r1 
Q 
ln  r r1  ln  r2 r1  T2  T1  ln  r2 r1 
Then thickness δ :    r2  r1  , equivalent area Am

kA
 Q  T1  T   kAm
 T  T1 
  r2  r1 
2  r2  r1  L  A2  A1 
Am  
ln  r2 r1  ln  A2 A1 
mean radius of the cylindrical tube is rm rm 
 r2  r1 
ln  r2 r1 
Example 1.3

A cylindrical cement tube of radii 0.05 cm and 1 cm has a wire embedded into it along its
axis. To maintain a steady temperature difference of 120°C between the inner and outer
surfaces, a current of 5 ampere is made to flow in the wire. Make calculations for the
amount of heat generated per meter length and the thermal conductivity of cement. Take
resistance of wire equal to 0.1  / cm and the length of wire 1m
Solution
Resistance of wire, R = 0.1  100  10  .
2
Heat generated per meter =electrical Power  I R   5 A   10    250 W / m
2

Under steady state conditions, the heat generated equals the heat transfer
through the cylindrical element. And T  ( T1  T2 )  120

dQ 2 Lk T1  T2   k  2  1m  120 
  250 
dt ln  r2 r1  ln  1cm 0.05cm 

k 
 250  ln  20 
 0.993 W/m  oC
2  120 
2- Heat transfer through a material enclosed between two
concentric spheres

After reaching the state of thermal stability, we take a

spherical shell of diameter ( r ) and thickness dr

dQ dT 2 dT
  kA   k  4 r 
dt dr dr
dQ dt
thermal stability dQ dt  constant   S  constant
4 k
T2 r2
2 dT dr
 S  r   dT   S  r 2
dr T 1 r 1
r2
 1 1 1  r1  r2 
T2  T1    S     S     S  
 r r1
r r
 2 1 r
 12 r


dQ
 k  4 r1r2 
 T2  T1 
 k  4 r1r2 
 T1  T2 
Where T1  T2 , r2  r1
dt  r1  r2   r2  r1 
 3. Heat transfer through parallel layers of different thickness
and material:

heat is transmitted at a constant dQ T  T  T  T  T  T 

rate through the three different  k1 A 1 2  k2 A 2 3  k3 A 3 4  ...
dt x1 x2 x3
layers.

x1 dQ x dQ x dQ
T1  T2  , T2  T3  2 and T3  T4  3
k1 A dt k2 A dt k3 A dt
Adding these equations

dQ  x1 x2 x3 
T1  T4   T1  T2   T2  T3   T3  T4      
dt  k1 A k 2 A k 3 A 

the thermal
resistance is dQ A T1  T4 
 
R  x kA dt  x1 x2 x3 
   
 k1 k2 k3 
 6. Heat transfer by thermal radiation

 Thermal Radiation requires no medium to

transfer heat. The heat that the Earth
receives from the sun is through Radiation.
This is because radiation occurs through
electromagnetic waves, and they do not
need a medium for transmission.
The Black Body Radiation
dQ
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
P   AT 4
dt
P - heat transfer per unit time (W)
  5.67  10 8 W / m2 o K 4 - The Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
T = absolute temperature in kelvins ( o K )
A = area of the emitting body ( m2 )
  5.67  10 8 W / m 2 o K 4
 0.714  10 9 Btu / h ft 2 o R 4
 Solar constant
the total amount of heat radiated from it is E
2 4
E  4 R  T
2
where 4 R is the area of the hot surface
irradiated by the sun. If the distance between
the sun and the earth is D,
The amount of heat falling from the sun per unit
area per unit time on the surface of the earth is the
solar constant GSC and is equal to

E 4 R 2 4 R 2
4
GSC = 2
 2
T   2 T
4 D 4 D D
 8. Heat Transfer by Convection

There are two types of convection, and they are:

 Natural convection
 Forced convection
Natural convection: When convection takes place due to buoyant force as there is a
difference in densities caused by the difference in temperatures it is known as natural
convection. Examples of natural convection are oceanic winds.
Forced convection: When external sources such as fans and pumps are used for creating
induced convection, it is known as forced convection. Examples of forced convection are
using water heaters or geysers for instant heating of water and using a fan on a hot summer
day.
dQ
Forced convection is related to Newton’s law of cooling P  h A T  To 
dt
P : is the rate at which heat is transferred h : is the convection heat-transfer coefficient,
A : is the exposed surface area, T : is the temperature of the immersed object,
To : is the temperature of the fluid which is under convection
 Convection Examples

The value of the heat-transfer coefficient h depends on:

 Density
 Viscosity
 Thermal conductivity
 Specific heat capacity
Sea breeze:

Land Breeze:
Example 1.5

The filament of a light bulb is 0.5 m long and 6×10-5 m in diameter. If the power of the
lamp is 60W, find the temperature of the filament. Given that the radiation from the hot
filament is equivalent to 80% of the radiation from an absolute black body at the same
temperature. ( Stefan-B constant 5.7×10-8 W/m2 oK4)
Solution
the total amount of heat radiated from the filament = the power of the lamp

 80%    A T 4  60 watt

The area A : A  2 rh  2  3 ×10 -5   0.5   9.42×10 -5 m 2

0.8   5  10 -8
 9.42  10 -5 2
m   60 watt
T 4

14
 60 
T    1997.6 o K
  0.8   5  10 -8  9.42  10 -5 m 2  
 