 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  1

DB‡ÛvR 2000/G·wc, wjbv·

KgwúDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
†÷c evB †÷c

iPbv
†K Gg Avjx †iRv
weGmwm Abvm© (dv÷© K¬vm) GgGmwm (dv÷© K¬vm)
dwjZ c`v_©we`¨v I B‡jKUªwb·, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

wmm&‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ
evsjvevRvi eyK GÛ KgwcDUvi Kg‡cø·
38/3, evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|
 2  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

KgwcDUvi †bUIqvwK©s †÷c evB †÷c

cÖKvkK : gvneyeyi ingvb

¯^Z¡vwaKvix
wmm&‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ

eY© web¨vm : mvnbvR cvifxb myBwU

wPÎ A¼b I
eY© m¾v : Avwidzi ingvb †ejvj

cÖ”Q` : gvneyeyi ingvb

cÖ_g cÖKvk : †g 2004

g~j¨ : 45.00 UvKv|

Computer Networking: Step by Step, by K M Ali Reza, Published by

Mahabubur Rahman, Proprietor Systech Publications, 38/3 Banglabazar,
Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh, Price Tk: 45.00 only.
E-mail:[email protected], [email protected]
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  3

m~wPcÎ
†bUIqvwK©s Gi †gŠwjK welqvw`
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© (Computer Network) wK? ................................................. 7
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s †_‡K cÖvß myweavw` ............................................................ 7
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi (Use of Network) .............................................. 8
Z_¨ wewbgq (Information Sharing) ..................................................................... 8
nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvwis .............................................................................. 8
mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvwis ............................................................................. 9
Z_¨ msiÿY ............................................................................................... 9
Z_¨ myiÿv ................................................................................................. 9
evZ©v ev †g‡mm Av`vb-cÖ`vb ........................................................................... 9
†bUIqvK©-Gi †gvwjK †kªYxwefvM ....................................................................10
K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi (Client-Server) †bUIqvK© .........................................................10
wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi (Peer to Peer) †bUIqvK© .........................................................10
wgkª ev nvBweªW (Hybrid) †bUIqvK© ................................................................. 11
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb ...................................................................... 11
†g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© .........................................................................12
IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ...............................................................................12
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i Dcv`vbmg~n ..................................................................12
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK ....................................................................12
wiwcUvi (Repeater) ...................................................................................12
weªR (Bridge) .......................................................................................... 13
ivDUvi (Router) .......................................................................................14
eªvDUvi (Brouter) ......................................................................................14
†MUI‡q (Gateway) ...................................................................................15
nve (Hub) ...............................................................................................16
UªvÝwgkb gva¨g (Transmission Media) ..........................................................16
K¨vej Kv‡bKUim (Cable Connectors) ..........................................................16
†bUIqvK© mdU&Iq¨vi (Network Software) .....................................................16
†cÖv‡UvKj wWfvBm WªvBfvi ............................................................................16
eûj e¨eüZ †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj ................................................................... 17
†bUIqvK© U‡cvjRx ..................................................................................... 18
evm......................................................................................................... 18
evm U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii myweav ........................................................................ 18
evm U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav ......................................................................19
÷vi (Star) ...............................................................................................19
÷vi U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii myweav ........................................................................19
÷vi U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav ................................................................... 20
 4  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wis (Ring) ............................................................................................... 20
wis U‡cvjRx e¨env‡ii myweav......................................................................... 20
wis U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav ..................................................................... 20
†bUIqvK© nvW©Iq¨vi I K¨vewjs
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK ....................................................................21
†bUIqvK© KvW© ms‡hvRb .............................................................................. 22
†bUIqvK© KvW© †mUAvc mdUIq¨vi e¨envi ....................................................... 24
g¨vK G‡Wªm (MAC Address) ...................................................................... 26
wbK Bb÷‡jkb (NIC Installation) ............................................................... 28
†bUIqvK© Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBmg~n .................................................................. 28
wiwcUvi Ges nve (Repeater and Hub) .......................................................... 29
nve (Hub) ............................................................................................... 29
nve Ges myBP-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ....................................................................... 30
eªxR Ges ivDUvi (Bridge and Router) .......................................................... 30
eªxR (Bridge) ........................................................................................... 31
ivDUvi (Router) ....................................................................................... 31
ivDUvi KbwdMv‡ikb ................................................................................... 32
֬vwUK ivDwUs (Static Routing) .................................................................. 32
†MUI‡q (Gateway) ................................................................................... 32
eªvDUvi (Brouter) ..................................................................................... 34
†bUIqvK© wgwWqv (Network Media)............................................................... 34
K¨vej gva¨‡gi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Cable Media) .......................................... 35
UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi K¨vej (Twisted Pair Cable) ................................................. 35
BDwUwc (UTP) K¨vej ................................................................................. 35
GmwUwc (STP) K¨vej ................................................................................. 37
†Kv-Gw·qvj (Co-axial) K¨vej ..................................................................... 38
dvBevi AcwUK (Fiber Optic) K¨vej ............................................................. 40
K¨vej Kv‡bKUim (Cable Connectors) ...........................................................41
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Kv‡bKUim (Optical Fiber Connectors) ................................ 42
myBP Ges ivDUv‡ii Gi Rb¨ K¨vewjs............................................................... 43
†ivjIfvi K¨vej ....................................................................................... 43
B_vi‡bU †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs ........................................................................ 44
†bUIqvK© †mUAvc I KbwdMv‡ikb
†bUIqvK© †mUAvc cÖ¯w‘ Z .............................................................................. 46
wUwmwc/AvBwc KbwdMv‡ikb .......................................................................... 47
DB‡ÛvR G·wc-†Z †bUIqvK© †mUAvc cÖwµqv .................................................... 62
†nvg ev ¯§j Awdm Gi Rb¨ †bUIqvK© †mUAvc DBRvW© ....................................... 72
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM c×wZ........................................................ 78
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  5

†bUIqvwK©s Gi †gŠwjK welqvw`

Networking Fundamentals

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© (Computer Network) wK?

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡”Q GK`j AvšÍtmshy³ (Interconnected) Kw¤úDUvi I mswkøó
wWfvBm hviv Lye mn‡R wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq Ges wi‡mvm© (Resource) †kqvi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †bUIqv‡K© †h mKj nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡jv wcÖ›Uvi,
d¨v· g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi Ges †÷v‡iR wWfvBm (†hgb nvW©wW¯‹, wmwW ev K¤ú¨v± wW¯‹), †cøvUvi
(Plotter) BZ¨vw`|

Aciw`‡K ÷¨vÛ-G¨v‡jvb (Stand alone) ev GKK Kw¤úDUvi ej‡Z †bUIqvK©f³ y bq

Ggb †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq ÷¨vÛ-G¨v‡jvb Kw¤úDUvi| ÷¨vÛ G¨v‡jvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K
cÖ‡mmK…Z WvUv, MÖvwd· ev WKz‡g›U‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡Z n‡j Zv wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U
Ki‡Z n‡e ev d¬wc wW‡¯‹ Kwc K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| †bUIqvwK©s -Gi †ÿ‡Î Gme Z_¨ ev WKz‡g›U
†kqvwis-Gi KvR¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi wbR †_‡K K‡i| †bUIqvK© e¨enviKvix ev BDRvi‡K wbR
`vwq‡Z¡ GB Z_¨¸‡jv‡K gyf Ki‡Z nq bv|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s †_‡K cÖvß myweavw`t Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i ga¨gwY n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUvi ev wcwm| ejvevûj¨ m¤cÖwZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z Z_¨cÖhyw³ µgvš^‡q evo‡Z evo‡Z †h
gnxiæ‡n cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Zv g~jZt GB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb| eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ aviY I evn‡b
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb weKí †bB| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ h_vh_ mdUIq¨v‡ii mgš^q NwU‡q Z_¨
cÖ‡mm (Process) Kiv nq| Avi GB cÖ‡mmK…Z Z‡_¨i Aeva cÖevn Ges e¨enviKvix‡`i
wbKU Gi mnRjf¨Zv †h‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`bkxjZv (Productivity) eû¸Y evwo‡q
 6  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
†`q| Lye mvaviYfv‡e hw` ewj Zv n‡j GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b wbæewY©Z myweavewj
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K t
 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms (Word Processing)
 MÖvwd· wWRvBb (Graphics Design)
 wmgy¨‡jkb (Simulation)
 GKvDw›Us (Accounting)
 wbD‡gwiK G¨vbvjvBwmm (Numeric Analysis)
 WvUv‡eR (Database)
 Bb‡fbUwi UªvwKs (Inventory Tracking)

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi (Use of Network) t

eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i e¨env‡ii †ÿÎ †ek cÖmvwiZ| w`b w`b Gi e¨envi I
Kvh©KvwiZv Av‡iv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨env‡ii Ggb wKQy †ÿÎ wb‡P
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
K) Z_¨ wewbgq (Information Sharing) t e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡b nq‡Zv me ai‡bi Z_¨
wewbgq ev †kqvi Kiv wbivc` bq| Z‡e †bUIqvK© e¨eüZ nq Ggb cÖwZôvbmg~n wbæewY©Z
Z_¨vewj GKwU †K›`ªxq mvf©v‡i ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Zv wbqwš¿Z Dcv‡q K¬v‡q›U‡`i e¨env‡ii
Rb¨ †kqvi K‡i t
 Bb‡fbUwi (Inventory)
 †Kv¤úvwb †jUvi‡nW ev †jUvi ÷vBj (Company Letterhead or Letter
Style)
 †mjm KbUv± Bbdi‡gkb (Sales Contact Information)
 cÖwmwWDi g¨vbyqvj (Procedure Manual)
 dvBb¨vbwmqvj †iKW© (Financial Records)
 Kg©Pvixi †iKW© (Employee Records)
 †Kv¤úvwb †g‡gvm (Company Memos)
L) nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvwis (Hardware Resource Sharing) t aiæb, GKwU
Awd‡m 10wU Kw¤úDUvi I GKwU wcÖ›Uvi Av‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv I wcÖ›UviwU †bUIqvK©fy³
bq| GKgvÎ wcÖ›UviwU ïay GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³| GgZe¯’vq evwK
Kw¤úDUvi hviv wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ bq Zv‡`i †Kvb WKz‡g›U wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j nq| d¬wc
wW‡· K‡i wcÖ›Uvi mshy³ Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e A_ev wcÖ›UviwU mwi‡q wb‡q H
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| WKz‡g›U wcÖ›U Kivi Rb¨ GB `y‡Uv cÖwµqvB †ek
Sv‡gjvc~Y© Zv GB D`vniY †_‡K †ek cwi®‹vi|DcwiD³ mgm¨vi GKgvÎ mgvavb n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Ges wcÖ›Uvi‡K GKwU †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv|
†bUIqvK©fy³ n‡j †h‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Abvqv‡m H GKwU gvÎ wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U Re
cvVv‡bv m¤¢e| A_©vr wcÖ›UviwU G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU †kqviK…Z nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm©| Gai‡bi Av‡iv
†kqvi‡hvM¨ †hmKj nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© Av‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ¯‹¨vbvi, †cøUvi, nvW© wW¯‹ †¯úm
Ges g‡Wg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  7
M) mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvwis (Software Resource Sharing) t hLb †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †K›`ªxqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j I KbwdMvi Kiv nq, ZLb H
mdUIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg cy‡iv cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ K¬v‡q›U‡`i Rb¨ e¨envi‡hvM¨ wi‡mvm© n‡q
hvq| GB cÖwµqvq †bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi
IqvK©‡jvW (Workload) A‡bKLvwb K‡g Av‡m|
N) Z_¨ msiÿY (Information Preservation) t †bUIqvwK©s-Gi d‡j GKwU †K›`ªxq
†÷v‡iR wgwWqv ev mvf©v‡i mKj K¬v‡q›U hveZxq Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib ev e¨vKAvc
(Backup) wb‡Z cv‡ib| †K›`ªxq wbf©i‡hvM¨ †÷v‡iR wgwWqv‡Z WvUv msiÿ‡Yi d‡j
¸iæZ¡c~Y© WvUvi nVvr K‡i webó n‡q hvevi m¤¢vebv A‡bKLvwb K‡g Av‡m| †Kvb ÷¨vÛ-
G¨v‡jvb ev †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K WvUv e¨vKAvc †bqv GKwU KwVb
e¨vcvi| wKš‘ †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU †K›`ªxq wW‡· wbqwgZ WvUv e¨vKAvc †bqv eûjvs‡k mnR
Ges Sv‡gjvgy³|
O) Z_¨ myiÿv (Information Protection) t †bUIqvK© wfwËK Kw¤úDwUs-G cÖwZwU
BDRvi ev e¨enviKvixi AbyK~‡j GKwU ¯^Zš¿ bvg I cvmIqvW© eivÏ †`qv nq| BDRvi hw`
H †bUIqv‡K©i wi‡mvm© e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq Zv n‡j Aek¨B Zv‡K GB eivÏK…Z bvg I
cvmIqvW© wbf©yjfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j †bUIqvK© e¨env‡i Aby‡gvw`Z Ggb †KD
B‡”Q Ki‡jB msiwÿZ WvUvi bvMvj †c‡q hv‡e bv|
P) evZ©v ev †g‡mm Av`vb-cÖ`vb (Exchanging Message) t Awd‡mi g‡a¨ GK¯’vb
†_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b KvM‡R Kj‡g †Kvb Z_¨ ev WKz‡g›U ev evZ©v Av`vb-cÖ`vb GKw`‡K †hgb
mgq mv‡cÿ Ab¨ w`‡K GwU e¨qeûjI e‡U| †bUIqvK©fy³ K¬v‡q›U G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
B‡jKUªwbK †gBj ev B-†gBj AvKv‡i WKz‡g›U †jb‡`b Ges ZvrÿwYK evZ©v (Instant
Message) wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i Lye mn‡RB| GB cÖwµqvq Awd‡mi Kv‡R Av‡m `ª æZZv Ges
GiB mv‡_ WKz‡g›U ev evZ©vi wbivcËvi M¨vivw›UI _v‡K kZKiv GKkZ fvM|
 8  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

†bUIqvK©-Gi †gvwjK †kªYxwefvM (Basic Type of Network)

†bUIqv‡K©i wbqš¿Y KvVv‡gv Ges mvw©f©m cÖ`v‡bi ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †bUIqvK©‡K
cÖavbZt wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v (K) K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi †bUIqvK© (L) wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi
†bUIqvK© I (M) wgkª ev nvBweªW †bUIqvK©|
(K) K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi (Client-Server) †bUIqvK© t Gai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i ga¨gwY n‡”Q
GK ev GKvwaK †WwW‡K‡UW mvf©vi| GB †WwW‡K‡UW mvf©vi K¬v‡q›U wcwmi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i| mvwf©mmg~‡ni AvIZvq cÖavYZ hv _v‡K Zv n‡jv dvBj, wcÖ›U †g‡mR,
WvUv‡eR, G¨vwcø‡Kkb BZ¨vw`|
†h †K›`ªxq mvf©v‡i K¬v‡q›U ev BDRviiv cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vewj msiÿY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq
mvf©vi | †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi GB msiwÿZ Z_¨vewj Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi K‡i Zv‡K ejv
nq K¬v‡q›U| mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi K¬v‡q›U Kw¤úDUv‡ii Zzjbvq AwaK kw³kvjx n‡q _v‡K Ges
G‡K mwµq ivL‡Z we‡kl ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ n‡”Q G
ai‡bi mvf©vi Ges K¬v‡q‡›Ui GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Zz‡j aiv n‡jv | D‡jøL¨,
mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB †¯úwmwd‡Kkb cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|

K‡¤úv‡b›U K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi

1. cÖ‡mmi (Processor) B‡›Uj 486 ev Z`~aŸ© †cw›Uqvg
2. wWm‡cø (Display) wfwRG ev Gi †P‡q DbœZ wfwRG ev Gi †P‡q DbœZ
3. nvW© wW· †¯úm Kgc‡ÿ 50 †gMvevBU Kgc‡ÿ 90 †gMvevBU
(Hard Disk Space)
4. †g‡gvwi (Memory) Kgc‡ÿ 8 †gMvevBU Kgc‡ÿ 16 †gMvevBU

(L) wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi (Peer to Peer) †bUIqvK© t GB cÖKv‡ii †bUIqv‡K© cªwZwU wcwm

wi‡mvm© (Resource) †kqvwis-Gi †ÿ‡Î mgvb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b †Kvb
†WwW‡K‡UW mvf©vi _v‡K bv, d‡j wcwm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸iæ‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K †Kvb †k&ªYx web¨vmI
†bB GLv‡b| cÖwZwU c„_K wcwm Zvi WvUvi wbivcËv weav‡b wb‡RB `vqx _v‡K| wcwmi
e¨enviKvix G‡ÿ‡Î wba©viY K‡i †`b Zvi †Kvb dvBj ev WvUv †bUIqv‡K© Ab¨vb¨‡`i
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Db¥y³ _vK‡e|

 wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK© †QvU IqvK©MÖæ‡ci Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| G‡Z

†WwW‡K‡UW mvf©vi Abycw¯’Z| G ai‡Yi †bUIqv‡K© ‡kqviW wi‡mvm©mg~‡ni ev WvUvi
wbivcËv AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| K¬v‡q›U Kw¤úDUviB mvf©vi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  9

wPÎ t wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU D`vniY

(M) wgkª ev nvBweªW (Hybrid) †bUIqvK© t wgkª ev nvBweªW †bUIqvK© g~jZt K¬v‡q›U
mvf©vi I wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU mgš^q| mvaviYZt nvBweªW †bUIqv‡K© K¬v‡q›U
mvf©vi As‡ki cÖvavb¨ _v‡K| Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk GLv‡b ¯^í we¯Ív‡i wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi
†bUIqv‡K©i Ask †Rvov †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
AvKvi ev AvK…wZ Ges we¯Í…wZi Dci Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© wb‡æv³fv‡e fvM
Kiv nq t
K) †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb (LAN- Local Area Network) t GKwU wbw`©ó
feb ev K¨v¤úv‡m hw` GK`j Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©fy³ nq Zvn‡j †mwU j¨vb bv‡g cwiwPZ
n‡e| j¨v‡bi Aax‡b †Kvb GKwU fe‡bi GKB Zvjvq Aew¯’Z me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi _vK‡Z
cv‡i A_ev †Kvb GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi GKB fe‡bi KvQvKvwQ

wPÎ t Lye mvaviY cÖK…wZi GKwU j¨vb †hLv‡b KwZcq Kw¤úDUvi gvÎ hy³ n‡q‡Q|
 10  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
†d¬v‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv j¨vbfy³ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU wbw`©©ó `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡K _vK‡Z n‡e|
L) †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (MAN- Metropoliton Area Network)t g¨vb ev
†g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© n‡”Q KZK¸‡jv j¨vb †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^q hv GKwU cy‡iv kni
ev eo AvKv‡ii †Kvb GjvKve¨vcx we¯Í…Z|
M) IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAN- Wide Area Network) t Iqvb ev IqvBW
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© n‡”Q KZK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨v‡bi †bUIqvK© hviv wewfbœ `~i‡Z¡
Aew¯’Z| Iqv‡bi AvIZvq Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †Kej GKwU kn‡iB mxgve× _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev
G¸‡jv we‡k¦i wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Qwo‡q wQwU‡qI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Iqv‡bi cy‡iv welqwU wbf©i
Ki‡Q wdwRK¨vj jvBb, dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej, m¨v‡UjvBU UªvÝwgkb,Ges gvB‡µvI‡qf
UªvÝwgk‡bi Dci|

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i Dcv`vbmg~n t

(Components of a Computer Network)
GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡iI Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb (nvW©Iq¨vi wWfvBm Ges mdU&Iq¨vi) cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kvb †bUIqv‡K©
wK wK Dcv`vb ev K‡¤úv‡b›U cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv cy‡ivcywi wbf©i Ki‡Q Zv H †bUIqv‡K©i aib
Ges we¯Z…wZi Dci| GLv‡b mPivPi e¨eüZ n‡”Q Ggb Dcv`vb¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv |
G‡`i wel‡q cieZx© Aa¨v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
K) †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK (NIC-Network Interface Card)t
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©‡K (Gi D”PviY n‡e wbK ( nick)) wewfbœ bv‡g WvKv n‡q _v‡K|
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©, †bUIqvK© KvW© ev †bUIqvK©© GWvÞvi bv‡g GwU me©vwaK
cwiwPZ| B›Uvi‡dm KvW© n‡”Q Ggb GKwU nvW©Iq¨vi hv GKwU wcwm ev Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vcb ev
Bb÷j Kiv nq Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ G‡K mshy³ Kivi Kv‡R| †bUIqvK© GWvÞvi KvW©
g~jZt wWwRUvj AvKv‡i WvUv GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †jb‡`b K‡i _v‡K|
L) wiwcUvi (Repeater) t †bUIqv‡K© UªvÝwgkb wgwWqvi ga¨ w`‡q hLb †Kvb
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK I‡qe ev wmMb¨vj Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb wgwWqv GB wmMb¨vj‡K `ye©j K‡i
†d‡j| wmMb¨vj `ye©j n‡q covq GB welqwU‡K ejv nq GwUwbD‡qkb (Attenuation) |
D‡jøL¨ G GwUwbD‡qkbB wKš‘ wgwWqvi ga¨ w`‡q wmMb¨vj AwZµg‡hvM¨ `~i‡Z¡i Dci jvMvg
†U‡b †`q|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  11

M) weªR (Bridge) t bb-ivDU¨vej †cÖv‡UvK‡ji †ÿ‡Î wmMb¨vj‡K GK †mM‡g›U †_‡K

Ab¨ †mM‡g›U cvVv‡Z weªR e¨eüZ nq| weªR mvaviYZ †QvU AvKv‡ii †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ LyeB
Kvh©Kix GKwU Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBm| bb-ivDU¨vej †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q hv GK †bUIqvK© †_‡K
Ab¨ †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›U WvUv †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 12  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

N) ivDUvi (Router) t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK jwRK¨vj (Logical) c„_K Ggb †bUIqvK©‡K

mshy³ Ki‡Z ivDUvi jwRK¨vj I wdwRK¨vj G¨v‡Wªwms c×wZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| ivDUvi
ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi KvRwU mgvav K‡i _v‡K eo eo †bUIqvK©‡K †QvU †QvU jwRK¨vj †bUIqvK©
†mM‡g‡›U AM©vbvBR Kivi gva¨‡g| GB cÖwZwU †QvU †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K ejv nq
mve‡bUIqvK© (Subnetwork) ev mve‡bU (Subnet) | ivDUvi Avevi cÖwZwU mve‡b‡Ui
wecix‡Z GKwU K‡i jwRK¨vj G¨v‡Wªm eivÏ w`‡q _v‡K|

O) eªvDUvi (Brouter) t Lye mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j eªvDUvi n‡”Q ivDUvi I weª‡Ri
mgwó | A_©vr eªvDUvi = ivDUvi + weªR| eªvDUvi e¨env‡ii cÖavb myweav n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g
†h‡Kvb †cÖv‡UvKj ivDwUs Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc eªvDUv‡i AvBwc (IP) ivDUvi Ask
e¨envi Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K bb-ivDU¨vej †cÖv‡UvKj †bUeyB (NetBEUI) weªR Ask e¨envi
Ki‡e| GB B›Uvi‡bUIqvK© Dfq †cÖv‡UvKj e¨env‡ii myweav †`q| eªvDUvi g~jZt GKwU
mdU&Iq¨vi hv ivDUv‡ii Dci KvR K‡i|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  13

P) †MUI‡q (Gateway) t ivDUvi mdjfv‡e ïay H mg¯Í †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z

cv‡i hv‡`i †cÖv‡UvKj¸‡jv GKB c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i| hw` †bUIqvK©mg~‡ni †cÖv‡UvKj¸‡jv
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ iK‡gi nq, Zv n‡j ivDUv‡ii †P‡qI AwaK kw³kvjx I eyw×gvb wWfvB‡mi
cÖ‡qvRb nq, Avi GB wWfvBmwU n‡”Q †MUI‡q|
NetOP Host Gateway Diagram
 14  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
Q) nve (Hub) t nve ev myBP n‡”Q †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask hv ÷vi
U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvBmU wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| eZ©gv‡b nv‡ei cwie‡Z© †bUIqv‡K©
myBP e¨eüZ n‡”Q| myB‡Pi mv‡_ nv‡ei cÖavb cv_©K¨ n‡jv myBP wmMb¨vj wiwmf Kivi ci
Zv mivmwi Uv‡M©U †cvU© ev †cvU©mg~‡n †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ nve wiwmf Kiv wmMb¨vj mKj
†cv‡U© B cvVvq, G‡ÿ‡Î Uv‡M©U †cvU© wmMb¨vj MªnY K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †cvU© Zv AMªvn¨ K‡i
|
R) UªvÝwgkb gva¨g (Transmission Media) t hvi gva¨‡g GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ wdwRK¨vwj (Physically) mshy³ nq Zv‡K UªvÝwgkb
gva¨g e‡j| K¨vej (Cable) ev Zvi, †iwWI I‡qe, gvB‡µvI‡qe BZ¨vw` UªvÝwgkb
gva¨‡gi D`vniY|
S) K¨vej Kv‡bKUim (Cable Connectors) t Kv‡bKU‡ii Ae¯’vb n‡”Q K¨vej I
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm Kv‡W©i (NIC-Network Interface Card) g‡a¨ | A_©vr GwU
†bUIqv‡K©i K¨vej Ges GbAvBwm‡K mshy³ K‡i _v‡K|
T) †bUIqvK© mdU&Iq¨vi (Network Software) t mvaviYZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gB
†bUIqvK© mdU&Iq¨vi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †W¯‹Uc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi (†hgb DB‡ÛvR
95/9/2000/G·wc) weë-Bb fv‡eB †bUIqvK© mÿg| Giv †Kvb cÖKvi `vgx mdUIq¨vi
Bb÷j Kiv QvovB Ab¨vb¨ wcwmÕi mv‡_ Z_¨vw` Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi
mdU&Iq¨vi‡K ejv nq †bUIqvK© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev bm (NOS-Network Operating
System)|
wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK©‡K bm wn‡m‡e Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gB h‡_ó| wKš‘ K¬v‡q›U/mvf©vi
†bUIqv‡K© mvf©vi mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvf©vi mdUIq¨v‡ii D`vniY n‡”Q
DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi, DB‡ÛvR GbwU-4 mvf©vi BZ¨vw`| DB‡ÛvR wfwËK bm h_vh_fv‡e
KbwdMvi K‡i Ab¨vb¨ bb-DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †hgb g¨vKIGm, BDwb·, wjbv‡·i
mv‡_ mn‡RB KwgDwb‡KU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
P) †cÖv‡UvKj wWfvBm WªvBfvi t GKwU †bUIqvK©‡K Kg©ÿg Kivi Rb¨ †bUIqvK© fvlv ev
†cÖv‡UvKj GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †cÖv‡UvK‡ji gva¨‡gB †bUIqvK© WvUv GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨
cÖv‡šÍ enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| †mU Av‡ci mgq Avcbv‡K GwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb
†bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvfy³ cÖwZwU K¬v‡q›U Ges mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi †hb Awfbœ ev K¤úvU¨vej
†cÖv‡UvKj WªvBfvi e¨envi K‡i| wm‡÷g hv‡Z GKm‡½ GKvwaK †cÖv‡UvKj mv‡cvU© Ki‡Z
cv‡i †mRb¨ Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a GKvwaK wm‡÷g mvwf©m (System Service) Bb÷j
Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© eZ©gv‡b eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q †cÖv‡UvKjmg~n
n‡”Q †bUeyB, AvBwcG·/GmwcG· Ges wUwmwc/AvBwc| G‡`i wel‡q ciewZ©‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  15
eûj e¨eüZ †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj t
(K) wUwmwc(TCP-Transmission Control Protocol)t wUwmwc †cÖv‡UvKj g~jZt
B›Uvi‡bU †cÖv‡UvKj my‡Ui Uªv݇cvU© (Transport) mvwf©m †cÖv‡UvKj wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
(L) AvBwc(IP-Internet Protocol)t AvBwc n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU †cÖv‡UvKj myB‡Ui GKwU
Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb hv g~jZ: WvUvMÖvg (Datagram) wba©viY (Define) I
ivDwUs(Routing)-Gi KvR K‡i _v‡K| AvBwcÕi wel‡q Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv cieZx©‡Z Kiv n‡e|
(M) AvBwcG·/GmwcG· (IPX/SPX-Internetwork Packet Exchange/
Sequenced Packet Exchange)t AvBwcG· /GmwcG· †cÖv‡UvKj myB‡Ui mªóv
n‡”Q †bv‡fj (Novel) †Kv¤úvwb| GwU †bv‡fj †bUIq¨vi †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ
GKwU †cÖv‡UvKj| G †cÖv‡UvKjwU ivDU¨vej (Routable)| GLv‡b ivDwUs ej‡Z
hv eySv‡bv nq Zvn‡jv GwU Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hv‡Z WvUv †bUIqv‡K©i GK
†mM‡g›U (Segment) †_‡K Ab¨ †mM‡g‡›U PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(N) †bUeyB (NetBEUI-NetBIOS Extended User Interface) t †bUeyB
†cÖv‡UvKjwU AvBweGg (IBM) ˆZwi K‡iwQj g~jZt †QvU AvK…wZi †bUIqvK©
IqvK©MÖæ‡c (Workgroup) e¨env‡ii Rb¨| G †cÖv‡UvKjwU ivD‡Ue¨j
(Routable) bq, A_©vr †bUIqv‡K© WvUv c¨v‡KU GK †mM‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨
†mM‡g‡›U AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(O) GBPwUwUwc (HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol)t Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe
(www-World Wide Web)-Gi †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q GB GBPwUwUwc, hvi mvnv‡h¨
I‡qe †cR B›Uvi‡b‡Ui GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨cªv‡šÍ Qy‡U †eovq|
(P) GdwUwc (FTP-File Transfer Protocol)t B›Uvi‡b‡Ui AvIZvaxb †Kvb dvBj
ev I‡qe mvf©vi †_‡K eo AvK…wZ †Kvb dvBj ev WvUv WvDb‡jvW ( Download)
Ges Avc‡jv‡Wi (Upload) Rb¨ GdwUwc e¨envi Kiv nq| Avc‡jvW n‡”Q
Avcbvi wcwm †_‡K dvBj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui dvBj ev I‡qe mvf©v‡i †cÖiY Kiv
Aciw`‡K B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K †Kvb dvBj ev Kb‡U›U Avcbvi wcwm‡Z wb‡q Avmvi
welqwU n‡jv WvDb‡jvW|
cwi‡k‡l mvi-ms‡ÿc wn‡m‡e hv ejv hvq Zv n‡jv †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb wcwm-†K mwµq Ki‡Z
n‡j Avcbv‡K wb‡Pi wZbwU cÖavb mdU&Iq¨vi K‡¤úv‡b›U Bb÷j Ges Zv KbwdMvi Ki‡Z
n‡eÑ
 wbK WªvBfvi
 †cÖv‡UvKj WªvBfvi/WªvBfvimg~n
 K¬v‡q›U/mvf©vi mvwf©‡mm
 16  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

†bUIqvK© U‡cvjRx t
†bUIqv‡K©i wdwRK¨vj wWfvBm ev K‡¤úv‡b›U (Component) †hgbÑ K¨vej, wcwm, ivDUvi
BZ¨vw` †hfv‡e †bUIqv‡K© ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq U‡cvjwR|
†bUIqvK© U‡cvjRx g~jZ †bUIqv‡K©i wdwRK¨vj †j-AvDU (Layout) eY©bv K‡i _v‡K|
wdwRK¨vj †j-AvDU ej‡Z GLv‡b eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi ev wcÖ›Uv‡ii Ae¯’vb Ges
K¨vej ev Zvi¸‡jv G‡`i‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z wKfv‡e web¨¯Í n‡q‡Q †m welqwU| †bUIqvK©
U‡cvjwR‡K Avevi †KD †KD wdwRK¨vj U‡cvjwR wn‡m‡eI AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
wdwRK¨vj †bUIqvK© U‡cvjRx‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU †gŠwjK †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv
n‡”QÑ
1. evm (Bus) t evm U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©fy³ mg¯Í Kw¤úDUvi GKwU gvÎ K¨vej
Øviv mshy³ _v‡K Ges K¨ve‡ji †kl cÖv‡šÍ GKwU Uvwg©‡bUi (Terminator)
jvMv‡bv _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc GLv‡b ejv hvq w_b‡bU †Kv-Gw·‡qj (Thinnet
Co-axial) K¨vej Øviv mshy³ B_vi‡bU †bUIqvK© evm U‡cvjwR MVb K‡i
_v‡K| D‡jøL¨ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s-Gi ïiæ †_‡KB evm U‡cvjwR B_vi‡bU
†bUIqvK© ÷¨vÛvW©-Gi mv‡_ AZ¨šÍ wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z|

wPÎ : evm U‡cvjRx wewkó GKwU †bUIqvK©|

evm U‡cvjwRi cÖavb K¨vejwU‡K ejv nq e¨vK‡evb (Backbone)| wmMb¨vj hLb e¨vK‡ev‡b
Pjv‡div K‡i ZLb †bUIqvK©fy³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi GB wmMb¨vj MÖnY K‡i| wKšÍ G‡`i ga¨
†_‡K ïay GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wmMb¨vj MÖnY K‡i, evwKiv G‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i|

evm U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii myweav t

 GB U‡cvjwR †QvU AvKv‡ii †bUIqv‡K© e¨envi Lye mnR I GwU wek¦¯Í|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷¸‡jv‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z GB U‡cvjwR‡Z me‡P‡q
Kg K¨vej cÖ‡qvRb nq, d‡j G‡Z LiPI mvkªq nq|
 †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb ev evm mn‡R m¤cÖmviY Kiv hvq| `y‡Uv c„_K K¨vej‡K
GKwU weGbwm e¨v‡ij Kv‡b±i (BNC Barrel Connector) w`‡q †Rvov jvwM‡q
GKwU j¤^v K¨ve‡j iƒc †`qv hvq Ges G‡Z Av‡iv AwaK msL¨K Kw¤úDUvi‡K
ms‡hvM †`qv m¤¢e nq|
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z evm m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wiwcUviI e¨envi Kiv hvq|
wiwcUvi wmMb¨v‡ji gvb evwo‡q †`q Ges Zv Av‡iv j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡g mg_©
nq|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  17
evm U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav t
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úUvi msL¨v †ewk n‡j cÖPÐ UªvwdK m„wó nq Ges WvUv UªvÝwgkb
wewNœZ nq| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb mgš^‡qi e¨e¯’v †bB|
†h‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †h‡Kvb mg‡q WvUv UªvÝwgkb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j
†bUIqv‡K©i cÖPzi e¨vÛDBW_ bó nq| GB e¨e¯’v WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z©
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv G‡K Aci‡K evav w`‡Z †ewk mgq bó K‡i|
 mshy³ `y‡Uv K¨ve‡ji ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z ms‡hvRK wWfvBm Kv‡b±i K¨ve‡ji
ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ WvUv wmMb¨vj‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q|
 evm U‡cvjwR‡Z m„ó mgm¨v wbY©q
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ek RwUj|
K¨ve‡ji GKwU gvÎ ¯’v‡b m„ó
ÎæwU ev †eªK (Break) cy‡iv
†bUIqvK©‡K APj K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡i|
2. ÷vi (Star)t ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z
†bUIqvK©fy³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi ev wcwm
GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvBm-Gi (Device) mv‡_
mshy³ _v‡K| †K›`ªxq wWfvBmwU n‡Z cv‡i
GKwU nve (Hub) ev myBP (Switch)| ÷vi
U‡cvjwRi D`vniY n‡”Q UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi
(Twisted-Pair-10BaseT) K¨vej Øviv
mshy³ GKwU B_vi‡bU †bUIqvK©|
wPÎ : ÷vi U‡cvjRx wewkó GKwU †bUIqvK©|
†Kvb Kw¤úDUvi WvUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv cÖ_‡g †m nv‡e A_ev myB‡P cvwV‡q †`q|
Gici nve †m wmMb¨vj‡K jÿ¨¯’‡j cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vh_ iæ‡U †Q‡o †`q| †Kvb
†bUIqv‡K© GKvwaK nvehy³ n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq wUª ( Tree) ev nvqiviwKK¨vj
(Hierarchical) U‡cvjwR| GKwU ÷vi U‡cvjwR cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU jwRK¨vj evm U‡cvjwRi
g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Zvi KviY ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©fy³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi Drm †_‡K
AvMZ wmMb¨v‡ji bvMvj cvq wKš‘ ïay Uv‡M©U Kw¤úDUvi wmMb¨vj MÖnY K‡i evwKiv H
wmMb¨vj‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i _v‡K|
÷vi U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii myweav t
 evwK †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó bv K‡iB ÷v‡i bZzb Kw¤úDUvi
†hvM Kiv m¤¢e| †K›`ªxq Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vwcZ nve †_‡K GKwU K¨vej †U‡b wb‡q Zvi
mv‡_ GB bZzb Kw¤úDUviwU Ry‡o †`qv hvq|
 †K›`ªxqfv‡e e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ †bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v wbiƒcY mnR| Bb‡Uwj‡R›U
nve e¨envi Ki‡j Zvi mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqv‡K©i Kg©KvÐ Z_v IqvK©‡jvW gwbUwis
Kiv hvq|
 GKwU gvÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb mgm¨v m„wó n‡j evwK †bUIqv‡K© Zvi cÖfve c‡o
bv| Lye mn‡RB ÷vi †_‡K mgm¨v AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUviwU mwi‡q †bqv hvq|
 GKB †bUIqv‡K© wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej e¨envi Kiv hvq|
 18  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
÷vi U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav t
 †K›`ªxq Ae¯’v‡b _vKv nv‡e †Kvb cÖKvi mgm¨v n‡j Zv cy‡iv †bUIqvK©‡K
A‡K‡Rv K‡i †`q|
 ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡b K¨vej e¨eüZ nq weavq GwU GKwU
e¨qeûj c×wZ|
3. wis (Ring)t GB U‡cvjwR‡Z mKj wcwm ev †bUIqvK© wWfvBm mivmwi G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡_ wis ev gvjv AvK…wZ‡Z mshy³ _v‡K| wis-Gi †Kvb GK ¯’v‡b fvOb m„wó n‡j Zv cy‡iv
†bUIqvK©‡K APj K‡i †`q| G Kvi‡Y wis U‡cvjwRi †bUIqv‡K© WvUv UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’v
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wØZxq GKwU wis †hvM Kiv nq| G wis-wU‡K ejv nq †m‡KÛvwi wis
(Secondary Ring)| †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖvBgvwi wis weKj n‡q †M‡j †h‡Kvb GKwU †bvW Zv
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e kbv³ K‡i
Ges ZLb †m‡KÛvwi wis WvUv
UªvÝwgkb Kivi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
K‡i| cÖvBgvwi wis †hw`‡K
WvUv UªvÝwgkb K‡i,
†m‡KÛvwi wis Zvi w`K
D‡ëvw`‡K WvUv c¨v‡KU
UªvÝwgkb K‡i _v‡K| wis
U‡cvjwRi GKwU ev¯Íe
D`vniY n‡”Q dvBevi
÷¨vÛvW© hv dvBevi
wWw÷ªweDkb WvUv B›Uvi‡dm
(FDDI-Fiber Distribution
Data Interface) bv‡g
cwiwPZ| wPÎ : wis U‡cvjRx wewkó GKwU †bUIqvK©|
GLv‡b e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †Uv‡Kb wis Avm‡j †Kvb wdwRK¨vj wis U‡cvjwR bq, GwU GK
ai‡bi jwRK¨vj wis U‡cvjwR hv wdwRK¨vj ÷vi U‡cvjwRi Dc‡i KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wis U‡cvjRx e¨env‡ii myweav t
 †h‡nZz †bUIqv‡K© Aew¯’Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi WvUv UªvÝwgkb-Gi Rb¨ †Uv‡Kb
e¨env‡ii mgvb AwaKvi cvq ZvB WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb
Kw¤úDUviB GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v evo‡jI Gi `ÿZv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nq bv|
wis U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii Amyweav t
 †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU gvÎ Kw¤úDUvi mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©
APj n‡q co‡e|
 wis U‡cvjwRi †bUIqv‡K© mgm¨v wbiƒcY †ek RwUj|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  19
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv cy‡iv
†bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ K‡i
 20  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

†bUIqvK© nvW©Iq¨vi I K¨vewjs

Network Hardware and Cabling

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q G ch©šÍ Avgiv †bUIqvwK©s-Gi †gŠwjK
welqvw` Ges Gi wKQy K‡¤úv‡b›U wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ hv †bUIqv‡K©i AeKvVv‡gv ev
Bbd«v÷ªvKPvi MVb K‡i| K‡¤úv‡b›U¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj †bUIqvK© wgwWqv ev
gva¨g, Kv‡bKUi| GQvov Av‡iv KwZcq nvW©Iq¨v‡ii welqI Av‡jvPbvq D‡V G‡m‡Q| G
Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K Ggb wKQy nvW©Iq¨vi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK

(Network Interface Card or NIC)
†h‡Kvb cÖK…wZi †bUIqvwK©s Ki‡Z †M‡jB †h wWfvmBwm mePvB‡Z Av‡M cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv
n‡”Q †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm ev G¨vWvÞvi KvW©| bZzb †bUIqvK© KvW© wKb‡Z †M‡j Avcbv‡K
Gi †ek K‡qKwU wdPv‡ii w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e ZvQvov `ªæZ WvUv UªvÝdvi MwZm¤úbœ
†bUIqvK© M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K cy‡iv‡bv KvW©‡K Avc‡MÖW Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme welq
wb‡qB Gevi ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|
 †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK IGmAvB g‡W‡ji wØZxq ¯—i A_©vr WvUv wj¼
†jqv‡ii GKwU wWfvBm|

wPÎ : GKwU eûj e¨eüZ †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©

†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev †bUIqvK© G¨vWvÞvi ev wbK †bUIqvwKs© -Gi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wWfvBm| wbK-†K †bUIqv‡K© mwµq Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Gi Dchy³ mdU&Iq¨vi ev
WªvBfvi (Driver)| G mdUIq¨viwU wbK wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb ev †Kv¤úvwb nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_
mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
GKwU wbK g~jZ wcwm Ges WvUv K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨ wWwRUvj WvUv ev wmMb¨vj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi
welqwU mgš^q K‡i _v‡K| Gi evB‡i wbK wbæewY©Z `vwqZ¡¸‡jv cvjb K‡i _v‡K t
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  21
 WvUv K¨vej Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb;
 wWwRUvj WvUv wmMb¨vj‡K jwRK¨vj AvKv‡i A_©vr 1 I 0 AvKv‡i K¨ve‡ji ga¨
w`‡q Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv;
 †bUIqvK© WªvBfvi †_‡K Z_¨ MÖnY Kiv Ges WªvBfvi cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kvewj
(Instructions) cvjb Kiv|
Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i hw` †Kvb eªWe¨vÛ (Broadband) B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †hgb K¨vej ev
wWGmGj (DSL-Digital Subscriber Line) A_ev GwU hw` j¨v‡b ( LAN-Local Area
Network) mshy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j Kw¤úDUviwU‡Z G¨vWvÞvi KvW© Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡e| hw`I
B‡Zvg‡a¨ †bUIqvK© KvW© mvgwMÖKfv‡e ÷¨vÛvi©vB‡Rk‡bi w`K †_‡K h‡_ó DbœZ n‡q‡Q,
ZviciI eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i †h mKj KvW© cvIqv hv‡”Q , †m¸‡jvi gvb I ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ we¯Íi
cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i mvnv‡h¨ Avcwb †bUIqv‡K©i WvUv
UªvÝwgkb MwZ Ges wek¦¯ÍZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡ib| evRv‡i †h mKj KvW© GLb cvIqv hv‡”Q
†m¸‡jv †gvUvgywUfv‡e Avcbvi µq mxgvi g‡a¨B Av‡Q| gvÎ 400 UvKv †_‡K 4000 UvKv
`v‡giI †bUIqvK© KvW© Avcwb nv‡Zi bvMv‡jB cv‡eb| †bUIqvK© KvW©wU hw` GK eQ‡ii
AwaK cyiv‡bv nq Zvn‡j Gi Avc‡MÖ‡Wk‡bi gva¨‡g `ÿZv eû¸Y evwo‡q †bqv hvq|
†bUIqvK© KvW© ms‡hvRb
(Network Card Connections)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ †bUIqvK© KvW© ms‡hvR‡bi †ek K‡qKwU Ackb i‡q‡Q|
B›Uvibvj ev Af¨šÍixY †bUIqvK© KvW© gv`vi‡ev‡W©i nq AvBGmG (ISA) bv nq wcwmAvB
(PCI) ¯ø‡U emv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G `y‡Uv ¯ø‡Ui g‡a¨ Avevi wcwmAvB n‡”Q AvaywbK cÖhyw³i|
wcwmAvB-Gi evowZ myweav n‡jv GwU Af¨šÍixYfv‡e `ªæZZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, wcwmÕi
mv‡_ `ªæZ WvUv Ges wb‡`©kbv wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡mm‡ii A‡cÿvK…Z Kg msL¨K
cÖ‡mwms mvB‡Kj e¨q K‡i _v‡K| myZivs Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W© wcwmAvB ¯øU _vK‡j
Avcbv‡K Aek¨B wcwmAvB mv‡cvU© K‡i Ggb †bUIqvK© KvW© wKb‡Z n‡e|
 22  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : gv`vi‡ev‡W© Aew¯’Z AvBGmG (ISA) Ges wcwmAvB (PCI) ¯øU|

evRv‡i G·Uvbv©j (External) †bUIqvK© KvW©I GLb cvIqv hv‡”Q| G ai‡bi KvW© BDGmwe
(USB-Universal Serial Bus) †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nq| G·Uvb©vj
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i WvUv cwienb MwZ B›Uvibvj Kv‡W©i PvB‡Z Kg| Z‡e Avcwb hw` GKwU
gvÎ †bUIqvK© KvW©‡K A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z Pvb A_ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gv`vi‡ev‡W© B›Uvibvj †bUIqvK© KvW© emv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯øU Lvwj bv _v‡K Zvn‡j
Avcwb G·Uvb©vj †bUIqvK© KvW© e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e BDGmwe †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i
GKwU eo Amyweav n‡”Q GwU Ab¨vb¨ BDGmwe wWfvBm (†hgb ¯‹¨vbvi)-Gi mv‡_ ؇›Øi
(Conflict) m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i | myZivs BDGmwe †bUIqvK© KvW© e¨envi Ki‡j G wel‡q
we‡kl mKZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  23

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© KvW©wU Full Duplex †gv‡W KvR Kivi Rb¨ †mU Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AwaKvsk wbK-Gi wcQ‡b GK ev GKvwaK evwZ ev wjW (LED-Loght Emitting Dide)
_v‡K hv wbK WvqvMbw÷K Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GB evwZ †`‡LB Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wK bv| mvaviYZt wbK Gi wjsK wjWwU
(Link LED) wbwðZ K‡i †bUIqvK© KvW© wVKg‡Zv wgwWqvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q‡Q Ges
G¨vKwUwfwU (ACT) wjW WvUv c¨v‡KU †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi mgq cÖwZevi weøsK (Blink) K‡i|
†Kvb †Kvb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W© GKB wjW Dfq KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| †bUIqv‡K©i RwUj ev mvaviY
mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Yi c~‡e© G evwZ `y‡Uv‡K GK bRi ciL K‡i wb‡j Avcwb Lye mn‡RB mgm¨vi
Drm Avwe®‹vi K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib|

†bUIqvK© KvW© †mUAvc mdUIq¨vi e¨envi t

Avcwb nq‡Zv jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb DB‡ÛvR 2000 ev DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g
†bUIqvK© KvW© ev wbK Bb÷j Ki‡j Avjv`vfv‡e †bUIqvK© WªvBfvi Bb÷j Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wbR †_‡KB cÖ‡qvRbxq WªvBfvi¸‡jv Bb÷j K‡i †bq Ges wbR
†_‡KB †bUIqvK© KvW©wU‡Z kbv³ Ki‡Z mÿg nq| wKš‘ DB‡ÛvR 98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g
†bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j Kivi ci Avjv`vfv‡e Kv‡W©i mv‡_ Avmv WªvBfviwU Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z
nq| Ab¨_vq wm‡÷g G‡K kbv³ Ges mwµq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†bUIqvK© KvW© †mUAvc wW‡¯‹i mv‡_ †ek KZK¸‡jv BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi _v‡K,
hv e¨envi K‡i Avcwb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i wewfbœ c¨vivwgUvi KbwdMvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov
Gme BDwUwjwU w`‡q Avcwb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i wewfbœ mgm¨v wPwýZ Ges Zv mgvavbI Ki‡Z
cv‡ib | Gevi †bUIqvK© †mUAvc wW‡¯‹i BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi G ai‡bi KZ¸‡jv e¨envi
†`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
 24  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

K. cÖavb †gby¨i Aaxb View Current Configuration Ackb wm‡j± Ki‡j Avcwb Avcwb
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i B_vi‡bU ev g¨vK G‡Wªm, Wyc‡j· †gvW mwµq wKbv, B›UvivÞ †mwUs
b¤^i-5BZ¨vw` Z_¨vw` ‡`L‡Z cv‡ib|

L. Ic‡ii Z_¨vw` bZzb K‡i †mwUs ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j Avcwb †gBb †gby¨i Aaxb Set
up New Configuration wm‡j± Kiæb Ges †mLvb †_‡K Avcwb Pvwn`vg‡Zv Z_¨vw` †mU
K‡i wbb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  25

M. Ic‡ii wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h WvUv †d¬v K‡›Uªvj Ack‡b UªvÝwgkb Ges wiwmwfs `y‡Uv
c¨vivwgUviB wbw®Œq Kiv Av‡Q| G `y‡Uv c¨vivwgUvi mwµq Kivi Rb¨ cc-Avc †gby¨i mvnvh¨
†bqv n‡q‡Q|

N. †gBb †gby¨i Aaxb Run Diagnostics AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i Avcwb †bUIqvK© KvW© Z_v
†bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y WvqvMbw÷Km ivb Kivi ci
†`Lv hv‡”Q †bUIqvK© KvW© mswkøó †Kvb mgm¨v †bB| GLv‡b Avcwb Av‡iv †`L‡Z cvi‡Qb
†bUIqv‡K©i K¨vej h_v_©fv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q|
g¨vK G‡Wªm (MAC Address):
cÖwZwU †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i GKwU weë-Bb BDwbK AvBwW _v‡K hv g¨vK ev wgwWqv G¨vK‡mm
K‡›Uªvj (MAC-Media Access Control) G‡Wªm bv‡g cwiwPZ| †bUIqvwK©s †UK‡bvjwRi
mKj †gŠwjK Acv‡ikb Gi g¨vK G‡Wª‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K
wbKÕGiB Avjv`v Avjv`v G‡Wªm Av‡Q Ges GKwUi G‡Wªm Ab¨wUi mv‡_ KL‡bvB wgj‡e
bv| GB wbK G‡Wª‡mi gva¨‡g †bUIqv‡K© GKwU wWfvBm (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †h
†Kvb †bUIqvK© †nv÷) ¯^Zš¿fv‡e wPwýZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv †`L‡ev (wUwmwc/AvBwc
Aa¨v‡q) †h ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© †mU Avc Ki‡Z wM‡q Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ G‡Wªwms
w¯‹g e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ †bUIqv‡K©i Pvicv‡k †nv÷ †_‡K WvUv D‡Ëvjb ( pump)
Ges Zv mÂvj‡bi KvRwU ïay g¨vK G‡Wª‡mi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|
 26  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
cÖwZwU wbK-Gi GKwU wbR¯^ ev BDwbK nvW©Iq¨vi G‡Wªm _v‡K hv Kv‡W©i wc-i‡g (PROM-
Programmable Read-only) evb© (Burn) K‡i †`qv nq| wbK-Gi nvW©Iq¨vi wVKvbv g¨vK
wVKvbv (MAC Address) bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h IGmAvB g‡W‡ji (OSI
Model) g¨vK mve-†jqvi ev Dc¯Íi (g¨vK mve-†jqvi WvUv wjsK †jqv‡ii GKwU Ask)
nvW©Iq¨vi wVKvbv e¨e¯’vcbv ev iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| cÖwZwU g¨vK wVKvbv 6
evBU ev evBbvwi weU wn‡m‡e †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i g¨vK G‡Wªm n‡”Q 48weU wewkó| Z‡e eySv
Ges covi myweav‡_© GB G‡Wªm‡K †n·v †Wwmgv‡j (16 †eR wewkó) ms‡ÿc K‡i cÖKvk Kiv
nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc GKwU †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i g¨vK G‡Wªm n‡Z cv‡i 00 E0 98 01 09 0E|
Gi cÖ_g wZb evBU mieivn K‡i AvB-wUªcj-B (IEEE-The Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,Inc.), hv AiMvbvB‡Rkbvwj BDwbK AvB‡WbwUdvqvi (OUI)
bv‡g cwiwPZ| †kl wZb evBU wbK wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K mieivn Kivi gva¨‡g GKwU
c~Y©v½ Ges BDwbK g¨vK G‡Wªm ˆZwi Kiv nq|

wPÎ : DB‡Ûv‡R ipconfig KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Avcwb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i g¨vK G‡Wªm (Physical
Address) †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
Avcwb Lye mn‡RB Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷jK…Z wbK-Gi g¨vK G‡Wªm Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Avcwb hw` Kw¤úDUv‡i DB‡ÛvR 2000 ev GbwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Pvjvb Zvn‡j
Wm Kgv‡Û wM‡q KgvÛ jvBb BDwUwjwU IPCONFIG e¨envi K‡i g¨vK G‡Wªm †ei Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| DB‡ÛvR 95 ev 98-Gi †ÿ‡Î GB KgvÛwU n‡e WINIPCFG| Z‡e Avcbv‡K g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e Avcwb ZLbB GB KgvÛ jvBb BDwUwjwU KgvÛ¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb
hLb Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i wUwmwc/AvBwc †bUIqvwK©s †cÖv‡UvKj my¨U Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡e|
wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †ÿ‡Î wbKÕGi g¨vK G‡Wªm †`L‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K KgvÛ
DB‡Ûv‡Z wM‡q ifconfig KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  27
Gme KgvÛjvBb BDwUwjwU QvovI Avcwb wbK-Gi mv‡_ mieivnK…Z †mUAvc †cÖvMÖvg
e¨envi K‡i Avcwb g¨vK G‡Wªm †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †Kvb †Kvb wbK wbg©vZviv AvKvi
wbKÕGi Dci GKwU †j‡e‡j g¨vK G‡Wªm wcÖ›U K‡i †`q|
wbK Bb÷‡jkb (NIC Installation) t
DB‡ÛvR GbwU/2000 cwi‡e‡k wbK Bb÷‡jkb I KbwdMv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ wbæ ewY©Z avc¸‡jv
AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it
 cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wbK-Gi Rv¤úvi (Jumper) Ges wWc (Dip) myBPmg~n KbwdMvi
K‡i KvW©wU wcwmÕi h_vh_ ¯ø‡U ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| G KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b
mdU&Iq¨vi KbwdMv‡ikb BDwUwjwU e¨envi Kiæb;
 wbK-Gi mv‡_ Avmv mdU&Iq¨vi ev WªvBfvi Gevi h_vh_fv‡e Bb÷j Kiæb;
 wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ †cÖv‡UvKj †hvM Kiæb Gevi| †cÖv‡UvKjwU Aek¨B wbK, Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g Ges †bUIqv‡K©i Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e;
 G ch©v‡q K¬v‡q›U mdU&Iq¨vi Bb÷j Kiæb;
 me‡k‡l wbK-Gi †cv‡U©i mv‡_ h_vh_ Kv‡bKUimn †bUIqvK© K¨vej Gevi mshy³
Kiæb|

†bUIqvK© Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBmg~n

(Network Connectivity Devices) t
Avcwb nq‡Zv AvR‡K gvÎ 5wU Kw¤úDUvi I 2wU wcÖ›Uvi w`‡q GKwU j¨vb ¯’vcb Ki‡jb|
e¨emvq m¤cÖmviY ev †Kv¤úvwbi DˇivËi DbœwZi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K wKQyw`b c‡iB Kw¤úDUvi
I wcÖ›Uv‡ii msL¨v evov‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Avi GRb¨ Avcbvi j¨v‡bi AvK…wZUv †e‡o hv‡e
AeavwiZfv‡e|
GKwU j¨vb‡K (LAN) evov‡Z n‡j G‡K cÖ_‡g K‡qKwU c„_K †mM‡g‡›U (Segment) wef³
Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z †bUIqv‡K© WvUv eªWKv‡÷i (Broadcast) cwigvb K‡g Av‡m Ges wbivcËv
†Rvi`vi nq| †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U¸‡jv GK‡Î †Rvov w`‡j hv ˆZwi nq Zvn‡jv
B›Uvi‡bUIqvK© (Internetwork)| B›Uvi‡bUIqv‡K© †mM‡g›U¸‡jv †Rvov †`evi Kv‡R †h
mKj hš¿ ev wWfvBm e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K ejv †bUIqvK© Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBm
(Connectivity Device)| B›Uvi‡bUIqv‡K© mvaviYZt †h mKj Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBm
e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡jvÑ
K) wiwcUvi Ges nve (Repeater and Hub)
L) weªR Ges ivDUvi (Bridge and Router)
M) †MUI‡q (Gateway) Ges
N) eªvDUvi (Brouter)
 28  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

K) wiwcUvi Ges nve (Repeater and Hub) t

†bUIqv‡K© UªvÝwgkb wgwWqvi ga¨ w`‡q hLb †Kvb B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK I‡qe ev wmMb¨vj
Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb wgwWqv GB wmMb¨vj‡K `ye©j K‡i †d‡j| wmMb¨vj `ye©j n‡q covi GB
welqwU‡K ejv nq GwUwbD‡qkb (Attenuation) | D‡jøL¨ G GwUwbD‡qkbB wKš‘ wgwWqvi
ga¨ w`‡q wmMb¨vj AwZµg‡hvM¨ `~i‡Z¡i Dci jvMvg †U‡b †`q|
GKwU wiwcUv‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q GB GwUwbD‡q‡UW ev `ye©j wmMb¨vj‡K hw` G¨vgwcødvB
(Amplify) ev kw³kvjx Kiv hvq Zvn‡j GB wmMb¨vj Av‡iv AwaK `~iæZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡e| wmMb¨vj †ewk `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z cvi‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i AvKviI Av‡iv
m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h G¨vKwUf ev mwµq nv‡e wiwcUvi
weë-Bb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wiwcUvi‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
 G¨vgwcødvqvi (Amplifier) t G¨vgwcødvqv‡ii KvR n‡”Q cy‡iv BbKvwgs
(Incoming) wmMb¨vj‡K G¨vgwcødvB Kiv A_©vr Gi kw³‡K evwo‡q †`qv hv‡Z
wmMb¨vj Av‡iv †ewk `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 wmMb¨vj cyb:Drcv`bKvix (Signal Regenerator) t GwU G¨vgwcødvqv‡ii
†P‡q †ewk Kg©ÿg I Kvh©Kix| BbKvwgs wmMb¨v‡j hw` †Kvb cÖKvi AbvKvw•ÿZ
wmMb¨vj ev kã (Noise) _v‡K Zvn‡j †m kã‡K wdëvwis K‡i ev ev` w`‡q g~j
wmMb¨v‡ji ûeû Wywcø‡KU GKwU wmMb¨vj ˆZwi K‡i| Zvici GB wmMb¨vj‡K
cybM©Vbc~e©K (Reconstruct) wbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ cybivq UªvÝwgU K‡i _v‡K|
GKwU wiwcUvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K mshy³ K‡i †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvaxb
Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni WvUv Av`vb- e¨envi K‡i Avcwb mshy³ Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨vI evov‡Z
cv‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc GKwU 10Base2 †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U m‡e©v”P 30wU Kw¤úDUvi aviY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| wiwcUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ G ai‡bi `y‡Uv 10Base2 †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K GKwÎZ
Kiv n‡j G‡Z m‡e©v”P 60wU Kw¤úDUvi hy³ Kiv hv‡e|
wiwcUvi GKB †bUIqv‡K© wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vewjs wm‡÷g m¤úbœ †bUIqvK© †m‡M‡g›Umg~n
mshyw³ mv‡cvU© K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc 10Base2 Ges 10Base5 `y‡Uv wfbœ K¨vewjs wm‡÷‡gi
†bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U| wiwcUvi G `y‡Uv †mM‡g›U‡K GKwÎZ ev mshy³ Kivi †Kvb cÖKvi
mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡e bv| Zvi KviY Dfq ai‡bi †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›UB GKB iKg WvUv
c¨v‡KU ÷ªvKPvi e¨envi K‡i|
nve (Hub)t Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq
wWfvBmwU n‡”Q nve ev myBP hv †bUIqv‡K© GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z Pvi ai‡bi nve/ myBP e¨envi Kiv
nq| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  29
1) c¨vwmf nve (Passive Hub)t c¨vwmf nve wmMb¨vj MÖnY
K‡i Ges wmMb¨v‡ji †Kvb cÖKvi cwieZ©b/ cwiea©b
Qvov Zv Ab¨ GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i cvwV‡q †`q|

wPÎ : weGbwm Ges wbKmn GKwU 10BaseT nve |

2) mwµq nve (Active Hub)t mwµq ev G¨vKwUf nve
wmMb¨vj cÖ_‡g MªnY K‡i Ges G‡K cybiærcv`b
(Regeneration) ev G¨vwcøwd‡Kkb (Amplification) Øviv
kw³kvjx K‡i Zv Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq|
3) eyw×gvb nve (Intelligent Hub)t eyw×gvb ev
B›Uvwj‡R›U nve A‡bKUv mwµq nv‡ei g‡ZvB| Z‡e G‡Z
†bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªk‡bi Rb¨ GKwU g¨v‡bR‡g›U
KvW© _v‡K|
4) myBP (Switch) t myB‡Pi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ nv‡ei cÖavb
cv_©K¨ n‡jv myBP wmMb¨vj wiwmf Kivi ci Zv mivmwi
Uv‡M©U †cvU© ev †cvU©mg~‡n †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘
Ab¨vb¨ nve wiwmf Kiv wmMb¨vj mKj †cv‡U©B cvVvq,
G‡ÿ‡Î Uv‡M©U †cvU© wmMb¨vj MªnY K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨
†cvU© Zv AMªvn¨ K‡i |
 wiwcUvi Ges nve n‡”Q IGmAvB g‡W‡ji cÖ_g ¯—i A_©vr wdwRK¨vj †jqv‡ii
wWfvBm| Zvi KviY Giv †KejgvÎ B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj wb‡q KvR K‡i| wiwcUvi Ges
nve †bUIqvK© G‡Wªm Ges WvUv c¨v‡K‡Ui g‡Zv RwUj welq¸‡jv Abyaveb Ki‡Z m¶g
bq|
nve Ges myBP-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t
A‡b‡K Avevi nve‡K †kqviW wgwWqvg nve (Shared Medium Hub) Ges myBPW j¨vb nve
(Switched LAN Hub)-G `yfv‡M fvM K‡i _v‡K | †kqviW wgwWqvg nve KbwdMv‡ik‡b
GKwU †K›`ªxq nve _v‡K| GKwU ÷vi Iq¨vwis e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g IqvK©‡÷kb ev
wcwm¸‡jv‡K nv‡ei mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq| G ai‡bi KbwdMv‡ik‡b hw` †Kvb †÷kb WvUv
c¨v‡KU UªvÝwgU K‡i Zvn‡j Zv cÖ_‡g nve MÖnY (Receive) K‡i| GB nve H WvUv c¨v‡KU
Ab¨vb¨ mKj ewnM©vgx jvB‡b Qwo‡q †`q| myZivs †kqviW wgwWqvg nv‡ei †ÿ‡Î WvUv
c¨v‡KU msNl© Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q ïay GKwU †÷kbB WvUv †cÖiY K‡i|
 30  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
myZivs 10 †gMv weUm cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û MwZm¤úbœ †Kvb B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©i †ejvq †kqviW
wgwWqvg nv‡ei †gvU WvUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ n‡”Q 10 †gMv weUm cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û|
L) eªxR Ges ivDUvi (Bridge and Router) t
90 kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K myBP evRv‡i Avmvi c~‡e© †bUIqvK© e¨vÛDBW_ e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ Ab¨
`y‡Uv wWfvB‡mi mvnvh¨ †bqv n‡Zv| GB `y‡Uv wWfvBmB n‡”Q eªxR Ges ivDUvi| eªxR Ges
ivDUvi GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i wewfbœ †mKk‡bi g‡a¨ WvUv Uªvwd‡Ki e¨e¯’vcbvi (†hgb
wdëvwis) KvR K‡i| WvUv UªvwdK myôz e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨B †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vÛDBW_-Gi h_vh_
e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi evB‡iI eªxR Ges ivDUvi Av‡iv KwZcq KvR
†bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ m¤úbœ K‡i, hv †bUIqv‡K©i mvwe©K `ÿZv Dbœq‡b AZ¨šÍ mnvqK|
eªxR (Bridge) t Ggb wKQy †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj Av‡Q hv †bUeyK bb-ivDU¨vej (†hgb
NetBEUI) A_©vr GB †cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i GK †mM‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨ †mM‡g‡›U ivDUv‡ii
ga¨ w`‡q wmMb¨vj ev WvUv c¨v‡KU cvVv‡bv hvq bv| wVK G ai‡bi bb-ivDU¨vej
†cÖv‡UvK‡ji †ÿ‡Î wmMb¨vj‡K GK †mM‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨ †mM‡g‡›U cvVv‡Z eªxR e¨eüZ nq|
eªxR mvaviYZt †QvU AvKv‡ii †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ LyeB Kvh©Kix GKwU Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBm|
eªxR n‡Z cv‡i †Kvb ÷¨vÛ G¨v‡jvb wWfvBm hv †`L‡Z †Kvb GKwU B_vi‡bU wiwcUvi ev
nv‡eÕi g‡Zv| A_ev GKwU wcwm‡Z `y‡Uv wbK Bb÷j K‡i Ges Gi mv‡_ h_vh_ eªxR
mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii g‡a¨ G‡K eªxR wn‡m‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|
GKvwaK j¨vb‡K mshyw³i gva¨‡g IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev Iqvb MV‡bi Rb¨ eªxR ev
ivDUvi e¨eüZ nq| GB `y‡Uv wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ eªx‡Ri MVb I Kvh©cYvjx A‡cÿvK…Z mnR|
eªxR ïay GKB ai‡bi j¨vb‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivDUv‡ii Kvh©cwiwa A‡bK †ewk
we¯Z…Z| GwU wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii j¨vb I Iqvb‡K mshy³ K‡i GKB †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq wb‡q
Avm‡Z cv‡i|
ivDUvi (Router) t GKwU wiwcUvi †bUIqvK© m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ †h mKj KvR K‡i ZvÕi
cy‡ivUvB Ki‡Z cv‡i GKwU ivDUvi| GKwU eªx‡Ri g‡ZvB ivDUvi †bUIqv‡K© WvUv c¨v‡KU
wdëvi Ges Zv d‡ivqvW© Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov ivDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ GKvwaK ev
gvwëcj iæU mv‡cvU© K‡i Ges †m wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi (†hgb B_vi‡bU, †Uv‡Kb wis)
†bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i | eªxRI wewfbœ †bUIqvK© Ask‡K mshy³ Ki‡jI ivDUv‡ii
mv‡_ Gi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q †h, ivDUv‡ii `yÕcv‡ki †bUIqvK© c„_K c„_K †bUIqvK© wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq|
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK jwRK¨vwj (Logical) c„_K Ggb †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z ivDUvi
jwRK¨vj I wdwRK¨vj G‡Wªwms c×wZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| ivDUvi ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi KvRwU
mgvav K‡i _v‡K eo eo †bUIqvK©‡K †QvU †QvU jwRK¨vj †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›U AM©vbvBR
Kivi gva¨‡g| GB cÖwZwU †QvU †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K ejv nq mve‡bUIqvK© (Subnetwork)
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  31
ev mve‡bU (Subnet) ivDUvi Avevi cÖwZwU mve‡b‡Ui wecix‡Z GKwU K‡i jwRK¨vj
G‡Wªm eivÏ w`‡q _v‡K|
 ivDUvi WvUv c¨v‡K‡Ui cÖK…wZ ev aiY cwieZ©b Ki‡Z m¶g| A_©vr ivDUvi
B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©i WvUv c¨v‡KU‡K †Uv‡Kb wis ‡bUIqvK© Dc‡hvMx WvUv c¨v‡KU
wn‡m‡e cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| ivDUvi A‡bK¸‡jv †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ WvUv
c¨v‡K‡Ui Rb¨ h_v_© Ges Dc‡hvMx c_ (Route) wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y
ivDUvi IGmAvB g‡W‡ji Z…Zxq ¯—i ev †bUIqvK© †jqv‡i KvR K‡i|

ivDUvi KbwdMv‡ikb (Router Configuration) t ivDUvi‡K mvaviYZt `yÕfv‡e

KbwdMvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| c×wZ `y‡Uv n‡”QÑ
 ÷¨vwUK ivDwUs (Static Routing) t ÷¨vwUK ivDwUs-Gi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqvK©
GWwgwb‡÷ªUi wewfbœ †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U¸‡jvi c_ ivDwUs-Gi Rb¨ wb‡RB
KbwdMvi K‡i _v‡Kb|

wPÎ : Wm †cÖv¤úU Route Print -G KgvÛ w`‡q Avcwb †bUIqv‡K© mwµq ivDUv‡ii ÷¨vUvm †`L‡Z
cv‡i|

 WvqbvwgK ivDwUs (Dynamic Routing) t G ai‡bi ivDwUs-G GKwU

ivDwUs †cÖv‡UvKj †hgb wic (RIP Routing Information Protocol) ev
IGmwcGd (OSPF–Open Shortest Path First) cÖ_‡g wmMb¨vj eªWKvw÷s
(Broadcasting)-Gi gva¨‡g †bUIqv‡K© Aew¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ ivDUv‡ii mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Ges GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †m wewfbœ †bUIqv‡K©i iæU
wbiæcY K‡i| AZ:ci BbKvwgs WvUv wmMb¨vj‡K H wbw`©ó †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›U
cvwV‡q †`q|
 32  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

 ÷¨vwUK ivDwUs Gi †¶‡Î ivDUvi‡K g¨vbyqvjx KbwdMvi Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K

WvqbvwgK ivDwUs †cÖv‡UvKj Gi †¶‡Î †bUIqvK© wWfvBmmg~n ivDUvi KZ©„K ¯^qswµqfv‡e
wnmve Kiv i“U a‡iB G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM mvab K‡i|
M) †MUI‡q (Gateway)t ivDUvi mdjfv‡e ïay H mg¯Í
†bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡`i †cÖv‡UvKj¸‡jv GKB c×wZ‡Z
KvR K‡i| hw` †bUIqvK©mg~‡ni †cÖv‡UvKj¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
iK‡gi nq, Zvn‡j ivDUv‡ii †P‡qI AwaK kw³kvjx I eyw×gvb
wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Avi GB wWfvBmwU n‡”Q †MUI‡q|
A_©vr GKwU †MUI‡q n‡”Q Ggb GKwU wWfvBm ev wm‡÷g hv
`y‡Uv wfbœ cÖK…wZi †bUIqvK© ev Gwcø‡Kk‡bi g‡a¨ WvUv
wewbg‡qi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|
†MUI‡qi me‡P‡q eo ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q GwU †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖv‡UvKj e¨vL¨v
(Interpret) Ges Abyev` (Translate) Ki‡Z mÿg| D`vniY¯^iƒc Avcbvi †bUIqv‡K©
GKwU B-†gBj †MUI‡q _vKv Avek¨K, hw` Avcwb `yÕwU wfbœ ai‡bi †gBj mvf©vi wmwm
†gBj (CC Mail) mvf©vi Ges gvB‡µvmdU G·‡PÄ (Microsoft Exchange) †gBj
mvf©v‡ii g‡a¨ B-†gBj wewbgq Ki‡Z Pvb| wcwm wfwËK B-†gBj wm‡÷g Ges AvBweGg
†gBb‡d«g (IBM Mainframe) Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ B-†gBj †hvMv‡hvM Kiv‡Z n‡j †MUI‡q
e¨envi Kiv Avek¨K| †MUI‡q G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi A‡MvP‡iB wcwm †U·U‡K AvBweGg
dig¨vU ev AvBweGg dig¨vU‡K wcwm †U·U-G iƒcvšÍi K‡i| G cÖm‡½ Av‡iv GKwU
D`vniY Zz‡j aiv hvK| Avcwb nq‡Zv Avcbvi GbwU mvf©v‡i (NT Server)
gvB‡µvmdUÕGi Gateway Services for Netware ivb Ki‡Qb| Gid‡j †bUIqvK©
BDRviiv GbwU mvf©v‡ii gva¨‡g Novell Netware Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wewkó mvf©v‡ii
dvBj Ges wcÖ›U wi‡mvm© e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| BDRv‡ii Kv‡Q †bv‡fj †bUIq¨v‡ii
wi‡mvm©¸‡jv GbwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wi‡mv‡m©i g‡ZvB g‡b n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †MUI‡q
mdUIq¨vi BDRvi wi‡Kv‡q÷¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e Uªv݇jU K‡i hv‡Z †m¸‡jv gvB‡µvmdU
Ges †bv‡fj Dfq †bUIqvwK©s Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wbKUB †evaMg¨ nq|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  33

wPÎ : †bUIq¨v‡ii Rb¨ †MUI‡q mvwf©m wm‡÷‡g †hvM Kiv n‡”Q|

†bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î †MUI‡q kãwUÕi `y‡Uv A_© Av‡Q| mvaviY A‡_© †MUI‡q n‡”Q Ggb GKwU
wWfvBm hv D”P IGmAvB †jqv‡i KvR K‡i| wKš‘ wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î
ivDUvi Ges †MUI‡q GKB A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq| myZivs wUwmwc/AvBwc-Gi †ÿ‡Î GKwU
ivDUvi n‡”Q GKwU †MUI‡q|
†MUI‡q IGmAvB g‡W‡ji †Kvb ¯Í‡i KvR K‡i Zv wb‡q weZK© Av‡Q| †KD †KD e‡j
_v‡Kb †MUI‡q mKj ¯Í‡iB KvR K‡i| Avevi †KD †KD e‡jb GwU ïay ¯Íi 4-7 Gi g‡a¨
KvR K‡i| Zvi GB PviwU ¯Íi A_v©r Uªv݇cvU©, †mkb, †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Ges Gwcø‡Kkb-G WvUv
Drcbœ, cÖ‡mm Ges e¨e¯’vcbvi KvR¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K|

 wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK †bUIqv‡K© ivDUvi mvaviYZ: †MUI‡q wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

N) eªvDUvi (Brouter) t Lye mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j eªvDUvi n‡”Q ivDUvi I eªx‡Ri
mgwó | A_©vr eªvDUvi = ivDUvi + eªxR| eªvDUvi e¨env‡ii cÖavb myweav n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g
†h‡Kvb †cÖv‡UvKj ivDwUs Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc eªvDUv‡i AvBwc (IP) ivDUvi Ask
e¨envi Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K bb-ivDU¨vej †cÖv‡UvKj †bUeyB (NetBEUI) eªxR Ask e¨envi
Ki‡e| GB B›Uvi‡bUIqvK© Dfq †cÖv‡UvKj e¨env‡ii myweav †`q| eªvDUvi g~jZ GKwU
mdU&Iq¨vi hv ivDUv‡ii Dci KvR K‡i|

†bUIqvK© wgwWqv (Network Media)t

†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g GKwU wcwm-†K Ab¨ wcwmÕi mv‡_ mshyw³i Rb¨ †h wWfvBmwU
e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡”Q †bUIqvK© K¨vej| wKš‘ Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvwK©s ev gvB‡µvI‡qf wjs‡Ki
†ejvq †Kvb wdwRK¨vj Zvi ev K¨vej e¨eüZ nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î Bbd«v‡iW ev Iq¨vi‡jm
 34  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wWfvBm B‡jKUªg¨vM‡bwUK wmMb¨v‡ji Øviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i| G Kvi‡YB
†bUIqvK© wgwWqv kãwU K¨vejwfwËK Ges K¨vejwenxb Dfq cÖKvi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi †ÿ‡Î
e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
†bUIqvK© wgwWqv‡K cÖavbZt `yÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| cÖ_gZt evD‡ÛW wgwWqv (Bounded
Media) hv wdwRK¨vj †bUIqvK© K¨vewjs bv‡gI cwiwPZ| G ai‡bi wgwWqv n‡”Q Kcvi,
dvBevi BZ¨vw`| wØZxqZt AvbevD‡ÛW (Unbounded Media) †hgb gvB‡µvI‡qf,
Iq¨vi‡jm, Ges Bbd«v‡iW †bUIqvK© wjsKm| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s -Gi Rb¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi wgwWqv e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy wgwWqv Av‡Q hv‡`i WvUv
UªvÝwgkb MwZ †ewk Ges †ek `~‡ii wWfvBm‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨
†bUIqvK© wgwWqv, Kv‡b±i, B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj IGmAvB g‡W‡ji cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii
AvIZvfy³| Avgiv G Aa¨v‡q eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q Ggb RbwcÖq KwZcq wgwWqv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kie|
 evD‡ÛW wgwWqv ej‡Z wdwRK¨vj †bUIqvK© K¨vewjs †hgb Kcvi Ges dvBevi‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b wdwRK¨vj ej‡Z hv aiv †Quvqv hvq ev ¯úk© Kiv hvq Ggb
†Kvb wKQy‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| Aciw`‡K AvbevD‡ÛW wgwWqv n‡”Q Ggb wgwWqv hv
aiv †Quvqv ev ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv †hgb gvB‡µvI‡qf, Iq¨vi‡jm, Bbd«v‡iW †bUIqvK©
wj¼ BZ¨vw`|
 IGmAvB ev I‡cb wm‡÷gm B›UviKv‡b± Gi cÖ_g ¯—i ev wdwRK¨vj †jqv‡i
†bUIqvK© wgwWqv, Kv‡b±i, B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj KvR K‡i|

K¨vej gva¨‡gi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Cable Media) t

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ˆZwii Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej ev
wgwWqv ˆZwi n‡”Q| eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q Ggb K‡qK ai‡bi K¨vej
Ges wgwWqv GLv‡b Gevi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|
(K) UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi K¨vej (Twisted Pair Cable) t `v‡g m¯Ív
A_P AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨vcK wfwˇZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU
K¨vej n‡”Q UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi
K¨vej| UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej
Avevi `yÔcÖKvi| h_v-(1)
AveiYnxb UzB‡÷W wcqvi
ev BDwUwc (UTP-Unshielded
Twisted Pair) Ges (2)
AveiYhy³ UzB‡÷W wcqvi ev
GmwUwc (STP-Shielded
Twisted Pair)|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  35
wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU Kivi Rb¨ UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi K¨ve‡j GKvwaK
†Rvov UzB‡÷W ev †gvov‡bv Kcvi Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq| Kcvi Zvi
†gvov‡bvi Rb¨ µmU‡Ki (Crosstalk) cwigvY K‡g hvq| KviY G
c×wZ‡Z Zvi †_‡K wewKwiZ (Radiated) ms‡KZ G‡K Aci‡K
wbw®Œq K‡i †d‡j|
wPÎ - Twisted †cqvi K¨vej
 µmUK n‡”Q `y‡Uv B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji g‡a¨ AbvKvw•LZ B›UviG¨vKkb ev wgkªb|

†hvMv‡hvM K¨vej wn‡m‡e UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi K¨vej e¨vcKfv‡e

e¨eüZ nq| †`Lv †M‡Q j¨v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Kcvi Zvi K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨
GwU me©vwaK RbwcÖq WvUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g| `v‡g
UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi K¨vej LyeB m¯Ív Ges GwU wm‡÷‡g Bb÷j KivI
mnR| WvUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi cvkvcvwk Avcwb G ai‡bi K¨vej
f‡qm/†Uwj‡dvb UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
(1) BDwUwc (UTP) K¨vej t A‡bK AvaywbK †bUIqvK©
†Uwj‡dv‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ K¨vej w`‡q ˆZwi n‡”Q| eûj e¨eüZ
GB †Uwj‡dvb K¨vej‡K ejv nq BDwUwc| BDwUwc K¨vej
g~jZ GKvwaK †Rvov UzB‡÷W †cq¨v‡ii mgwó hv Avevi
cøvw÷K Avei‡Y †gvov‡bv _v‡K| bvg †_‡KB †evSv
hv‡”Q BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji Dc‡i †Kvb †gUvj w¯Œb †bB| ïay
GKwU Bbmy¨‡jU‡ii g‡a¨ K¨vej †cq¨vi¸‡jv Av”Qvw`Z
_v‡K| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z GKwU BDwUwc K¨vej †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
hv‡Z †gvU 4 †Rvov UzB‡÷W Zvi i‡q‡Q|

wPÎ : BDwUwc K¨vej|

eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i †hmKj BDwUwc K¨vej cvIqv hv‡”Q Zv h‡_ó
DbœZgv‡bi| wewKwiZ kã (Radiated Noise) Ges
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ (Electromagnetic Interference) Øviv
BDwUwc K¨ve‡j wmMb¨vj A‡cÿvK…Z Kg euvavMÖ¯Í nq|
BDwUwcÕi GB Dbœqb N‡U‡Q AvaywbK cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii
 36  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
gva¨‡g | GLb Ggb wKQy K¨vUvMwi‡Z BDwUwc K¨vej cvIqv
hv‡”Q hvi WvUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ m‡eŸ©vP 100 GgwewcGm|
BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji Avevi wewfbœ †MÖW Av‡Q, hv K¨vUvMwi
bv‡g AwaK cwiwPZ| †Kvb BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji K¨vUvMwi ej‡Z
eySvq GwU †bUIqv‡K© m‡e©v”P KZ MwZi WvUv UªvÝwgkb
mv‡cvU© Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms‡ÿ‡c G‡K CAT bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc K¨vUvMwi 5 K¨vej CAT 5 wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GKUz jÿ¨
Ki‡jB Avcwb K¨ve‡ji Mv‡qB GB CAT 5 †jLvwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji QqwU K¨vUvMwi weeiY GLv‡b †`qv n‡jvÑ
K¨vUvMw eY©bv Ges e¨envi
i
(K) 1 Ges 2 GwU g~jZt GbvjM †Uwj‡dv‡b f‡qm wmMb¨vj Ges
Gjvg© wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi WvUv
UªvÝwgkb MwZ LyeB Kg|
(L) 3 GB K¨vUvMwii PviwU †Rvov UzB‡÷W K¨vej _v‡K
Ges cÖwZ dzU K¨ve‡j wZbwU fuvR _v‡K| WvUv
UªvÝwgk‡bi m‡eŸ©vP MwZ 10 GgwewcGm| GwU
e¨eüZ nq 10BaseT B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©|
(M) 4 G‡ZI Pvi †Rvov UzB‡÷W K¨vej _v‡K| WvUv
UªvÝwgk‡bi m‡eŸ©vP MwZ 16 GgwewcGm|
†Uv‡Kb wis †bUIqvK© Qvov GB K¨vUvMwii
BDwUwc K¨vej Lye †ewk GKUv e¨eüZ nq bv|
(N) 5 UzB‡÷W wcqv‡ii msL¨v G‡ZI 4| WvUv UªvÝwgkb
nvi m‡eŸvP© 100 GgwewcGm| GB K¨vUvMwii
K¨vej †bUIqv‡K© eZ©gv‡b eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
GwU e¨eüZ nq 100BaseTX Ges 1000BaseT B_vi‡bU
†bUIqv‡K©|
(O) 6 BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨ GB K¨vUvMwii WvUv
UªvÝwgkb MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk A_©vr 155
GgwewcGm|
B_vi‡bU †bUIqvK© ÷¨vÛv‡W©i mv‡_ eZ©gv‡b †Kv-G· K¨ve‡ji
†P‡q CAT 3, CAT 5, CAT 6 BDwUwc K¨vej AwaK †ewk e¨eüZ
n‡”Q| Zvi KviY G K¨vej¸‡jv eZ©gv‡b e¨envi‡hvM¨ mKj WvUv
UªvÝwgkb MwZ Ges ÷¨vÛvW© mv‡cvU© Ki‡Q Ges A`~i
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  37
fwel¨‡Z †h mKj D”P UªvÝwgkb MwZ I ÷¨vÛvW© Avm‡Q †m¸‡jvI
mv‡cvU© Ki‡e | Z‡e GKB †bUIqv‡K© wewfbœ †mM‡g‡›U
e¨eüZ wfbœ wfbœ K¨vUvMwii (†hgb CAT 3 Ges CAT 5) Iqvj m‡KU
mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©B Awfbœ
K¨vUvMwii BDwUwc K¨vej e¨envi Kiv †kªq|
BDwUwc K¨vej e¨env‡ii GKwU Amyweav Av‡Q| G ai‡bi K¨ve‡ji
ga¨ w`‡q hLb wmMb¨vj AwZµg Ki‡Z _v‡K ZLb Gi kw³ ev gvb
µgvš^‡q †jvc †c‡Z _v‡K, G‡K ejv nq GwUwbD‡qmb (Attenuation)|
GwUwbD‡qm‡bi wel‡q ciewZ©‡Z Av‡iv wKQyUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡e|
 ev¯—e †bUIqvwK©s Gi †¶‡Î BDwUwc K¨vej Avi‡R-45 Kv‡bKUi e¨envi K‡i
_v‡K| Z‡e BDwUwc †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ Avi‡R-11 Kv‡bKUi e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e|
hw`I Zv mvaviYZ: Kiv nq bv|

(2) GmwUwc (STP) K¨vejt GmwUwc Ges BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji

g‡a¨ GKgvÎ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q GmwUwc K¨ve‡ji evB‡i R¨v‡KU ev
†Kwms (Casing) Ges Zv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU wkì (Shield) ev k³ AveiY
_v‡K| GB AveiYwU mvaviYZt G¨vjywgwbqvg ev cwj÷vi Øviv
ˆZwi, hv GmwUwc K¨vej‡K B‡jK†Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡i‡Ýi
nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| Z‡e BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji †P‡q GmwUwc K¨vej †h
wmMb¨vj G¨vwUwbDm‡bi w`‡K †_‡K AwaK wbivc` †miKg †Kvb
M¨vivw›U †bB| †Kvb †Kvb AvBweGg †bUIqvwK©s-Gi Rb¨
c~e©kZ© _v‡K GmwUwc K¨vej e¨env‡ii|
 38  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wPÎ : GmwUwc K¨vej |
(L) †Kv-Gw·qvj (Co-axial) K¨vej t †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej Ggb GK
ai‡bi K¨vewjs wm‡÷g hv Gw›Ubv †_‡K wmMb¨vj Avcbvi
wmMb¨vj †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡q Av‡m|
B_vi‡bU †bUIqvwKs ÷¨vÛvW© Pvjy nevi ci †_‡K †mB 1973 mvj
†_‡KB †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej †ek `ÿZvi mv‡_B e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b GB RbwcÖq †bUIqvK© wgwWqvwU wewfbœ di‡g
†bUIqvK© K¨vej wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
†Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej (Co-axial Cable) †Kv-G· (Coax) bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
†Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji `yÔwU mycwievnx ev KÛv±vi ( Conductor) ¯Íi
GKwU Awfbœ Gw·m (Axis) †kqvi K‡i _v‡K| G Rb¨ Gi bvgKiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej| †Kv -G· K¨ve‡ji †K›`ª w`‡q AwZµg K‡i
GKwU mwjW (Solid) Kcvi Zvi| GB Zvi‡K wN‡i Rov‡bv _v‡K
cøvw÷K †dv‡gi Bbmy¨‡jkb (Insulation)| Bbm¨y‡jkb ¯Í‡ii Dc‡i _v‡K
GKwU †gUvj w¯Œb ev wkì hv Kcvi †gm ev cøvw÷K w`‡q ˆZwi|
G me¸‡jvi Dc‡i _v‡K me©¯Íi ¯ÍiwU hv R¨v‡KU (Jacket) bv‡g
cwiwPZ| R¨v‡KUwU cy‡iv K¨ve‡ji Rb¨ Bbmy¨‡jUi wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
†gUvj w¯Œb ¯ÍiwU WvUvÕi myiÿv cÖ`vb K‡i| GB ¯Í‡ii Rb¨B
WvUv evB‡ii wmMb¨vj †hgb †iwWI I‡qe, D”P ÿgZvi we`y¨r K¨vej,
†gvevBj †dvb, B‡jKwUªK †gvUi, †d¬v‡i‡mÝ evwZ, ˆe`y¨wZK So
(hv B‡jKUªg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ ev EMI wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
)ÑcÖfvegy³ _v‡K| GB w¯ŒbwU g~j WvUv wmMb¨vj‡K †K›`ªxq
Zvi †_‡K †iwW‡qkb nIqv †_‡K weiZ iv‡L|
BDwUwc ev GmwUwc K¨ve‡ji Zzjbvq †Kv-G· K¨ve‡j wmMb¨vj
GwUwbD‡qm‡bi cwigvY Kg| †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej Avevi `yÔcÖKvi|
w_b‡bU (Thinnet) Ges w_K‡bU (Thicknet)|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  39

wPÎ : †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej |

evRv‡i wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †Kv-G· K¨vej cvIqv hv‡”Q| G¸‡jv
n‡”QÑ
AvKvi eY©bv
K ) 50 Ing, AviwR-8 Ges GwU w_K‡bU B_vi‡bU ev
AviwR -11 10†eR 5-G e¨eüZ nq|
L) 50 Ing, AviwR- 58 w_b‡bU B_vi‡bU ev 10†eR 2 -G
e¨eüZ nq|
M) 75 Ing, AviwR-59 K¨vej wUwfÔi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
N) 93-Ing, AviwR-62 AvK©‡b‡U (ARCnet) e¨eüZ nq|
B_vi‡bU †bUIqvK© ÷¨vÛvW©-
Gi Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi †Kv-G·
K¨vej ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †ek
K‡qK ai‡bi †iwWI K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨
GKB ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq Ges G
ai‡bi K¨vej‡K ejv nq †iwWI
†MÖW ev Avi‡R (Radio Grade-
RG) K¨vej hv B_vi‡bU wPÎ : Kv‡bKUimn †Kv-Aw·qvj K¨vej|
†bUIqvK© ÷¨vÛvW©-Gi mv‡_
mswkøó| B_vi‡b‡Ui evB‡iI Avi‡R †Kv-G· K¨vej AvK©‡bU
†bUIqvK© cÖhyw³i (hv GLb Avi Lye †ewk GKUv cÖPwjZ †bB)
Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| †Kvb †Kv-G· K¨ve‡ji Bgwc‡WÝ (Impedence) ej‡Z
 40  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
†evSvq H K¨vej Zvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ WvUv-†K †m KZUzKz
evav †`q| K¨ve‡ji Bgwc‡WÝ Ing w`‡q gvcv nq|
w_b B_vi‡bU Ges AvK©‡bU Df‡qB weGbwm (BNC-British Naval
Connector) Kv‡bKUi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| †bUIqvK© wWfvBmmg~n
w_K B_vi‡bU †Kv-G·ÕGi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K GKwU G¨vWvÞvi
e‡·i gva¨‡g| G GWvÞvi e·wU‡K ejv nq UªvÝwmfvi (Transceiver)|

wPÎ : WªcK¨vejmn GKwU UªvÝwmfvi|

(M) dvBevi AcwUK (Fiber Optic) K¨vej t dvBevi AcwUK
K¨ve‡ji me‡P‡q eo ˆewkó¨ n‡jv GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji
cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i| GKwU
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi wZbwU Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| (1) dvBevi (2)
K¬¨vwWs Ges (3) Bbmy¨‡jwUs R¨v‡KU| Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj
mÂvj‡bi cÖavb KvRwU K‡i dvBev‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii Møvm ev cøvw÷K
†Kvi (Plastic Core)| †Kv‡ii wVK evB‡ii ¯ÍiwU n‡”Q Kv‡Pi ˆZwi hv
†Kvi †_‡K wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZdwjZ (Reflected) K‡i Zv
cyYivq †Kv‡i †diZ cvVvq| GB ¯ÍiwU K¨¬vwWs (Cladding) bv‡gI
cwiwPZ | cÖwZwU ¯^Zš¿¨ dvBevi Avevi cøvw÷K w`‡q †gvov‡bv
_v‡K| G AveiYwU k³ ev nvjKv †h‡Kvb iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  41

wPÎ : dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji MVb

AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii ga¨ w`‡q WvUv Bbd«v‡iW A_ev †jRvi jvBU

AvKv‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| Z‡e wmMb¨v‡ji aib wbf©i Ki‡Q e¨eüZ
wm‡÷g Ges †bUIqv‡K©i m‡e©v”P `~i‡Z¡i Dci| Bbd«v‡iW LED
(Light Emitting Diode) wm‡÷g wgwWqv wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i
gvwë‡gvW (Multimode) dvBevi, Ab¨w`‡K †jRvi Wv‡qvW †eRW
wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i wm‡½j †gvW (Monomode) K¨vej| †k‡lv³
†gvWwU g~jZt j¤^v `~i‡Z¡ D”P MwZ‡Z WvUv †cÖiY Ges
†UwjKg wj¼-Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| gvwë‡gvW UªvÝwgk‡b K¨ve‡ji
ga¨ w`‡q GK m‡½ GKvwaK wmMb¨vj wfbœ wfbœ †KvY-G
(Angle) A_v©r wfbœ c‡_ Pj‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j wiwmwfs cÖv‡šÍ
wfbœ wfbœ †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ wmMb¨vj wfbœ wfbœ mg‡qB
†cuŠQ‡e| G Kvi‡Y gvwë‡gvW UªvÝwgk‡b wmMb¨vj ev jvBU
cvjm mgq AwZµ‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ cw_g‡a¨ we¯Z…Z (Spread out)
n‡q hvq, d‡j wiwmwfs cÖv‡šÍ cÖvß wbf©yj WvUvi nvi K‡g
Av‡m| G ai‡bi dvBevi ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i †bUIqv‡K© AwaK Dc‡hvMx|
K¨vej Kv‡bKUim (Cable Connectors) t
†bUIqvK© KvW© Ges K¨ve‡ji ga¨eZx© ÿz`ª wWfvBmwU n‡”Q
K¨vej Kv‡b±i| A_©vr GwU †bUIqv‡K©i K¨vej Ges GbAvBwm‡K
mshy³ K‡i _v‡K| K¨vej Kv‡b±‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q †Kv-
Gw·qvj K¨vej, 10†eR wU, B_vi‡bU BZ¨vw`| G‡`i g‡a¨ 10†eR wU
 42  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
Kv‡bKUi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk `ªæZ, wek¦¯Í Ges e¨vcKfv‡e
e¨eüZ n‡”Q| 10 †eR wU Kv‡bKUi †`L‡Z A‡bKUv †Uwj‡dvb Zv‡ii
g‡ZvB| †Kvb †Kvb †bUIqvK© KvW© GKvwaK ai‡bi Kv‡bKUi
mv‡cvU© K‡i _v‡K, †mfv‡eB G‡Z GKvwaK †cv‡U©i e¨e¯’v
i‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi KvW©‡K ejv nq K‡¤^v KvW© (Combo Card)|
m¤cÖwZ mg‡q B_vi‡bU (Ethernet) cÖhyw³ †bUIqvwK©s-Gi
RM‡Z e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q, ej‡Z †M‡j GLb B_vi‡bU
GKwU †Wvwg‡bwUs cÖhyw³| †m Kvi‡Y Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii
†bUIqvK© KvW©wU hw` K‡¤^v UvB‡ci nq Zvn‡j G‡K
Avc‡MÖW K‡i B_vi‡bU cÖhyw³ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

wPÎ : GKwU weGbwm wU Kv‡bKUi|

†bUIqv‡K© mvaviYZt wb‡æv³ wZb ai‡bi Kv‡bKUi e¨eüZ nq|
G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
Kv‡bKU‡ii aib eY©bv
K) Avi‡R- 45 (1RJ- †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbKÕGi
45) mv‡_ BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡b
GwU e¨eüZ nq| GB Kv‡bKU‡ii †gvU 8wU
KbUv± wcb _v‡K| GB 8wU wcb wewfbœ
†bUIqvK© ÷¨vÛvW©-Gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ
web¨v‡m (Combination) e¨envi Kiv nq|
L) AviwR-58 GwU †Kv-Gw·qvj weGbwm (BNC)
Kv‡bKUi bv‡g cwiwPZ| G ai‡bi Kv‡bKUi
w_b‡bU ev 10†eR 2 K¨ve‡j ms‡hv‡Mi
Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| wPÎ 3. |

1
RJ-Registered Jack
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  43
M) GBDAvB (AUI- GwU 15 wcb wewkó Kv‡bKUi hv
Attachment User Connector) GBDAvB Wªc K¨ve‡j ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡b
e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ : RJ-45 Kv‡bKUi|

wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wewfbœ Kv‡bKUi I Gi K¨ve‡ji In‡gR ev †iva Ges †bUIqv‡K© WvUv enb
Kivi `~iZ¡ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
2
Kv‡bKUi K¨ve‡ji aib In‡gR `~iZ¡
K) Avi‡R-58 w_b‡bU (10 †eR2) 50 Ing 185 wgUvi ev 610 dzU
L) Avi‡R-4 ev 11 w_K‡bU (10 †eR 5) 50 Ing 500 wgUvi ev 1650 dzU
M) Avi‡R-62 BD AvK©‡bU †bUIqv‡K©i 93 Ing 6060.6 wgUvi ev
†Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej 20,000 dzU
A‡bK †bUIqvwK©s ÷¨vÛvW© BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji gvÎ 2 †Rvov
K¨vej e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e me‡P‡q DËg n‡”Q 4 †Rvov A_©vr 8
wU K¨vejB cÖwZwU Kv‡b±‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv| G‡Z K‡i
†bUIqv‡K© Ab¨vb¨ wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ K¤ú¨vwUwewjwU
(Compatibility) wbwðZ nq Ges fwel¨r ÷¨vÛvW©Õ-Gi mv‡_ Lvc
LvB‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| BDwUwc †bUIqvwK©s-G 4 wc‡bi Kv‡bKUi‡K
ejv nq RJ-11 Z‡e †bUIqvwK©sÕG GB KbwdMv‡ikbwU Lye GKUv
RbwcÖq bq|
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Kv‡bKUim (Optical Fiber Connectors)t
AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii ga¨ w`‡q †h‡nZz
B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji cwie‡Z©
Av‡jvi AvKv‡i wmMb¨vj Av`vb cÖ`vb
nq, G Kvi‡YB Gi Kv‡b±‡ii aibI GKUz
wfbœ cÖK…wZi| AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i
cÖavbZt `yÕai‡bi Kv‡bKUi e¨eüZ nq|
Gi GKwU n‡”Q GmwU (Gi aib n‡”Q
UzB÷ Ges jK) Ges AciwU Gmwm

2
In‡gR-K¨ve‡ji †iva ev cÖevwnZ wmMb¨vj‡K euav cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv|
 44  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
(GwU cyk wdU cÖK…wZi)| cv‡ki Qwe‡Z GmwU Ges Gmwm
dvBevi Kv‡bKUi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Z‡e GdwWwWAvB †bUIqvK©
÷¨vÛvW©-G GdwWwWAvB Wyc‡j· Kv‡b±i e¨eüZ nq| GmwU
Kv‡b±‡ii mv‡_ weGbwm Kv‡bKU‡ii A‡bK mv`„k¨ Av‡Q|
ev¯Í‡e Avcwb †h mKj dvBevi
AcwU‡Ki gy‡LvgywL n‡eb Zv n‡”Q wPÎ : AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Kv‡bKUi|
10BaseFL A_ev 100BaseFX hv 10 ev 100 †gMvweUm cvi †m‡KÛ
MwZ‡Z B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K© WvUv UªvÝwgU Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov
Av‡iv Av‡Q 100 †gMvweUm cvi †m‡KÛ MwZi GdwWwWAvB
÷¨vÛvW©Õ-Gi dvBevi K¨vej, hv GKwU iæ‡gi g‡a¨ GKvwaK
wm‡÷g‡K AvšÍ:mshy³ K‡i| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc‡ii ewY©Z wZb
ai‡bi †gŠwjK dvBevi AcwU‡Ki eY©bv Ges MwZ †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
÷¨vÛvW© eY©bv WvUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ
10BaseFL dvBevi AcwUK cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 10
wfwËK B_vi‡bU †gMvweUm
10BaseFX dvBevi AcwUK cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 100
wfwËK B_vi‡bU †gMvweUm
FDDI dvBevi wWw÷ªweDkb cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 100
WvUv B›Uvi‡dm †gMvweUm

myBP Ges ivDUv‡ii Gi Rb¨ K¨vewjs t

wmm‡Kv myBP Ges ivDUv‡ii Rb¨ `yÕai‡bi K¨vewjs e¨eenvi Kiv
nq| G GKwU n‡”Q 1. Kb‡mvj †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs Ab¨wU 2.
B_vi‡bU †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs| myBP‡K me© cÖ_g KbwdMvi
Kivi Rb¨ Kb‡mvj †cvU© e¨envi Kiv nq| Gici KbwdMv‡ikb
cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avcwb B_vi‡bU †cvU© e¨envi K‡i
†Uj‡bU †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g G KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†ivjIfvi K¨vej t D`vniY¯^iƒc GLv‡b ejv hvq, Kb‡mvj †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs Gi
AvIZvq 1900 wmwi‡Ri myBP Gi mv‡_ ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Avcwb †ivjIfvi K¨vej e¨envi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡Pi wP‡Î GKwU †ivjIfvi K¨ve‡ji bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  45

†ivjIfvi K¨ve‡ji Dfq cÖv‡šÍ RJ-45 Kv‡bKUi mshy³ _v‡K| GB K¨ve‡ji GK cÖvšÍ
mivmwi myB‡P mshy³ Kiv _v‡K| K¨ve‡ji Ab¨ cÖvšÍ RJ-45, DB-9 ev RJ-45, DB-25
GWvÞv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡e| Avcwb †Kvb GWvÞviwU e¨eniv Ki‡eb †mwU cy‡ivcywi wbf©i
Ki‡Q Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwiqvj †cv‡U©i Ici| mKj bZzb g‡W‡ji myBP Ges ivDUvi
Kvjvi †Kv‡WW (Color Coded) Gid‡j Avcwb †ivjIfvi K¨ve‡ji Kvjv‡ii mv‡_ myBP ev
ivDUv‡ii Kvjvi wgwj‡q G‡K mn‡RB mshy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKwU †ivjIfvi K¨vej hLb Kv‡bKU‡ii gva¨‡g mshy³ nq ZLb cÖ_g Kv‡bU‡ii 1 bs
wcbwU 2q Kv‡bKU‡ii 8 bs wc‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| GKBfv‡e 2bs wcb 7bs, 3bs wcb 6bs
Ges 4bs wcb 5bs Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
RJ-45 Kb‡mvj †cv‡U©i wcbAvDU (Pinout) wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
wcb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
wmMb¨vj - DTR TxD GND GND RxD DSR -
 46  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
BbcyU/AvD - AvDUcyU AvDUcyU - - BbcyU BbcyU -
UcyU
Dc‡ii †Uwej †_‡K cÖZxqgvb wcb 6 Ges 7 BbcyU wmMb¨vj Ges
wcb 2 Ges 3 AvDUcyU wmMb¨v‡ji Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

B_vi‡bU †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs t

B_vi‡bU †cvU© wfwËK K¨vewjs Avevi `yai‡bi| G¸‡jv n‡”Q K.
†÷ªBU _ªy K¨vewjs (Straight Through Cabling) Ges L. µmIfvi K¨vewjs
(Crossover Cabling)|
hLb Avcwb Avcbvi ivDUvi, IqvK©‡÷kb Ges mvf©vi‡K myB‡Pi
mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡eb ZLb Avcbv‡K Aek¨B †÷ªBU _ªy K¨vej e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi hLb Avcwb GKwU myBP‡K Ab¨vb¨ wiwcUvi ev
myB‡Pi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡eb ZLb Aek¨B µmIfvi K¨vej e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡P †÷ªBU _ªy K¨vej Gi Iq¨vwis WvqvMÖvg Ges Gi wcb †j-
AvDU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

†÷ªBU _ªy K¨ewjs G wcb 1, 2 Ges 3,6 †K Aek¨B UzB‡÷W †cqvi

n‡Z nq| mvaviYZ: wcb 4,5,7 Ges 8 Gi e¨envi †bB| hw`I G¸‡jv‡K
K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ hy³ K‡i ivLv hvq|
wb‡P µmIfvi K¨ve‡ji Iq¨vwis WvqvMÖvg Ges wcb †j-AvDU
†`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  47

µmIfvi K¨ve‡j wcb 1, 2 Ges 3,6 UyB‡÷W †cqvi n‡q _v‡K| 1g

cÖv‡šÍi wcb 1 Ges 2 h_vµ‡g 2q cÖv‡šÍ wcb 6 Ges 3 Gimv‡_ hy³
_v‡K| GQvov 1g cÖv‡šÍi wcb 3 Ges 6 h_vµ‡g 2q cÖv‡šÍi wcb 8
Ges 7 Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
 48  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

†bUIqvK© †mUAvc I KbwdMv‡ikb

Network Setup and Configuration
†bUIqvK© †mUAvc cÖ¯‘wZ
(Preparation for Network Set Up) t
BwZc~‡e© Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, GKwU †bUIqvK© n‡Z cv‡i wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi A_ev K¬v‡q›U/mvf©vi
cÖK…wZi| Avgiv Gevi GKwU wUwmwc/AvBwc †bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci wewfbœ avc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y Avgiv a‡i wbw”Q †bUIqvK©wU K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi cÖK…wZi| GLv‡b
GKwU mvf©vi Ges Gi mv‡_ †ek K‡qKwU K¬v‡q›U ev IqvK©‡÷kb _vK‡Q| †bUIqvK©
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e Avgiv cÖ_‡g DB‡ÛvR cøvUdg©‡KB e¨envi KiwQ| Gic‡i Aek¨
Avgiv wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gI †bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci wewfbœ avc †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi †bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci cÖ_g ch©v‡q wdwRK¨vj
wWfvBmmg~n mshy³c~e©K †mUAvc, Gici GwU KbwdMvi Ges me‡k‡l cixÿv K‡i †`Lv
n‡e †bUIqvK©wU wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wKbv †m welqwU| Aek¨ Av‡jv”¨ D`vni‡Yi
†bUIqv‡K©i AvwK©‡UKPvi ev aib n‡”Q B_vi‡bU GUvI Avgiv a‡i wbw”Q|
†bUIqv‡K©i cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ bvg Ges AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm _vK‡Q| †bUIqvK©
†mUAv‡ci cÖ_g avc n‡”Q wdwRK¨vj †mUAvc m¤úbœ Kiv| wdwRK¨vj †mUAv‡ci mv‡_
Av‡iv †h welq¸‡jv RwoZ Zvn‡jv cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡i †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK
Bb÷j Kiv| m¤cÖwZ Aek¨ cÖvq cÖwZwU e¨vÛ wcwmÕi mv‡_B weë-Bb B›Uvi‡dm KvW©
cvIqv hv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b †h mg¯Í †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ˆZwi n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡K Avcwb
mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡gB KbwdMvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| wdwRK¨vjx G¸‡jvi Rv¤úvi ( Jumper) ev
wWAvBwc myBP †mU Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j Kivi ci Avcwb
Gevi cixÿv K‡i †`L‡eb wm‡÷g KvW©wU‡K wVKg‡Zv wPb‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv| A‡bK mgq
†bUIqvK© KvW© B›UvivÞ (Interupt) G¨v‡Wªm Ges AvB/I (I/O) †ggwii mv‡_ Kbwd¬± ev ØÜ
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi Kbwd¬‡± Rwo‡q co‡j †bUIqvK© KvW© Ab¨vb¨‡`i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
wØZxq av‡c Gevi Avgiv cixÿv K‡i †`L‡ev Kw¤úDUvi wVKg‡Zv †bUIqvK© KvW© mbv³
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv Ges GwU Ab¨ †Kvb wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ Kbwd¬± m„wó Ki‡Q wK bv †m
welqwU| †bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j Kivi ci wm‡÷g G‡K wPb‡Z cvi‡j
StartSettingControl Panel †_‡K Add/Remove Hardware DBRvW©wU Avcwb
e¨envi Ki‡eb| DBRvW© PjvKvjxb mg‡q †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_ Avmv Gi mdUIq¨vi
WªvBfvi Bb÷j Kivi Rb¨ d¬wc wW¯‹ ev wmwWÕi mvnvh¨I wb‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| mdUIq¨vi
Bb÷j Kivi ci Avcwb Kw¤úDUviwU‡K cybivq Pvjy Ki‡eb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  49
†bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci Z…Zxq avc n‡”Q K¨vej Ges Uvwg©‡bUi wbe©vPb Kiv| Z‡e me ai‡bi
K¨ve‡j Uvwg©‡bUi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †hgb aiæb UzB‡÷U wcqvi K¨vej, Gi Rb¨ †Kvb
Uvwg©‡bUi Avcbv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y Avgiv BDwUwc ( UTP)
K¨vej K¨vUvMixÑ5 ev CAT-5 K¨vej e¨envi KiwQ| K¨ve‡ji †klcÖv‡šÍ _vK‡e Kv‡bKUi|
GB Kv‡bKUiwU wM‡q mivmwi hy³ nq †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_| UzB‡÷W wcqvi K¨ve‡ji mv‡_
Avgiv e¨envi KiwQ Avi‡R-45(RJ-45) Kv‡b±i, hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv †Uwj‡dvb Kv‡b±‡ii
g‡ZvB|
w_b B_vi‡b‡U e¨eüZ nq †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej hv †`L‡Z †Uwjwfk‡b e¨eüZ †Kv-Gw·qvj
K¨ve‡ji g‡ZvB| w_b B_vi‡b‡Ui Kv‡b±i‡K ejv nq wU ( T) Kv‡b±i| †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej
T Gi `yB cÖv‡šÍ hy³ nq Ges T -Gi Aci cÖvšÍwU mshy³ _v‡K †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_|
Gfv‡e mshy³ K¨ve‡ji me©‡kl `yÕcÖv‡šÍi `y‡Uv Kw¤úDUv‡i T Gi Rb¨ Uvwg©‡bwUs †iwR÷vi
jvMv‡bv nq T Gi Ask wn‡m‡eB| †bUIqvK© K¨vej mg¯Í IqvK©‡÷kb Ges mvf©v‡ii
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q GKwU †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR m„wó Ki‡e|
wdwRK¨vj †bUIqvK© †mUAvc wVK Av‡Q wKbv †mwU cixÿvi Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ `y‡Uv Kw¤úDUv‡ii
†gŠwjK mdUIq¨vi _vK‡Z n‡e Ges G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e KbwdMvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
†bUIqvK©fy³ me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi GKms‡M Pvjy bv Ki‡jI Pj‡e| cixÿv K‡i hw` †`Lv
hvq `y‡Uv Kw¤úDUvi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv ev †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b mgm¨v
n‡”Q, Zvn‡j †bUIqvK© Uªvejm¨ywUs GLvb †_‡KB Avcbv‡K ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|

wUwmwc/AvBwc KbwdMv‡ikb
(TCP/IP Configuration) t
wUwmwc/AvBwc †bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci G ch©v‡q Avgiv GLb wUwmwc/AvBwc mdUIq¨vi
KbwdMvi Ki‡ev| g~jZ: mKj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gB (†hgb DB‡ÛvR, BDwb·, wjbv·,
g¨vwK‡›Uvm) wUwmwc/AvBwc KbwdMvi Kivi c×wZ cÖvq GKB iK‡gi| AwaKvsk Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡g wUwmwc/AvBwc mdUIq¨vi c¨v‡KR wewfbœ ai‡bi BDwUwjwU myweav cÖ`vb K‡i| Gi
g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i †gby¨ WªvB‡fb w¯ŒÞ hv Avcbv Avcwb wUwmwc/AvBwc Gwcø‡Kkb
Bb÷‡jkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| Z‡e BDwb‡·i g‡Zv KwZcq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Avcbv‡K
g¨vbyqvjx †U·U GwWU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wUwmwc/AvBwc Bb÷j Ges Zv KbwdMvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wUwmwc/AvBwc mwVKfv‡e KbwdMvi cÖwµqv ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© Avcbv‡K KZK¸‡jv Z_¨ †R‡b
wb‡Z n‡e| †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ Avcbv‡K †h mKj Z_¨ Rvb‡Z n‡e Zv
wbæiƒcÑ
K) †Wv‡gBb †bg (Domain Name) t GwU cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©i cÖK…wZ ev ‰ewkó¨ wb‡`©k
K‡i Ggb GKwU bvg hv †bUIqvK©fy³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡e|
L) wm‡÷g ev Kw¤úDUvi †bg (System or Computer Name) t †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU
†jvKvj †gwk‡bi ¯^Zš¿¨ bvg GwU|
M) AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm (IP Address) t cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii c~Y© G¨v‡Wªm|
 50  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
N) WªvBfvi UvBc (Driver Type) t †bUIqv‡K©i cÖwZwU B›Uvi‡dm Avewk¨Kfv‡e
GKwU wWfvBm WªvBfv‡ii mv‡_ mswkøó _v‡K, hv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb
K‡i wKfv‡e †m wWfvBmmg~‡ni mv‡_ KwgDwb‡KU Ki‡e|
O) eªWKv÷ G¨v‡Wªm (Broadcast Address)t †bUIqvK© we¯Z…Z WvUv eªWKvw÷s Gi
Rb¨ GB G¨v‡Wªm e¨eüZ nq|
P) †bUgv¯‹ (Netmask) t †bUIqvK© gv¯‹ cÖwZwU †jvKvj †bUIqvK©‡K Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i _v‡K|
Q) †bUIqvK© KvW© KbwdMv‡ikb Bbdi‡gkb (Network Card Configuration
Information)t GwU cÖwZwU †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i B›UvivÞ †f±i (Interrupt Vector)
ev bv¤^vi Ges †ggwi G¨v‡Wªm wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K| †jvKvj †bUIqv‡K©i evB‡i hw`
Avcwb Ab¨ †bUIqvK© ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †bUIqvK©‡K hy³ Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j
†m‡ÿ‡Î wm‡÷g †Wv‡gBb †b‡gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| GB bvgwU Avcbvi cy‡iv cÖwZôvb ev
†Kv¤úvwb‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e| †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii cy‡iv AvBwc G¨v‡Wª‡mi cwie‡Z© H
Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg e¨envi Kiv n‡Z cv‡i WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨| †jvKvj
†bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e GKB
bv‡g wfbœ wfbœ †bUIqv‡K©i GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †bUIqvK© gv¯‹
wfbœ nevi Kvi‡Y mwVK Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv/g¨v‡mR †cuŠQ‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v nq bv|
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK
†bUIqvK© KbwdMv‡ik‡bi wewfbœ avc t

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© Gc‡j‡U Local Area Network AvBKb|

01| DB‡ÛvR 2000 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j bv Kiv ch© šÍ Avcwb
†W·U‡c Aew¯’Z Network and Dial-Up Connection AvBK‡bi Aax‡b Local
Area Connection kxl©K AvBKbwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| wm‡÷‡g hZ¸wj †bUIqvK©
KvW© Avcwb ¯’vcb Ki‡eb wVK ZZ¸‡jv Local Area Connection AvBKb †`Lv hv‡e
GLv‡b ( wPÎ )|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  51

wPÎ : Local Area Network AvBKb-Gi †cÖvcvwU©R DB‡Ûv|

02| Gevi Local Area Connection AvBK‡bi Dci gvD‡mi Wvb wK¬K K‡i cc-Avc
†gby¨ †_‡K Properties KgvÛ evUb wm‡j± Ki‡j GKwU DB‡Ûv cIqv hv‡e|
Connect Using †U·U e‡· Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷jK…Z †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i bvg †`L‡Z
cv‡eb| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i wewfbœ †cÖvcvwU©R †mU Ki‡Z PvB‡j Configure evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© KvW© KbwdMvi Kivi DB‡Ûv|

 52  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
03| hw` †bUIqvK© KvW©wU wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ wVKg‡Zv KvR K‡i Zvn‡j Device Status-G
Avcwb The d\device is working properly †jLvwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †bUIqvK© KvW©wU
wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Ki‡j Troubleshooter evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| GB DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcwb
Kv‡W©i aib, Gi wbg©vZv Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb ¯ø‡U KvW©wU emv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|

wPÎ : GB DB‡Ûv †_‡K Avcwb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i WªvBfvi

Avc‡WU ev AvbBb÷j Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
04| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i †cÖvcvwU©R DB‡Ûvi Driver U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡j †h DB‡Ûv cv‡eb
†mwU Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i WªvBfviwU Avc‡WU ev AvbBb÷j
Kivi Ackb GLv‡b cv‡eb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  53
wPÎ : †bUIqv‡K©i wi‡mvm© †mwUs Ackbmg~n|
05| †bUIqvK© KvW© wm‡÷‡gi †Kvb AvBAviwKD (IRQ-Interrupt Request) bv¤^vi,
†ggwi †iÄ e¨envi Ki‡Q wK bv wKsev GwU Ab¨ †Kvb wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ Kbwd¬±
(Conflict) Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`L‡Z PvB‡j Resource U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb| Av‡jvP¨
D`vni‡Y †bUIqvK© KvW©wU AvBAviwKD 9 e¨envi Ki‡Q Ges Conflict device
list e‡· †`Lv hv‡”Q GwU †Kvb wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ Kbwd¬± Ki‡Q bv|

wPÎ : ÷¨vUvm ev‡i †bUIqvK© AvBKb cÖ`k©‡bi Ackb †mwUs|

06| †bUIqvK© ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h mKj Dcv`vb e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv
GLv‡b Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GB DB‡Ûvi Show icon in task bar when
connected AckbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i w`‡j Avcwb ÷¨vUvm ev‡i †bUIqvK© AvBKb
†`L‡Z cv‡eb| †bUIqv‡K© bZzb †Kvb K‡¤úv‡b›U †hvM Ki‡Z PvB‡j Install evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
 54  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wPÎ : †bUIqvK© K‡¤úv‡b›U †hvM Kivi wewfbœ Ackb|
07| †bUIqv‡K© †h K‡¤úv‡b›UwU Avcwb Bb÷j Ki‡eb †mwU wm‡j± K‡i OK evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| G‡ÿ‡Î Protocol K‡¤úv‡b›U wm‡j± Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj Bb÷j Kivi DB‡Ûv|

08| Select Network Protocol DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcwb Kvw•ÿZ †cÖv‡UvKjwU wm‡j± K‡i
†mwU Bb÷j Kivi Rb¨ OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| ZvwjKv‡Z Kvw•ÿZ †cÖv‡UvK‡ji
bvg bv _vK‡j Have Disk evU‡b wK¬K K‡i d¬wc wW¯‹ ev wmwW †_‡K Avcwb
mn‡RB evB‡ii †Kvb †cÖv‡UvKj Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© K¬v‡q›U wn‡m‡e †bUIq¨vi †hvM Kiv n‡”Q|

  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  55
09| †cÖv‡UvK‡ji g‡ZvB Avcwb Client Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Select Network Client
DB‡Ûv †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ K¬v‡q›UwU‡K †bUIqv‡K© †hvM K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wPÎ : j¨vb ms‡hv‡Mi ÷¨vUvm A_©vr KZK¸‡jv c¨v‡KU Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡q‡Q Zv †`Lv hv‡”Q|
10| j¨vb ms‡hv‡Mi ÷¨vUvm †`L‡Z PvB‡j Avcwb ÷¨vUvm ev‡ii
†bUIqvK© AvBKbwU‡Z Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB
DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcwb †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ,
M„nxZ WvUv c¨v‡K‡Ui cwimsL¨vb, ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi
mgqKvj, WvUv UªvÝdvi MwZ (Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y 1000
GgwewcGm) BZ¨vw` cwimsL¨vb Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

wPÎ : ÷¨vUvm ev‡ii †bUIqvK© AvBK‡bi e¨envi|

 56  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
11| ÷¨vUvm ev‡i †bUIqvK© AvBK‡bi Dci gvDm wb‡j
†bUIqv‡K© WvUv UªvÝdvi MwZ, †cÖwiZ, M„nxZ WvUv
c¨v‡K‡Ui msL¨v †`Lv hv‡e|

wPÎ : Hardware Wizard AckbwU GB DB‡Ûv‡Z †`Lv hv‡e|

12| Kw¤úDUv‡i †bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j Kivi ci Avcwb hw`

†mwU Network and Dial-Up connection Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb Local Area
Connection AvBKb †`L‡Z bv cvb Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e wm‡÷g
†bUIqvK© KvW© mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| GgZe¯’vq †W·U‡c
Aew¯’Z My Computer AvBKbwU wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi Wvb
evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Gevi Properties bvgK cc-Avc †gby¨
wm‡j± Kiæb| G ch©v‡q †bUIqvK© KvW©wU wPwýZ Kivi
Rb¨ Avcwb Hardware Wizard evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Hardware
Wizard-wU Avcwb Start Setting Control Panel Add New
Hardware †_‡KI Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  57

wPÎ : nvW©Iq¨vi wWfvBm ZvwjKvq Network Adapter Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡q wbb|
13| DBRv‡W©i G ch©v‡q Avcwb wWfvBm ZvwjKvq Network Adapters bv †`L‡Z †c‡j
Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

wPÎ : Hardware Type DB‡Ûv‡Z Network adapters AckbwU wm‡j± Kiv n‡q‡Q|
14| Gevi Hardware Type DB‡Ûv‡Z Network adapters wm‡j± K‡i Avev‡iv Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 58  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ t Select Network Adapter DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcbvi wcwm‡Z Bb÷jK…Z h_vh_ †bUIqvK©
KvW©wU wm‡j± Kiæb|
15| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y 3Com wbwg©Z †bUIqvK© KvW© e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Select Network Adapter DB‡Ûv‡Z Manufactures
ZvwjKv †_‡K 3Com Ges Network Adapter ZvwjKv †_‡K h_vh_
GWvÞviwU wm‡j± K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wm‡÷g
mdUIq¨vi †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i WªvBfvi Luy‡R bv †c‡j
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_ Avmv wmwW A_ev d¬wc wW·
h_vh_ WªvB‡f ¯’vcb K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gevi
h_vh_ WªvBfviwU wPwýZ Kiæb| G ch©v‡q WªvBfvi Bb÷j
†kl n‡j wm‡÷g cybivq Pvjy Kiæb| †bUIqvK© KvW©
me©‡kl g‡W‡ji n‡j DB‡ÛvR 2000 wbR †_‡KB †mwU
wPwýZ K‡i wb‡e| GRb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb WªvBfvi Bb÷j Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  59

wPÎ : Avcwb Device Manager-G m`¨ Bb÷j Kiv KvW©wU †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
16| wm‡÷g †bUIqvK© KvW©wU h_vh_fv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv Kivi
Rb¨ Avcwb System Properties DB‡Ûv‡Z wd‡i Avmyb| Gevi Device Manager
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Avcwb wm‡÷‡g Bb÷jK…Z wWfvBm ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ Network
Adapters Gi Aax‡b †bUIqvK© KvW©wUi bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

wPÎ : ÷¨vUvm ev‡ii µm wPý wb‡`©k K‡i †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb wdwRK¨vj K‡¤úv‡b‡›U mgm¨v
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
17| wm‡÷g †Kvb Kvi‡Y †bUIqvK© KvW© wVKg‡Zv wPb‡Z bv cvi‡j A_ev †bUIqvK©
Kv‡W©i WªvBfvi, K¨vej Kv‡bKUi ev K¨ve‡j †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j ÷¨vUvm ev‡i
†bUIqvK© AvBK‡b Dc‡ii wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU µm wPý †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 60  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖvcvwU©R DB‡Ûv AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm, mve‡bU gv¯‹, †MUI‡q BZ¨vw` Z_¨ Gw›Uª w`b|

18| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i Rb¨ AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm Gw›Uª w`‡Z

PvB‡j Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) wm‡j± K‡i Gevi Properties
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gevi IP address Ack‡b 147.111.123.5
Gw›Uª w`b| †h‡nZz GwU K¬vk we AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm ZvB
Gi Rb¨ mve‡bU gv‡¯‹ Gw›Uª w`b 255.255.0.0| mve‡bU
gv‡¯‹ †Kvb Gw›Uª bv w`‡jI wm‡÷g wbR †_‡K GwU
m¤úbœ Ki‡e| Avcbvi IqvK©‡÷kbwU hw` wWGBPwmwc
mvf©vi e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j Avcwb g¨vbyqvjx †Kvb AvBwc
G¨v‡Wªm Gw›Uª w`‡eb bv| ïay gvÎ Obtain an IP address
automatically AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡eb| wWGBPwmwc mvf©vi
wbR †_‡KB Avcbv‡K IqvK©‡÷kbwU‡K AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm
eivÏ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Avcbvi IqvK©‡÷kb ev †nv‡÷i G¨v‡Wªm
†iR¨y‡jk‡bi Rb¨ wWGbGm mvf©v‡ii AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm
Preferred DNS Server Gi N‡i Gw›Uª w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avcwb hw`
GK mve‡bU †_‡K Ab¨ mve‡b‡Ui AvIZvaxb †Kvb
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  61
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Default
gateway ivDUv‡ii AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm Gw›Uª w`b|

wPÎ (K)
19 (K): Advanced wUwmwc/AvBwc †mwUs DB‡Ûv †_‡K AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm Ges †MUI‡q
†mwUs c×wZ|

wPÎ (L)
19 (L): †MUI‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm Add evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †hvM Kiv n‡”Q|
TCP (IP) Gi AvIZvq Properties e‡·i Advanced evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DNS, WINS
mvf©v‡ii G¨v‡Wªm Ges Metric Gi N‡i Gw›Uª w`‡Z cv‡ib| wPÎ 19(K) Ges 19(L) G Gw›Uª
cÖwµqvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
 62  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : SURECOM bvgK †bUIqvK© KvW©-Gi mv‡_ wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvK‡ji mgš^q|

20| aiæb, DB‡ÛvR 98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g SURECOM bvgK †bUIqvK© KvW© Bb÷j
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †bUIqvK© KvW©wU wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡e wK bv Zv cixÿv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ Start Setting Control Panel n‡q
Network AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K Kiæb| hw` †bUIqvK© K‡¤úv‡b›U ZvwjKvq TCP/IP
Ack‡b SURECOM bvgwU †`L‡Z cvb Zvn‡j Avcwb G wel‡q wbwðZ n‡Z
cvi‡eb|

wPÎ : wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi Ki‡e G ai‡bi K‡¤úv‡b›U †hvM Kiv n‡”Q|
21| DB‡ÛvR 98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ †bUIqvK©
mvwf©m ev K‡¤úv‡b›U Ackb‡K wUwmwc/AvBwcÕi mv‡_
Ave× ev evBwÛs K‡i †`qv nq| evBwÛs Kivi cÖwµqvwU
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  63
wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖvcvwU©R WvqvjM e‡·i gva¨‡g
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv| (wPÎ )

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© †nv÷‡K IqvK©MÖæc ev †Wv‡gB‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q|
22| G ch©v‡q †bUIqv‡K© Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU‡K cwiwPZ Kivi Rb¨ My computer
AvBK‡b gvD‡mi Wvb wK¬K K‡i cc-Avc †gby¨ †_‡K Properties KgvÛ wm‡j±
Kiæb| Gevi Network Identification U¨vewU wm‡j± Kiæb| GB DB‡Ûv‡Z
Computer name Gi e‡· Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU bvg (G‡ÿ‡Î ac1) Ges
Avcwb †h IqvK©MÖæ‡ci AvIZvq _vK‡Z Pvb Zvi bvg (G‡ÿ‡Î SICT)
Workgroup Ack‡b Gw›Uª w`b| Avcbvi †bUIqv‡K© hw` †Kvb †Wv‡gBb K‡›Uªvjvi
_v‡K, Zvn‡j Domain AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i †Wv‡gB‡bi bvg Gw›Uª w`b| Gevi OK
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 64  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wPÎ : †cÖvcvwU©R evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb Kw¤úDUvi bvg Ges IqvK©MÖæc cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| |
23| G ch©v‡q Dc‡ii WvqvjM e‡· Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg Ges wbe©vwPZ
IqvK©MæÖ ‡ci bvg wjL‡Z cv‡ib| Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg I IqvK©MÖæ‡ci Ackb cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z PvB‡j cybivq Properties evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
DB‡ÛvR G·wc-†Z †bUIqvK© †mUAvc cÖwµqv t
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z †bUIqvK© †mUAvc Kivi †ek K‡qKwU c×wZ Av‡Q| cÖ_gZ: Avcwb
StartControl PanelNetwork Connections ‡_‡K †bUIqvK© †mUAvc cÖwµqv ïiæ
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wØZxqZ: ÷¨vUvm ev‡i Aew¯’Z †bUIqvK© AvBKb †_‡KI Avcwb †bUIqvK©
†mUAvc cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
1) G ch©v‡q Avcwb Network Connections DB‡Ûv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Zvn‡j wb‡Pi New
Connection Wizard †`‡L‡Z cv‡eb| G DBRv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ Avcwb wZbwU KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| cÖ_gZ: Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avcwb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z cv‡ib| wØZxqZ: j¨vb ev
Avcbvi Kg©‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vb †Kvb †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ nIqv hvq Ges me‡k‡l G DBRv‡W©i
mvnv‡h¨ Avcwb †nvg ev ¯§j Awdm †bUIqvK© †mcAvc Kiv hv‡e| G ch©v‡q Next evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

2) Avcbvi bZzb ms‡hv‡Mi aib wK n‡e Zv Gevi wb‡Pi DB‡Ûv Network Connection
Type †_‡K wm‡j± K‡i wbb| GLv‡b Avcwb ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ PviwU Ackb cv‡”Qb| cÖ_g
AckbwU B›Uvi‡b‡U ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨, wØZxqwU Wvqvj-Avc ev wfwcGb (fvP©yqvj cÖvB‡fU
†bUIqvK©) Gi mvnv‡h¨ Ab¨ †Kvb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z cÖvB‡fU †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨,
Z…Zxq AckbwU we`¨gvb †Kvb ‡nvg ev ¯§j Awdm †bUIqvK© Gi mv‡_ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨
ev bZzb †Kvb ‡nvg ev ¯§j Awdm †bUIqvK© †mUAv‡ci Rb¨ Ges me©‡kl AckbwU
GWfvÝW ms‡hvM †hgb wmwiqvj,c¨vivjvj ev Bbdªv‡iW †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g mivmwi Ab¨
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  65
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi hv‡Z
mivmwi G Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z cv‡i †m e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GWfvÝW Kv‡bKkb
Ackb ev me©‡kl AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i Gevi Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3) Avcwb hw` Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K mivmwi Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ nIqvi AbygwZ
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Advanced Connection OptionsÑDB‡Ûv‡Z Accept incoming
connections AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb Ges Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 66  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

4) Gevi Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i †h wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡e Zv Devices for
Incoming Connections DBRvW© †_‡K wm‡j± Kiæb| Gÿ‡Î Avgiv Direct Parallel
‡cvU© wm‡j± K‡iwQ| Gevi Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5) G ch©v‡q evB‡ii Kw¤úDUviwU Avcbvi Kw¤úDv‡i fvP©yqvj

cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv Zv
wm‡j± Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  67

6) Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i ïay †Kvb †Kvb BDRvi cÖ‡e‡ki Aby‡gv`b cv‡e Zv User
Permissions †_‡K P~ovšÍ K‡i wbb|

7) User Permissions DB‡Ûv‡Z †Kvb BDRvi wm‡j± K‡i Gici Properties evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i Avcwb BDRv‡ii Kje¨vK bv¤^vi GLv‡b †mU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 68  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

8) BDRvi ev Kjvi (Caller) hv‡Z Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i wbwe©‡Nœ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i
†mRb¨ BDRv‡ii Dc‡hvMx †bUIqvwK©s mdUIq¨vi wm‡j± K‡i w`b|

9) BDRvi hw` wUwmwc/AvBwcÕi gva¨‡g mivmwi Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡hvM wb‡Z Pvq
Zvn‡j †bUIqvwK©s mdUIq¨vi Gi AvIZvq Properties evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| GLv‡b
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  69
†bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡e‡ki Aby‡gv`bmn wUwmwc/AvBwc Ab¨vb¨ c¨vivwgUvi¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e
KiwdMvi K‡i wbb|

10) G ch©v‡q Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU mivmwi Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUi

‡_‡K BbKvwgs WvUv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡q wM‡q‡Q|

11) Gevi Avcwb Network Connections Gi Aax‡b Incoming Connections AvBKbwU

†`L‡Z cv‡eb| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Avcwb Incoming Connections AvBKbwU‡Z gvD‡mi Wvb
wK¬K K‡i Gi †cÖvcvwU©R¸‡jv cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|
 70  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

12) †bUIqvK©fy³ Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm© †kqvwis Gi Rb¨ G‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z
PvB‡j Advanced Connection Options Gi Aaxb Gevi Avcwb Connect directly to
another computer AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| G ch©v‡q Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  71
13) Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU †nv÷ bv †M÷ n‡e Zv Host or Guest DB‡Ûv †_‡K wm‡j±
K‡i w`b| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© aviY K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K †M÷
Kw¤úDUvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡i Aew¯’Z wi‡mvm©mg~n †kqvi K‡i| Gevi Next evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

14) ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Avcwb †Kvb wWfvBm ev †cvU© e¨envi Ki‡eb Zv
Connection Device DB‡Ûv †_‡K wm‡j± K‡i wbb|

15) Gevi †h mKj †M÷ ev BDRvi Avcbvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡i hy³ n‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡`i
ZvwjKv Avcwb User Permissions DB‡Ûv †_‡K wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
 72  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

16) Gevi ‡M÷ Kw¤úDUvi KbwdMvi Kivi Rb¨ Guest AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

17) Gevi †h †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z Pvb Zvi bvg Connection Name
DB‡Ûv‡Z D‡jøL K‡i wbb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  73

18) Avcbvi Kg©¯’‡ji †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Network
Connection Gi Aaxb Virtual Private Network connection AckbwU wm‡j±
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

19) G ms‡hvMwUi GKwU bvg Avcwb wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib Company Name bvgK
e‡·| G †ÿ‡Î Avgiv ms‡hv‡Mi bvg wn‡m‡e ITCOM Gw›Uª w`‡qwQ|
 74  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
20) Gevi VPN Server Selection DB‡Ûv‡Z †h wfwcGb mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ Avcwb
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb Zvi bvg ev AvBwc G‡Wªm Gw›Uª w`b| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv
wfwcGb mvf©v‡ii AvBwc G‡Wªm wn‡m‡e 191.168.100.101 Gw›Uª w`‡qwQ|

21) G ch©v‡q ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡j Avcwb wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU
DB‡Ûv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

22) Gevi Avcwb m`¨ KbwdMviK…Z wfwcGb ms‡hvMwU mwµq ev e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j
Network Connections DB‡Ûv †_‡K VPN mswkøó AvBKbwU‡Z Wvej wK¬K K‡i
ms‡hvM cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  75

†nvg ev ¯§j Awdm Gi Rb¨ †bUIqvK© †mUAvc DBRvW©

(Network Setup Wizard for Home or Small Office) t
1| DB‡ÛvR G·wcÕi Network Connections DB‡Ûv‡Z Aew¯’Z Setup a home or
small office network kxl©K DBRvW©wU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb Lye mn‡RB ‡bUIqvK© †mc
Avc Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j †mUAvc DBRvW©wU
Avcbvi mvg‡b Avm‡e Ges G ch©v‡q Avcbv‡K DBRvW© Rvbv‡e †h Gi mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM †kqvi, B›Uvi‡bU dvqviIqvj †mUAvc, dvBj, ‡dvìvi Ges wcÖ›Uvi †kqvwis Gi
g‡Zv KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb| G KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb Next evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|

2| Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i †bUIqvK© KvW©, g‡Wg, K¨vej BZ¨vw`

Bb÷j Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv, Kw¤úDUvi,wcÖ›Uvi, G·Uvb©vj
g‡Wg Ab Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv, G Qvov Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨
 76  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
Avcbv‡Z Aby‡iva Kiv n‡e| G welq¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i Gevi Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3| G ch©v‡q Select a connection method DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi Z_v

†bUIqv‡K©i ÷vUvm ev Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx ms‡hvM AckbwU †e‡Q wbb Ges Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

K) D`vniY¯^iƒc cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU mivmwi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui

mv‡_ mshy³ Ges†bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi G Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡gB B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_
hy³ n‡e| G ai‡bi GKwU †mUAvc wb‡Pi wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Ae¯’vb G iKg n‡j cÖ_g AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  77

L) Dc‡ii cÖwµqv Ab¨vb¨ Ack¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb| Z…Zxq

AckbwU‡Z Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb, Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU †bUIqvK©
nve Ges K¨vej g‡W‡gi gva¨‡g nq‡Zv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³
n‡e| G ai‡bi GKwU †mUAvc Ackb wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi Ges †bUIqv‡K©i aib, Ae¯’vb Ges G‡Z
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv cixÿv K‡i ‡bUIqvK© †mUAvc
DBRv‡W©i h_vh_ AckbwU †e‡Q wbb Ges DBRv‡W©i wb‡`©kiv
Abymi‡Y cieZx© †mUAvc¸‡jv m¤úbœ Kiæb|
 78  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
4| †bUIqv‡K© Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi‡K kixK Kiv‡Z PvB‡j Gi Rb¨ Aek¨B GKwU bvg
Ges GKwU mswÿß eY©bv w`‡Z n‡e| G KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e Give this computer a
description and name DB‡Ûv †_‡K|

5| Kw¤úDUv‡ii bv‡gi cvkvcvwk †bUIqv‡K©i bvgI wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| GKwU
†bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq mg¯Í Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU Awfbœ †bUIqvK© bvg _vK‡Z
n‡e| IqvK©MÖæc wPwýZ Kivi gva¨‡g g~jZ: †bUIqvK© bvg wba©viY Kiv nq|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  79
6| G ch©v‡q †mUAvc DBRvW© Avcbvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨vw`i
wfwˇZ †bUIqvK© †mUAvc ev KbwdMv‡ikb Gi KvR¸‡jv
m¤úbœ Ki‡e| G cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ K‡qK wgwbU
mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|

7| Avcwb †bUIqvK© ‡mUAvc cÖwµqvi cÖvq †kl ch©v‡q|

Avcbvi †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq †h mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i DB‡ÛvR
G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †bB, †m me Kw¤úDUv‡i G
†bUIqvK© †mUAvc DBRvW© Pvjv‡Z n‡j Avcwb DB‡ÛvR
G·wc wmwW ev †bUIqvK© †mUAvc wW¯‹ e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| †bUIqvK© †mUAvc wW¯‹ ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ_g AckbwU
wmj‡± Kiv n‡jv|
 80  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

8| Gevi †h d¬wc wW¯‹‡K †mUAvc wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z PvB †mwU d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvB‡f
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq G wW¯‹wU dig¨vU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

9| DB‡ÛvR G·wc wmwW †_‡K DBRvW©wU Pvjv‡Z n‡j wmwWwU †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwW WªvB‡f ¯’vcb Kiæb| Gi Perform additional tasks Gi
AvIZvq Set up home or small office networking AckbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i
Bb÷j cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  81

10| d¬wc wW¯‹ †_‡K †bUIqvK© †mUAvc DBRvW© Pvjy Ki‡Z PvB‡j, cÖ_‡g wW¯‹wU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii d¬wc WªvB‡f ¯’vcb Kiæb| Gevi d¬wc wW‡¯‹i netsetup dvB‡ji Ici
Wvej wK¬K K‡i Bb÷‡jkb cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiæb|

11| G ch©v‡q †bUIqvK© †mUAvc-Gi KvR †kl n‡e| Avcwb Finish K¬K K‡i †mUAvc
cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiæb|
 82  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM c×wZ t
DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ Network
Connections ‡_‡K New Connection Wizard Pvjy Ki‡j B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨
wb‡æv³ Ackbmg~n cv‡eb| G Ackb¸‡jv n‡”Q: (K) Wvqvj-Avc c×wZi mvnv‡h¨| G‡ÿ‡Î
cÖPwjZ †dvb jvBb (PSTN) ev AvBGmwWGb(ISDN) jvBb Ges Gi m‡½ mswkøó g‡Wg
e¨envi Kiv nq| (L) eªWe¨vÛ ms‡hvM †hgb wWGmGj ev K¨vej g‡W‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †hLv‡b
BDRvi †bg Ges cvmIqvW© cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges (M) wWGmGj ev K¨vej g‡W‡gi mvnv‡h¨
eªWe¨vÛ ms‡hvM †hLv‡b BDRvi †bg Ges cvmIqvW© cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G ai‡Yi ms‡hv‡M
Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi me©`vB Ab-jvB‡b _vK‡e Ges B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ G‡ÿ‡Î
jM-Bb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Avcwb K‡qKwU Ackb cv‡eb| Z‡e wb‡Pi

wPÎ Abyhvqx Avgv‡`i Rb¨ wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq AckbwU cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e| Avcwb g¨vbyqvwj ms‡hvM KbwdMvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j AvBGmwc
Aby‡gvw`Z BDRvi †bg, cvmIqvW©, †dvb bv¤^vi BZ¨vw` wb‡Ri
†_‡KB Gw›Uª w`‡Z n‡e| Avi hw` AvBGmwc A‡Uv‡gwUK
ms‡hvM KbwdMvi Rb¨ †Kvb †mUAvc wmwW mieivn K‡i Zvn‡j G
†mUAvc wmwW †_‡K ms‡hvM cÖwµqv AwZ mn‡RB m¤úbœ
K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  83

Wvqvj Avc c×wZ‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †mUAvc cÖwµqvq

Avcwb GWfvÝW Wvqvj Avc DB‡Ûv‡Z wM‡q wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡ib KZ evi AvBGmwci mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nevi Rb¨ Wvqvj
Ki‡e| GQvov `y‡Uv Wvqvj Avc cÖ‡Póvi ga¨eZx© mg‡qi e¨eavb
KZUzKz n‡e †mwUI GLvb †_‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avcbvi
Kw¤úDUvi mvf©v‡i mshy³ nevi ci KZ mgq Ajm ev wbw®Œq
_vK‡j ms‡hvMwU Avcbv Avcwb wew”Qbœ n‡e †mwUI GB
DBRvW© †_‡K †mU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 84  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

†bUIqvK© wi‡mvm© †kqvwi

Network Resource Sharing
nvW© wW¯‹, †WUv I dvB‡ji g‡Zv wcÖ›UviI GK ai‡bi †bUIqvK©
wi‡mvm©| †bUIqv‡K© wcÖ›Uvi Ab¨vb¨ wcwmÕi gZB GKwU
†nv÷ Ges †nv÷ wn‡m‡e wcÖ›Uv‡ii GKwU AvBwc wVKvbv
Av‡Q| AvBwc wVKvbvi gva¨‡g †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ mvf©vi Ges
K¬v‡q›U wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U Re (Print Job) cvwV‡q _v‡K|
gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR 2000,GbwU (NT)mn Ab¨vb¨ mKj
†bUIqvK© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †bUIqv‡K©i mvf©vi I K¬v‡q‡›Ui
Rb¨ wcÖ›U mvwf©m wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K|

wcÖ›Uvi †mUAvc Ges †kqvi (Printer Setup

and Share)
DB‡ÛvR wfwËK wcÖw›Us mv‡cvU© Ki‡Z Avcwb GKwU
Kw¤úDUvi‡K †Wwf‡K‡UW wcÖ›U mvf©vi (Dedicated Print Server)
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| we‡kl K‡i eo eo cÖwZôv‡bi
†cÖvWvKkb G›UvicÖvBR cwi‡e‡k †hLv‡b e¨vcK cwigvb
wcÖw›Us Pvwn`v Av‡Q †m mg¯Í †ÿ‡Î †WwW‡K‡UW wcÖ›U
mvf©vi e¨envi Avek¨K| †QvU ev gvSvwi AvKv‡ii cÖwZôvb
†hLv‡b wcÖw›Us Pvwn`v Lye e¨vcK bq †m mKj †ÿ‡Î GKwU
mvf©vi‡KB dvBj Ges wcÖ›U mvf©vi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wcÖ›U mvf©vi wn‡m‡e DB‡ÛvR
2000 mvf©vi Ab¨vb¨ DB‡ÛvR, g¨vwK‡›Uvm, †bUIq¨vi Ges
BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi K¬v‡q›U mn‡RB mv‡cvU© K‡i|
‡bUIqvK© wcÖw›Us Gi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU Dcv`vb n‡”Q
wm‡÷‡gi †ggix (Memory) Ges nvW© wW· †¯úm (Hard Disk Space)
| WKz‡g›U cÖ‡m‡mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq †ggixi Ges wcÖ›U
wKDÕi wcÖ›U Re wW‡¯‹ aviY (Store) Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß nvW©
wW¯‹ †¯úm _vKv Avek¨K| GQvov nvW© wW¯‹ ‡¯úm dvBj
†mvqvc (Swap) Gi Rb¨I e¨eüZ nq| WKz‡g›Umg~n hLb wcÖ›U
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  85
n‡Z _v‡K nvW©wW‡¯‹ A¯’vqxfv‡e msiwÿZ dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q
(Delete) ‡h‡Z _v‡K Ges nvW© wW¯‹ †¯úm Lvwj n‡Z _v‡K|
†bUIqvK© wcÖw›Us wi‡mv‡m©i m‡ev©Ëg e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ †bUIqvK© G¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi‡K c~‡e©B KZK¸‡jv wel‡q
mywPwšÍZ cwiKíbv MªnY Ki‡Z nq| cwiKíbvi mgq †h mKj wel‡q
we‡ePbv Kiv nq Zvn‡jv-
 †bUIqvK© †Wv‡gBb (Domain) wWRvBb
 †Wv‡gB‡bi Rb¨ BDRvi ev e¨enviKvix MÖæc
wba©viY
 cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci Aax‡b e¨enviKvixi msL¨v
wba©viY
 wcÖ›Uvi I wcÖ›U mvf©v‡ii weZiY (Distribution)
cÖwµqv I Ae¯’vb (Location) wbY©q Kiv, hv‡Z K‡i
cÖwZwU e¨enviKvixi Rb¨ wcÖ›U wi‡mvm© mnRjf¨
nq|
DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uvi
†hvM Kivi me‡P‡q mnR Ges myweavRbK c×wZ n‡”Q G¨vW
wcÖ›Uvi DBRvW© (Add Printer Wizard) e¨envi Kiv| GB
DBRv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ GKB cÖwµqvq DB‡ÛvR 95/98 Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gI †jvKvj (Local) Ges †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uvi Bb÷j Kiv hvq|
GQvov GB DBRvW© e¨envi K‡i wcÖw›Us Gi Rb¨ wcÖ›Uvi
†cvU© wbw`©ó K‡i †`qv (Assigning Printer Port), wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi
Bb÷j Kiv Ges wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg wba©viY BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jvI Kiv hvq|
‡bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uvi Bb÷j Kiv msµvšÍ wel‡q Dc‡iv³ KvR¸‡jv Add
Printer Wizard e¨envi K‡i ‡hfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv nq †mB avc¸‡jv GLb
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
 86  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : Add Printer Wizard DB‡Ûv|

D`vniY¯^iƒc GLv‡b DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi †bUIqvK© Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g e¨envi Kiv n‡jvt
1| cÖ_‡g G¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi wn‡m‡e †bUIqv‡K© jM Ab (Log On)
Kiæb|
2| Gevi Start †gby¨i AvIZvaxb Program Gi Printers †dvìvi †_‡K Add
Printer KgvÛ wm‡j± Kiæb wcÖ›Uvi DBRvW© Pvjy Kivi Rb¨|
Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
3| GLb Add Printer Wizard Gi †jvKvj ev †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uvi †cR
†_‡K Local Printer †iwWI evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| AZtci
Automatically Detect My Printer †PKe·wU Avb‡PK (Uncheck) K‡i
Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
4| DBRv‡W©i Select Printer Port av‡c Create a New Port †iwWI
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges Wªc-WvDb WvqvjM e· e¨envi K‡i
GKwU GjwcAvi (LPR-Line Printer) †cvU© wm‡j± Kiæb| AZtci
Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, GKwU †cvU© (Port) n‡”Q mvf©vi Ges
wcÖ›Uv‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM ev KwgDwb‡Kkb P¨v‡bj
(Communication Channel)| Qwe‡Z ai‡bi GKwU †cvU© wm‡jKkb
DB‡Ûv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  87
5| Gici c`©vq Add LPR Compatible Printer WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
GLv‡b GjwcwW (LPD-Line Printer Daemon) mvf©v‡ii
wUwmwc/AvBwc wVKvbv Ges GKB mv‡_ widv‡iÝ †bg
(Reference Name) ewm‡q OK Kiæb|

wPÎ : wcÖ›Uvi †cvU© wm‡jKkb DB‡Ûv|

6| G ch©v‡q Avcbv‡K wb‡q hvIqv hv‡e Add Printer Wizard-Gi
wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi wm‡jKkb w¯Œ‡b| GLv‡b cÖ`Ë ZvwjKv
†_‡K wcÖ›Uvi wbg©vZv cÖwZôv‡bi bvg I wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg
wm‡j± K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| ZvwjKv‡Z wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg
bv _vK‡j Have Disk evU‡b wK¬K K‡i d¬wc ev wmwW-ig
WªvB‡f wcÖ›Uvi wbg©vZv KZ…©K mieivnK…Z wW¯‹ ev
wmwW ¯’vcb K‡i wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi Bb÷j Kiæb|
7| DBRv‡W©i Name your Printer av‡c wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg UvBc Kiæb
Z‡e bvgwU Aek¨B 31(GKwÎk) K¨v‡i±v‡ii †ekx n‡e bv| GB
bv‡gB wcÖ›UviwU Ab¨vb¨ †bUIqvK© e¨enviKvix‡`i wbKU
cwiwPZ n‡e| Gevi h_vh_ †iwWI evUbwU wK¬K Kiæb wWdë
wcÖ›Uvi Ack‡bi Rb¨ Ges cieZx© w¯Œb hvevi Rb¨ Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 88  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
8| Gici ¯Œx‡b Printer Sharing DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| G ch©v‡q Share As
†U· e‡· †h bv‡g †kqviK…Z wcÖ›UviwU †bUIqv‡K© cwiwPZ
n‡e Zv UvBc Kiæb| hw` Avcwb wcÖ›UviwU †bUIqv‡K©
†kqviW wi‡mvm© wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Ki‡Z bv Pvb Zvn‡j Do
Not share This Printer †iwWI evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges Gic‡i Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
9| G mgq c`©vq Location and Comment DB‡Ûv Avm‡e, †hLv‡b
Avcwb G¨vKwUf WvB‡iKUix‡Z cÖ`k©xZe¨ wcÖ›Uvi
m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| `y†Uv †U·U e‡· Z_¨
UvBc Kivi ci Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
10| G ch©v‡q c`©vq cÖ`wk©Z DB‡Ûv‡Z On the Print Test Page -G
Yes †iwWI evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z cv‡ib wcÖ›Uvi‡K †U÷ Kivi Rb¨|
†U÷ wcÖ›U bv PvB‡j GB †iwWI evUbwU †PK Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
†bB| Gevi Next evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †mU Av‡ci cieZ©x av‡c
P‡j †h‡Z n‡e|
11| æAdd Printer WizardÕÕ Gi †kl avc ev DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcwb G
mg‡q G‡m co‡eb| GLv‡b †Kvb Z_¨ ev BbcyU Avcbv‡K
w`‡Z n‡e bv| GZÿY ch©šÍ DBRv‡W©i wewfbœ av‡c Avcwb
†h †Kvb Z_¨/ BbcyU cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvi ms‡ÿc GLv‡b
cvIqv hv‡e| GB DB‡Ûv‡Z Finish evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wcÖ›Uvi
†mUAv‡ci KvRwU †kl Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿ‡c cÖ`wk©Z †Kvb Z_¨ wVKg‡Zv cÖ`vb Kiv nq wb g‡b
Ki‡j Avcwb Back evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wcQ‡bi avc¸‡jv‡Z wM‡q H Z_¨
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wcÖw›Us Aby‡gv`b (Printing Permission)t

GKwU wcÖ›Uvi hLb †bUIqv‡K© †kqvi Kiv nq ZLb †bUIqv‡K©i
KwZcq MÖæc ev e¨enviKvix GwU e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cvq| GmKj
†ÿ‡Î e¨enviKvixi Rb¨ wcÖ›Uvi e¨env‡ii Aby‡gv`‡bi ch©vq
wba©viY K‡i †`qv nq| wcÖ›Uvi Aby‡gv`b †mU Kivi avc¸‡jv wb‡P
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
1. Start †gby¨i Setting †dvìvi †_‡K Printers KgvÛ wm‡j± Kiæb|
2. GLv‡b KvswLZ wcÖ›Uv‡ii Dci wM‡q Wv‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges
cc Avc †gby †_‡K Properties KgvÛ wm‡j± Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  89
3. Gevi Security U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb
4. bZzb †Kvb e¨enviKvix (User) ev MÖæc(Group) †hvM Ki‡Z
PvB‡j Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges Name †U·U e‡· GKwU
bvg UvBc Kiæb| G ch©v‡q Select User,Computers or Group
WvqvjM e‡· OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †ei n‡q Avmyb|
5. wcÖ›Uvi †kqv‡ii †Kvb Aby‡gv`b cwieZ©b ev evwZj Ki‡Z n‡j,
e¨enviKvixi ev MÖæ‡ci bv‡g wK¬K Kiæb|
6. Gevi Permission e‡· h_vh_ †PK e·wU wK¬K K‡i Zv wm‡j±
Kiæb Ges OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡i bZzb Aby‡gv`b‡K Kvh©Ki
Kiæb|

wPÎ : wewfbœ ai‡bi wcÖ›U Aby‡gv`b †mU Kivi DB‡Ûv|

Permission DB‡Ûv‡Z wZb ai‡bi Aby‡gv`b Ackb Av‡Q | G¸‡jv
n‡”Q:
 wcÖ›U (Print)
 g¨v‡bR wcÖ›Uvim (Manage Printers)
 g¨v‡bR WKz‡g›Um (Manage Documents)
†bUIqvK© e¨enviKvixi cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB ‘wcÖ›UÕ Ack‡b Aby‡gv`b
Av‡Q| G¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi, wcÖ›U Acv‡iUi Ges mvf©vi Acv‡iUi‡`i
 90  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
ïay Ôg¨v‡bR wcÖ›UvimÕ- G Aby‡gv`b Av‡Q Ges ïaygvÎ
WKz‡g›U gvwjK‡`i Ôg¨v‡bR WKz‡g›UmÕ G Aby‡gv`b i‡q‡Q|
†bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ K¬v‡q›U
mshy³KiY
(Connecting Clients to Network Printer)t
†bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡ii †kqvwis †mU-Avc m¤úbœ Ki‡bi ci
Avcbv‡K K¬v‡q›U Kw¤úDUvi‡K †mUAvc Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G¸‡jv
†kqviW wcÖ›Uvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| K¬v‡q›U wcÖ›Uv‡ii †mUAvc
cy‡ivcywi wbf©i Ki‡Q Zvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Dci| †h mg¯Í
K¬v‡q›U Kw¤úDUv‡i DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
(DB‡ÛvRGbwU 95,98,2000) P‡j , †m¸‡jv Bb÷‡jk‡bi mgq Avcbv
†_‡KB h_vh_ fvm©‡bi wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi wm‡÷‡g Bb÷j K‡i †bq
hv‡Z Zviv †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| DB‡Ûv‡Ri evB‡i
Ab¨vb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi cøvUdg© ev gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Zv‡`i Dc‡hvMx
wfbœ wfbœ WªvBfvi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|

wPÎ : †bv‡fj †bUIq¨vi K¬v‡q‡›Ui Rb¨ dvBj Ges wcÖ›U mvwf©m †mU Kivi DB‡Ûv|
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cyivZb fvm©b ( †hgb 3.1, 3.11)
GgGm-Wm (MS-DOS) ev IGm/2 (OS/2) wm‡÷‡gi K¬v‡q›U
wcwm‡Z Avcbv‡K wbR †_‡K wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| GQvov K¬v‡q›U wcwmÔi GjwcwU 1(LPT1) †cv‡U©i
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  91
AvDUcyU Aek¨B jwRK¨vj wcÖ›Uv‡i wiWvB‡i± (Redirect) K‡i w`‡Z
nq| G KvRwU Kiv nq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KgvÛ wmb‡U·‡Ui
gva¨‡g| gvB‡µvmdU †bUIqv‡K©i K¬v‡q›U‡`i Rb¨ †h KgvÛwU
e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡jv-
Net use lptx:\\server_name\ share_name
GLv‡b x= 1, 2 ev 3 n‡”Q Wm I DB‡ÛvR 3.1 Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨| Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ x Gi gvb wfbœ
n‡e|
DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi †bUIqvK© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
g¨vwK‡›Uvm, †bUIq¨vi Ges BDwb· (UNIX) K¬v‡q›U mv‡cvU©
K‡i _v‡K| G mKj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ mvf©v‡i
AwZwi³ mvwf©m Bb÷j Ki‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc t †bUIq¨vi
K¬v‡q‡›Ui Rb¨ GB mvwf©mwU n‡”Q dvBj Ges wcÖ›U mvwf©m
(File and Print Service), BDwb‡·i Rb¨ mvwf©m n‡”Q
wUwmwc/AvBwc wcÖw›Us (TCP/IP Printing) ev jvBb wcÖw›Us
†WBgb (LPD)| mvf©v‡ii wWdë Bb÷‡jk‡bi mgq GB mvwf©m¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ ‡KvbwUB wbR †_‡K wm‡÷‡g Bb÷j nq bv|

wPÎ : BDwb· K¬v‡q‡›Ui Rb¨ wcÖ›U mvwf©m ‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

DB‡ÛvR 2000 †cÖv‡dkbvj ev DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi wcwm wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i
 92  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
†bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z cv‡i | G mKj K¬v‡q›U‡`i
†bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eªvDRvi Lyj‡Z
n‡e Ges G¨v‡Wªm ev‡i wcÖ›Uv‡ii BDAviGj (URL-Uniform Resource
Locator) emv‡Z n‡e| K¬v‡q›U‡`i hw` wcÖ›Uv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki
Aby‡gv`b _v‡K Zvn‡j Zviv H †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡e| BDAviGj wmb‡U· (Syntax) n‡”Q- http://server_name/
printers.
DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †_‡K †bUIqv‡K© †kqvi Kiv
Av‡Q Ggb GKwU wcÖ›Uvi G¨vK‡mm Kivi KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
avc GLv‡b ‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
K) cÖ_‡g StartCotrol Panel †_‡K Printers and Faxes Gc‡jUwU I‡cb
Kiæb;
L) Gevi Add Printer AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K Kiæb| G ch©v‡q Avcbvi
mvg‡b wbæiƒc GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

wPÎ : †bUIqvK© wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ wØZxq AckbwU †e‡Q †bqv n‡q‡Q|
M) Avcwb A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer
AckbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i Next evU‡b Avevi wK¬K Kiæb| G
ch©v‡q Avcbvi mvg‡b Specify a Printer kxl©K DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  93

wPÎ : †bUIqv‡K© †h mKj †kqviW wcÖ›Uvi Av‡Q Zv eªvDR Kiv n‡”Q|

N) Gevi Browse a printer wm‡j± K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
wKQyÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡j Avcwb wbæiƒc GKwU DB‡Ûv †`L‡Z cv‡eb
†hLv‡b †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq mKj †kqviW wcÖ›Uv‡ii GKwU
ZvwjKv †`Lv‡e, Avcwb G ch©v‡q \\SEC5\HP LaserJet 4 Plus
wcÖ›UviwU wm‡j± K‡i Next evU‡b Avevi wK¬K Kiæb|

wPÎ : †h mKj †kqviW wcÖ›Uvi †bUIqv‡K© eZ©gvb Zvi ZvwjKv GLv‡b Avcwb cv‡eb|
 94  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
O) †bUIqvK© ‡_‡K m`¨ G¨vK‡mm cvIqv †kqviW wcÖ›UviwU‡K
Avcwb wWdë wcÖ›Uvi wn‡m‡e †mU Ki‡Z Pvb wK bv †mwU
wb‡æi DB‡Ûv‡Z wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gici Next evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i cieZx© DB‡Ûv¸‡jv‡Z ewY©Z wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx
†bUIqvK© wcÖ›UviwU‡Z wcÖ›U KgvÛ cÖ`vb Z_v Gi †mUAvc
m¤úbœ Kiæb|

wPÎ : †bUIqv‡K©i wcÖ›UviwU GLvb †_‡K Avcwb wWdë wcÖ›Uvi wn‡m‡e †mU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GLv‡b e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †h, Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wfbœZvi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³
†mUAvc DB‡Ûvi AvK…wZ Ges wb‡`©kbvi g‡a¨ wKQyUv ZviZg¨
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
†dvìvi Ges wW¯‹ †kqvwis (Folder and Disk Sharing)
DB‡ÛvR G·wc-‡Z nvW© wW¯‹, d¬wc, wmwW WªvBf Ges †dvìvi ‡kqvwis Gi Rb¨ Awfbœ c×wZ
e¨envi Kiv nq| Avcwb †Kvb †dvìvi ev wW¯‹ †jvKvj BDRvi A_©vr GKB Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Ab¨vb¨ BDRvi Ges †bUIqvK©fy³ Acivci BDRvi‡`i g‡a¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e G
`yÕai‡Yi †kqvwis Gi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K GKB DB‡Ûv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †dvìvi ev wW¯‹
†kqvwis Gi wewfbœ avc Gevi eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q-
K) ‡Kvb †dvìvi ev WªvBf †kqvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g GwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici †dvìvi
ev wW‡¯‹i Ici gvD‡mi Wvb wK¬K K‡i cc-Avc †gby¨ †_‡K Sharing and Security A_ev
Properties KgvÛwU wm‡j± Kiæb| G ch©v‡q Avcbvi mvg‡b H wW¯‹ ev †dvìv‡ii
Properties DB‡ÛvwU Avm‡e|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  95

L) Gevi Properties DB‡Ûvi Sharing U¨vewU wm‡j± Kiv n‡jv| hw` wi‡mvm© (†dvìvi,
dvBj ev wW¯‹) GKB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ BDRvi‡`i g‡a¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j
Local Sharing and Security AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb, Avi hw` wi‡mvm©wU †bUIqvK©fy³
Ab¨vb¨ K¬v‡q›U ev †nv‡÷i Rb¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Network Sharing and
Security AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| G D`vni‡Y Avgiv wØZxq Ackb A_©vr Network
Sharing and Security e¨envi K‡iwQ| wi‡mvm© †kqvwis Gi mgq Avcbv‡K g~jZ: `y‡Uv
KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi GKwU n‡”Q †kqv‡ii GKwU bvg w`‡Z n‡e,hv‡Z K‡i G‡K Avcwb Lye
mn‡RB mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wØZxqZ: †bUIqvK© BDRvi‡`i Avcwb G wi‡mvm©fy³
dvBjmg~n cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Aby‡gv`b w`‡eb wKbv GwU †PK e‡·i gva¨‡g e‡j w`‡Z n‡e|
Ic‡ii ewY©Z cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Avgiv nvW© wW‡¯‹i E: cvwU©kb, d¬wc wW¯‹, wmwW ig Ges
GKwU †dvìvi †kqvi K‡iwQ| †kqvi Kivi ci G¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ wi‡mvm© †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e
wPwýZ n‡e| †kqviK…Z wi‡mvm©mg~‡ni AvBKb ev bv‡g wb‡P Avcwb GKwU nv‡Zi Qwe †`L‡Z
cv‡eb| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †kqviK…Z wi‡mvm©¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
 96  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

M) †bUIqv‡K© ‡h mg¯Í wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv Av‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv †`L‡Z PvB‡j Avcwb My
Network Places DB‡Ûvi
Aax‡b Shared Documents G
wK¬K Kiæb| GwU ïay Avcbvi
Kw¤úDUviB bq eis
†bUIqvK©fy³ Ab¨vb¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i †h mKj wi‡mvm©
†kqvi Kiv Av‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv
cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| cv‡ki Qwe‡Z G
ai‡Yi wi‡mvm©mg~‡ni GKwU
ZvwjKv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

WªvBf g¨vwcs (Drive Mapping)

†bUIqvK©fy³ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i Ggb †Kvb †kqviW wW¯‹ ev †dvìvi _vK‡Z cv‡i hv
Avcbv‡K cÖvq:kB e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| G ai‡Yi eûj e¨eüZ wi‡mvm© evi evi Network
Neighborhood ev Network Place G wM‡q †mwU G¨vK‡mm Kiv weiw³Ki g‡b n‡Z
cv‡i| H wi‡mvm©wU hw` Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i g¨vc K‡i †bb, Zvn‡j Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kivi
ci †mwU GKwU WªvBf wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| Gfv‡e Abvqv‡m †bUIqv‡K©i
Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kqviW wi‡mvm© (wW¯‹ Ges †dvìvi) Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU WªvBf
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡e| Avjv`vfv‡e G wi‡mvm©mg~n Avcbv‡K G¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z n‡e| WªvBf
g¨vwcs Gi gva¨‡g †kqviW wi‡mvm© G¨vK‡mm GKw`‡K †hgb Kg mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq,
Ab¨w`‡K Gi Rb¨ AwZwi³ †Kvb cÖ‡PóviI (Efforts) cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Gevi WªvBf g¨vwcs
Gi wewfbœ avc¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q-
K) cÖ_‡g Network Conections Pvjy Kiæb| Gevi wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv Tools †gby¨
†_‡K Map Network Drive mve †gby¨ wm‡j± Kiæb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  97

L) †bUIqvK©fy³ Ab¨ †h Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm© Avcwb g¨vc Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb †mwU eªvDR K‡i
wm‡j± Kiæb| Av‡jvP¨ D`vni‡Y Avgiv Workgroup Gi AvIZvq Reza_lap bv‡gi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Net_Book_07_07_lap bvgK †dvìviwU g¨vwcs Gi Rb¨ wm‡j± K‡iwQ|
g¨vwcs Gi Rb¨ †dvìvi wPwýZ Kivi welqwU wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

M) †h bv‡g ev WªvBf †jUvi AvKv‡i GB †dvìviwU Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Zv

Drive Ackb e· †_‡K wbw`©ó K‡i w`b| G D`vniY Avgiv WªvBf †jUvi wn‡m‡e Z: wbw`©ó
K‡iwQ| G †kqviW WªvBfwU Kw¤úDUvi jM A‡bi mgq cyb:mshy³ n‡e wKbv †mwU †PK
e‡·i gva¨‡g wm‡j± K‡i w`b|
 98  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

N) G mgq Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© WªvBfwU g¨vc ev mbv³ Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡e| G
cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wKQyUv mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|

O) Gevi Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii My Computer DB‡ÛvwU I‡cb Kiæb| GLv‡b m`¨

g¨vcK…Z †dvìvi ev
WªvBfwU (Z:)
†bUIqvK© WªvBfm
Gi Aax‡b †`L‡Z
cv‡eb| Avcwb
†bUIqvK© WªvBf Gi
ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ
Ki‡Z PvB‡j Tools
†gby¨ †_‡K
Disconnect
Network Drive mve‡gby¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  99

†bUIqvK© Uªvejï¨wUs
Network Troubleshooting
GKwU †bUIqvK©‡K mwµq I mPj ivL‡Z GWwgwb‡÷ªUi‡K cÖwZwbqZ bvbv iKg e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡Z nq| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy mgm¨v Av‡Q hv cÖvq cÖwZw`bB gv_v e¨v_vi KviY n‡q
`uvovq| cÖwZwU †bUIqv‡K©iB wbR¯^ KbwdMv‡ikb Ges ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| Z‡e wbæewY©Z mgm¨v
cÖvq cÖwZwU †bUIqv‡K©i †ejvqB cÖ‡hvR¨| cÖ_‡g Avgiv G ai‡bi mvaviY mgm¨v wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Ges ciewZ©‡Z †`L‡ev G¸‡jv wKfv‡e mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq| †bUIqvK©
mgm¨vi mgvavb cÖwµqvq wK wK Uzjm e¨envi Kiv n‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡qI Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡e|

mvaviY †bUIqvK© mgm¨v

(Common Network Problem) t
†bUIqv‡K© cÖvqkB mgm¨vi KviY nq Ggb Bmy¨mg~n n‡”QÑ
K) wdwRK¨vj wgwWqv
L) †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK

M) wbK KbwdMv‡ikb c¨vivwgUvi

N) †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvK‡j Awgj

O) †bUIqvK© Kb‡Rkb ev RU
P) m¤cÖPvi So
Q) ˆe`¨ywZK mgm¨v
R) mvf©vi mgm¨v
DcwiD³ mgm¨vmg~n wb‡q Gevi we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvKÑ
K) wdwRK¨vj wgwWqv (Physical Media) t
†Kvb †bUIqv‡K©i wdwRK¨vj wgwWqv ej‡Z K¨vej, Kv‡bKUi, nve,
B›Uvi‡dm KvW© BZ¨vw`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G mKj wdwRK¨vj
wgwWqv AvNvZ ev Pv‡c †f‡½ ev weK…Z n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
†bUIqvK© ms‡hvM ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi mgm¨v †`Lv
w`‡jB G mKj wWfvBm mv‡_ mv‡_ cixÿv K‡i †`Lv DwPZ|
 100  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
D`vniY¯^iƒc †bUIqvK© K¨ve‡ji †Kv_vI wew”Qbœ ev mU© n‡q
†M‡j Zv GKwU IqvK©‡÷kb A_ev cy‡iv †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›Ui
Kv‡bKwUwfwU wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cy‡iv welqwU wbf©i
Ki‡Q H wew”Qbœ n‡q hvIqv K¨ve‡ji Ae¯’v‡bi Dci|
†bUIqvK© †_‡K †Kvb IqvK©‡÷kb wew”Qbœ n‡q †M‡j
GWwgwb‡÷ªUi cÖ_‡gB cixÿv K‡i †`L‡eb H mgm¨v AvµvšÍ
IqvK©‡÷kbwU‡K| G‡ZB wZwb wbwðZ n‡q hv‡eb mgm¨vwU wK
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi wbR¯^ A_ev Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K¨ve‡j| Gici wZwb
Ab¨vb¨ fvix WvqvM‡bvwmm Kv‡R †hgb Kw¤úDUvi cyb:KbwdMvi
Kiv, †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© cwieZ©b, WªvBfvi
cwieZ©b/Avc‡MÖW BZ¨vw`‡Z nvZ w`‡eb|
†bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii Kv‡Q hw` AwZwi³ †Kvb IqvK©‡÷kb
(†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©mn) _v‡K Zvn‡j wZwb Gi mvnv‡h¨
K¨vej wVK Av‡Q wK bv cixÿv K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib| GB AwZwi³
IqvK©‡÷kbwU hw` wVKg‡Zv mvf©v‡i mshy³ n‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j
eyS‡Z n‡e mgm¨v K¨ve‡j bq eis H cixÿvaxb IqvK©‡÷k‡bB|
†bUIqv‡K© wdwRK¨vj wgwWqvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb mgm¨v m„wó n‡j Zv
wPwýZKiY I wbim‡b wb‡Pi c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
1| †bUIqvK© K¨vej k³fv‡e B›Uvi‡dm Kv‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ Av‡Q wK bv cixÿv K‡i
†`Lyb| K¨vej Kv‡b±‡ii Ae¯’vI Gi mv‡_ †`‡L wbb| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y K¨vej Kv‡bKUi
AvjMv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
2| wbwðZ n‡q wbb Avcbvi K¨ve‡ji wba©vwiZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg
K‡i‡Qb wK bv| cÖwZwU K¨ve‡jiB GKwU wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡
wmMb¨vj enb K‡i wb‡q hvevi ÿgZv Av‡Q| H `~i‡Z¡i evB‡i
†M‡jB wmMb¨v‡ji gv‡bi AebwZ N‡U| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wewfbœ
ai‡bi K¨vej Ges Gi WvUv enb K‡i wb‡q hvevi `~iZ¡ †`qv n‡jvÑ
K¨ve‡ji aib wmMb¨vj en‡bi
m‡ev©”P `~iZ¡
K) w_b‡bU †Kv-Gw·qvj 185 wgUvi
L) w_K‡bU †Kv-Gw·qvj 500 wgUvi
M) AveiYwenxb UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi ev BDwUwc 100 wgUvi
N) AveiYhy³ UzB‡÷W †cq¨vi ev GmwUwc 100 wgUvi
O) AcwUK¨vj dvBevi 2 wK‡jv wgUvi
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  101
3| UvBg †Wv‡gBb wi‡d¬K‡UvwgUvi (Time Domain Reflectometer)
w`‡q cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb K¨ve‡ji †Kv_vI kU© n‡q Av‡Q ev †f‡½
†M‡Q wK bv| †`Iqvj ev K¨vwe‡b‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q hLb K¨vej AwZµg
K‡i ZLb G ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
4| cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© GKB ai‡bi K¨vej e¨envi Kiæb| wewfbœ ai‡bi
K¨vej GKB †bUIqv‡K© e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j we‡kl wWfvBm †hgb
ivDUvi, eªxR BZ¨vw` ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
5| Uvwg©‡bUvi¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i wbwðZ †nvb †h G¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y
†bUIqv‡K© gvÎvwZwi³ †iva (Resistance) co‡Q wK bv|
L) †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev wbK
( Network Interface Card -NIC ) t
†bUIqvK© mgm¨v AvµvšÍ nevi wcQ‡b Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY
n‡”Q ÎæwUc~Y© wbK| wbK-‡K mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z n‡j `y‡Uv
kZ© Aek¨B cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 B›Uvi‡dm KvW©wU‡K Aek¨B k³fv‡e gv`vi‡ev‡W©i
(Motherboard) wba©vwiZ ¯ø‡U (Slot) AvUKv‡Z n‡e|
 B›Uvi‡dm Kv‡W©i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ggb mdU&Iq¨vi
WªvBfvi Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G‡K †bUIqvK©
AvwK©‡UKPv‡ii mv‡_ gvbvbmB K‡i KbwdMvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
AwaKKvj a‡i e¨envi, cvwicvwk¦©K cÖwZwµqv, Ae¨vnZ e¨env‡ii d‡j gv‡S g‡a¨ †bUIqvK©
KvW© Zvi ¯^vfvweK Kg©KvÛ ¯’wMZ K‡i †`q| wKš‘ KbwdMv‡ik‡b fyj ev Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi
mv‡_ K¤ú¨vwUwewjwU mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †bUIqvK© KvW© G‡Kev‡iB APj n‡q c‡o|
†bUIqvK© KvW©RwbZ mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I wbim‡b wb‡æv³
welq¸‡jv cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i-
1| †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i wcQ‡bi w`‡K jvBU R¡j‡Q wK bv?
mvaviYZ †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i wcQ‡bi †kl w`‡K GKwU ev `yÕwU
Wv‡qvW jvBU (LED-Light Emitting Diode) _v‡K| Gi GKwU n‡”Q wj¼
jvBU (Link Light)| Kv‡W© †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ ms‡hvM †c‡j GB
jvBUwU R¡j‡e| wØZxq jvBUwU n‡”Q UªvÝwgkb jvBU (Transmission
Light)| KvW© hLb †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb
GB jvBUwU Ab/Ad (On / Off) n‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡W©i mv‡_
†bUIqv‡K©i ms‡hvM bv _vK‡j †Kvb jvBUB R¡j‡e bv|
 102  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
2| †bUIqv‡K©i ¯^vfvweK Kg©KvÛ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb
†Kvb G¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg m¤cÖwZ Bb÷j Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK bv?
Ggb wKQy G¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg Av‡Q †h¸‡jv wm‡÷‡g
†bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z wbR¯^ WªvBfvi (Driver) Bb÷j K‡i
†bq| GB WªvBfvi Avcbvi eZ©gvb †bUIqvK© hv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi
fvm©‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
3| Network Control Panel †_‡K cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb we`¨gvb †bUIqvK©
WªvBfviwU †Kvb Zvwi‡L Bb÷j Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvwiL Lye Av‡Mi
n‡j B›Uvi‡dm KvW© wbg©vZvi KvQ †_‡K me©‡kl fvm©‡bi
WªvBfvi msMÖn K‡i Zv Bb÷j Kiæb| G‡Z B›Uvi‡dm KvW©
msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|
 g‡Wg m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v Ges Gi mgvavb t g‡WgÕGi mgm¨v
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ mvaviYZ: Avjv`v †Kvb wW¯‹ ev Uzj e¨envi Kiv nq bv|
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖvq mKj fvm©‡bB (†hgb DB‡ÛvR
95/98/2000, wg‡jwbqvg GwWkb) GKwU weë-Bb KwgDwb‡Kkb Uzj
_v‡K g‡Wg cixÿv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨| GB UzjwU Avcwb cv‡eb K‡›Uªvj
c¨v‡b‡ji Modem Applet Gi g‡a¨| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb KwZcq †gŠwjK
KgvÛ g‡W‡g cvVv‡Z cv‡ib Ges c`©vq †`L‡Z cv‡ib g‡Wg wKfv‡e
Gme Kgv‡Û mvov w`‡”Q| g‡W‡gi mvov †`Iqvi aib Aek¨ wbf©i Ki‡Q
g‡W‡gi UvB‡ci Ici|

wPÎ : g‡Wg cixÿv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ nvBcvi Uvwg©bvj e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Avcwb DB‡ÛvR Gi nvBcvi Uvwg©bvj (HyperTerminal) Uzj ev
†cÖvMÖvg e¨envi K‡iI g‡W‡gi mv‡_ mivmwi KwgDwb‡KU Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| GRb¨ Avcbv‡K cÖ_‡gB †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K h_vh_fv‡e
KbwdMvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| g‡Wg cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Ggb
wKQy KgvÛ n‡”Q-
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  103
-AT: g‡Wg wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡j G Kgv‡Ûi Dˇi c`©vq OK cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e|
-ATEIV1: GB KgvÛ wbwðZ Ki‡e g‡W‡gi DËi wVKg‡Zv c`©vq
cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q|
-ATDT9988567: g‡Wg †Kvb †dvb bv¤^v‡i wVKg‡Zv Wvqvj Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q wKbv Zv cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ GB KgvÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| †Uvb
Wvqvwjs-Gi cwie‡Z© cvjm Wvqvwjs e¨envi Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î KgvÛ
n‡e ATDP9988567|
M) wbK KbwdMv‡ikb c¨vivwgUvi
(NIC Configuration Parameters )t
cÖwZwU †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i ev wbKÕGi (†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm
KvW©) wbR¯^ KbwdMv‡ikb c¨vivwgUvi Av‡Q| wKš‘ †ewkifvM
†ÿ‡Î †h mKj c¨vivwgUvi ev †mwUs wb‡q mgm¨v m„wó nq Zv n‡jv
AvBAviwKD (IRQ - Interrupt Request) †mwUs, †eR AvB/I †cvU©
wVKvbv (Base I/O Part address) Ges †eR †ggix wVKvbv (Base memory
address)-Gi †h‡Kvb GKwUi gvb fyj n‡j Zv IqvK©‡÷k‡bi Ab¨ †h‡Kvb
wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ ØÜ (Conflict) m„w÷ Ki‡j wbK wVKg‡Zv KvR
Ki‡e bv|
 GKwU B‡›Uj wfwËK wcwm‡Z 16wU AvBAviwKD (IRQ)
_v‡K| G¸‡jv wcwmÕi mv‡_ mshy³ wewfbœ wWfvB‡mi Rb¨
wbw`©ó Kiv _v‡K Ges cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK Giv AMÖvwaKvi
wfwˇZ cÖ‡mm‡ii ¯^vfvweK Kg©KvÛ ¯’wMZ K‡i Zvi
†_‡K cÖ‡mwms mgq wb‡Z cv‡i|
†eR AvB/I wVKvbv cÖ‡mmi Ges Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Ab¨ mKj
wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ev †MUI‡q wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i|
 †eR †ggwi wVKvbv n‡”Q †ggwii GKwU Ae¯’vb †hLv‡b
†bUIqv‡K©I WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU evdvi
(Buffer) ivLv Av‡Q| †n·v †Wwmgvj bv¤^vi wn‡m‡e GB
wVKvbvwU n‡”Q wW8000|
wbK KbwdMv‡ikb msµvšÍ RwUjZvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jv cixÿv-
wbixÿv K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i-
1| IqvK©‡÷k‡bi †bUIqvK© KbwdMv‡ikb wK m¤cÖwZ cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q? cwieZ©b Kiv
n‡j Gi KviY †R‡b wbb Ges c~‡e©Kvi †mwUs wK wQj †mUv †ei Kiæb|
 104  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
2| †bUIqvK© KvW© A‡UvKbwdMvi †gv‡W KbwdMvi Kiv
n‡qwQj wK bv? A‡UvKbwdMvi Kiv n‡j †bUIqvK© KvW©
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q bv Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY
Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b g¨vbyqvwj KvW©wU KbwdMvi K‡i wbb|
3| Dc‡i ewY©Z wZbwU †gŠwjK c¨vivwgUvi wK Ab¨ †Kvb
wWfvBm e¨envi Ki‡Q? G iKg Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡j †bUIqvK©
KvW© cyb:KbwdMvi Kiæb Ges mshy³ Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm AcmviY
Kiæb|
N) †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvK‡j Awgj

(Network Protocol Mismatch)

†bUIqv‡K© GKwU IqvK©‡÷kb †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡j Gi B›Uvi‡dm
ev GWvÞvi KvW©‡K Aek¨B Aci cÖv‡šÍi IqvK©‡÷k‡bi †bUIqvK©
Kv‡W©i mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e GKwU mvaviY †cÖv‡UvKj †mU (Common
Set of Protocol) †kqvi Ki‡Z nq| hw`I cÖwZwU †cÖv‡UvK‡ji
KbwdMv‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| A‡bK mgq GKwU GKK
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj‡K KvR
Kiv‡Z nq| G cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq eÜb ev 'Binding' z GRb¨
GbwWAvBGm (NDIS-Network Device Interface Specification) ev
IwWAvB (ODI-Open Data Link Interface) †cÖv‡UvKj ÷¨vK e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` †`Lv hvq G‡Z
KbwdMv‡ikb ev g¨vKvwbK¨vj †Kvb ÎæwU †bB Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e
G‡Z †cÖv‡UvKj mv‡cvU© msµvšÍ Sv‡gjv Av‡Q| GKwU
IqvK©‡÷kb‡K hw` †bv‡fj †bUIq¨v‡ii AvBwcG·/ GmwcG·
†cÖv‡UvK‡ji Rb¨ KbwdMvi Kiv nq Zvn‡j †m mdjfv‡e KLbB
wUwmwc/ AvBwc †cÖv‡UvK‡ji mvnv‡h¨ KbwdMviK…Z dvBj
mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
†h †bUIqvK© cwi‡e‡k GKvwaK mvf©vi cøvUdg© †hgbÑ BDwb·,
wjbv·, †bv‡fj †bUIq¨vi, DB‡ÛvR GbwU /2000 mvf©vi i‡q‡Q
†mLv‡b †cÖv‡UvKjRwbZ mgm¨v wbY©‡q wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ
¸iæZ¡ †`qv cÖ‡qvRb|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  105
1| IqvK©‡÷kb wK BwZc~‡e© mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jv Ges eZ©gv‡b GwU †m ÿgZv wK nvwi‡q‡Q A_ev
IqvK©‡÷kb mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ KLbB mdjfv‡e mshy³ n‡Z cv‡i
wb?
GgZe¯’vq †bUIqvK© K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj †_‡K cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb IqvK©‡÷k‡b wK ai‡bi
†cÖv‡UvKj Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q| †h †cÖv‡UvKj Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv wK †bUIqvK©
B›Uvi‡dm Kv‡W©i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© ? bv n‡j †bUIqvK© KvW©‡K mv‡cvU© K‡i Ggb †cÖv‡UvKj
bZzb K‡i Bb÷j Kiæb|
2| Bb÷jK…Z †cÖv‡UvK‡ji mKj KbwdMv‡ikb c¨vivwgUvi
mwVKfv‡e c~Y© Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
†hgb wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj my¨B‡Ui †ÿ‡Î †h mKj c¨vivwgUvi emv‡Z nq Zv n‡jv
AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm, mve‡bU gv¯‹ Ges wWdë †MUI‡q wVKvbv|
3| wUwmwc/AvBwc †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î IqvK©‡÷kb wK
WvqbvwgK¨vwj AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm (wWGBPwmwcÕi gva¨‡g)
cv‡”Q? †c‡q _vK‡j cÖwµqvwU wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wK bv Zv
cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb|
4| wUwmwc/AvBwc †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î †bUIqvK© †mM‡g‡›Ui Rb¨
wWGbGm AvBwc (DNS IP) G¨v‡Wªm mwVKfv‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q
wK bv Zv wbwðZ †nvb|
5| AvBwcG·/GmwcG· (IPX / SPX) †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î mwVK †d«g
UvBc (Frame Type) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv K‡i wbb|
 106  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : h_vh_ WvUv †d«g UvBc wbe©vPb Kiv n‡”Q|

O) †bUIqvK© Kb‡Rkb (Network Congestion) t
GKwU †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U ev cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© `ye©j cvidi‡gÝ
ev `ÿZv n‡”Q †bUIqvK© Kb‡Rk‡bi cÖv_wgK jÿY| †bUIqvK©
m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii mgq ev wcK AvIqv‡i (Peak Hours) gv‡S g‡a¨ G
ai‡bi Kb‡Rkb n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GB Kb‡Rkb †bUIqv‡K©i
mgq AwZµg nevi ev eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ axiMwZ‡Z m„wó n‡Z
cv‡i| Gfv‡e K‡qK gvm ev eQi cvi nevi ci †bUIqv‡K© Amnbxq
Kb‡Rkb bR‡i Av‡m|
†bUIqvK© Kb‡Rk‡bi ch©vq ev cwigvY Abyaveb Ki‡Z †bUIqvK© gwbUi Ges
†bUIqvK© GbvjvBRvi bvgK Uzj‡mi mvnvh¨ †bqv hvq| cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© KZUzKz
e¨vÛDBW_ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, †bUIqv‡K©i m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii mgqKvj, wK cÖK…wZi WvUv
c¨v‡KU †bUIqv‡K©I ga¨ w`‡q PjvPj Ki‡Q BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †bUIqvK© gwbUi †_‡K Rvbv
hvq| †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb †mM‡g›U ev Ask w`‡q me‡P‡q †ewk cwigvY WvUv UªvwdK
Ae¨vnZ wQ‡jv ev †Kvb As‡k WvUv cÖev‡n mgm¨v n‡q‡Q BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †bUIqvK©
GbvjvBRvi w`‡q mn‡RB e¨vL¨v Ges Zv cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e|
†bUIqvK© Kb‡Rkb msµvšÍ mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Y wb‡æv³ avc¸‡jv
AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  107
1| mgm¨vwU m¤cÖwZ mg‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q bv GwU wbqwgZ
GKwU welq n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q? †bUIqvK© Kb‡Rkb g~jZ: `ye©j
†bUIqvK© wWRvB‡bi wb‡`©kK Ges G mgm¨vi myôz mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ cy‡iv †bUIqvK© wWRvBb †X‡j mvRv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|
2| GKwU AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm †_‡K eo bv¤^vi wewkó WvUv
c¨v‡KU¸‡jv wb‡q cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb| †bUIqvK© KvW© wVKg‡Zv
KvR bv Ki‡j GwU B‡”Qg‡Zv AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges eo AvKv‡ii
Mvi‡eR (Garbage) WvUv c¨v‡KU †bUIqv‡K© cvVv‡Z _v‡K|
3| m¤cÖwZ †bUIqv‡K© bZzb †Kvb G¨vwcø‡Kkb Bb÷j Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiæb| K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi (Client / Server) wfwËK
G¨vwcø‡Kkb cÖPzi cwigvY WvUv c¨v‡KU Drcbœ K‡i Ges
†m¸‡jv †bUIqvK© UªvwdK‡K cÖwZwbqZB fvix K‡i †Zv‡j|
4| †bUIqvK© e¨enviKvixi msL¨v m¤cÖwZKv‡j †e‡o‡Q wK
bv? e¨enviKvixi msL¨v A¯^vfvweK cwigv‡Y evo‡j Zv mvgvj
w`‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i ÿgZvI †mB nv‡i evwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
5| †bUIqv‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb †Kvb †cÖv‡UvKj wfwËK WvUv
c¨v‡KU PjvPj K‡i? †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ †cÖv‡UvK‡ji msL¨v KZ?
†bUIqvK© UªvwdK me©wbæ ivL‡Z n‡j h_vm¤¢e ¯^í msL¨K
†cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
6| †bUIqv‡K© †bUeyB (NetBEUI) †cÖv‡UvKj mwµq ev dvskbvj
wK bv ?
P) m¤cÖPvi So (Broadcast Storms) t
†bUeyB GKwU WvUv c¨v‡KU eªWKv÷ Drmvnx (Broadcast Intensive)
†cÖv‡UvKj| †bUIqv‡K© †bUeyB eªWKv÷ Kgv‡Z DBbm (Wins)
mvf©vi e¨envi Kiæb A_ev †bUev‡qvm‡K (NetBtos)
wUwmwc/AvBwc ev AvBwcG· Gi ga¨ w`‡q Uv‡bj (Tunnel) K‡i
†bUeyBÕGi cÖfve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwinvi Kiæb|
 108  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : ÎæwUc~Y© †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© : m¤cÖPvi S‡oi cÖavb KviY|

m¤cÖPvi So ev eªWKv÷ ÷ªg Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ ev Ae¯’v hvi
D™¢e nq ZLbB hLb AwZwi³ msL¨K eªWKv÷ WvUv c¨v‡KU
†bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi‡hvM¨ cy‡iv e¨vÛDBW_ (Bandwidth) `Lj K‡i
iv‡L| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i Kg©`ÿZv fxlYfv‡e K‡g
Av‡m|
†bUIqvK© KvW© Ges nve mgm¨v AvµvšÍ n‡j eªWKv÷ ÷ªg m„wó
n‡Z cv‡i| †bUeyB †cÖv‡UvKj Øviv wWRvBb Kiv Ggb †bUIqv‡K©
hLb AwZwi³ cwigvY WvUv c¨v‡KU eªWKv÷ n‡Z _v‡K ZLbB
†bUIqv‡K© eªWKv÷ ÷ªg †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb wWfvB‡mi Kvi‡Y
hw` eªWKv÷ ÷ªg †`Lv †`q Zv n‡j †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
†mwU wPwýZ Kiv hvq Ges mgm¨vgy³ Ab¨ GKwU wWfvBm w`‡q
†mwU cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †h‡nZz ivDUvi eªWKv÷ UªvwdK
UªvÝwgU K‡i ZvB †bUIqv‡K©i Af¨šÍ‡i ivDUvi Ges ivDU¨vej
†cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i eªWKv÷ ÷ª‡gi cÖfve Kwg‡q Avbv hvq|
Q) ˆe`y¨wZK mgm¨v (Power Problems) t
nVvr K‡i we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †bUIqvK© Z_v H ¯’v‡bi
wcwmmn Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZi Dci gvivZ¡K cÖfve c‡o|
wVK GKBfv‡e hw` nVvr K‡i we`y¨r P‡j hvq Ges G‡Z cÖv_wgK
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  109
mvR© (Surge) ev AZ¨vwaK cÖevn _v‡K Zv n‡j †mwUI †bUIqv‡K©i
Rb¨ ÿwZKi| GB nVvr K‡i we`y¨r P‡j hvIqv Ges mvR© cÖevn †_‡K
†bUIqvK©-‡K myiÿv Ki‡Z h_vh_ e¨e¯’v †bqv Avek¨K |

wPÎ : DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©v‡i BDwcGm †mwUs|

†bUIqvK© I Kw¤úDUvi‡K ˆe`y¨wZK mgm¨v †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z eûjfv‡e
BDwcGm (UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply) e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j BDwcGm wKQyÿ‡Yi Rb¨ (15 wgwbU
†_‡K 30 wgwbU ev Zvi †ewk mgq, GwU wbf©i Ki‡Q BDwcGmÕGi
ÿgZvi Dci) mieivn Ae¨vnZ iv‡L, d‡j mvf©vi, IqvK©‡÷kb BZ¨vw`‡K
¯^vfvweK wbqggvwdKfv‡e eÜ Kiv hvq| †Kvb †Kvb BDwcGm
mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ B›Uvi‡dm Kiv hvq d‡j nVvr K‡i we`y¨r mgm¨v ïiæ
n‡j mvf©vi BDwcGm †_‡K wmMb¨vj †c‡q wm‡÷g wbqgZvwš¿K
Dcv‡q eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| †bUIqvK©fy³ Awd‡m hLb †KD _v‡K bv
ZLb BDwcGm ÕGi GB wdPviwU AZ¨šÍ djcÖm~ nq|
†Kvb †Kvb BDwcGm-G Avevi jvBb KwÛkwbs (Line Conditioning)- Gi
e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| GB wdPviwU we`y¨r cÖevn me©`v w¯’i (Constant)
iv‡L| G‡Z we`y¨r DVvbvgv ev mvR© †fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y cÖev‡ni †Kvb
ZviZg¨ nq bv| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q we`y¨rcÖev‡ni
A¯^vfvweKZvi Kvi‡YB wcwmÕi we`y¨r mieivn BDwbU (Power
 110  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
Supply Unit), nvW©wW· Ges gv`vi‡evW© gvivZ¡Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’
nq| BbwUwj‡R›U BDwcGm e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wWfvBm¸‡jv iÿv Kiv hvq|

wPÎ : wcwmÕi we`y¨r mieivn BDwbU Gi mgm¨v cy‡iv †bUIqvK©‡K APj

Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AwaKvsk cÖwZôvb ïaygvÎ mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ `vgx BDwcGm e¨envi
K‡i| wKš‘ Gi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ †bUIqvK© Dcv`vb †hgb wcÖ›Uvi,
nve, ivDUvi BZ¨vw`‡KI A¯^vfvweK we`y¨rcÖev‡ni nvZ †_‡K myiÿv
cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ GKB ai‡bi e¨e¯’v †bqv DwPZ| †bUIqv‡K©i
mvwf©m me©`v mPj ivLvi Rb¨ GwU GKwU c~e©kZ©|
R) mvf©vi mgm¨v (Server Problems) t
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© mvf©vi n‡”Q GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i cÖvY| we‡kl K‡i K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi wfwËK
†bUIqv‡K© mvf©v‡i †Kvb cÖKvi mgm¨v n‡jB Zvi cÖfve wM‡q c‡o cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©|
mvf©v‡ii Kvi‡Y m¤¢ve¨ †h mKj mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”QÑ
 ch©vß cÖ‡mwms ÿgZvi Afve;
 ch©vß †ggwi ev ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡ii Afve;
 mvf©v‡ii nvW©wW· bó ev µvm (Crash) nIqvi d‡j WvUv ev
DcvË nvwi‡q hvIqv;
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  111
IqvK©‡÷kb †_‡K cÖvß AvB/I Aby‡iva (I/O Request) iÿv,
e¨enviKvixi cwiPq D×vi ev ev A‡_bwU‡Kkb (Authentication)
BZ¨vw`mn mvf©vi hZ †ewk mvwf©m †bUIqvK©‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e,
wmwcBDÕi ZZ‡ewk cÖ‡mwms ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| †bUIqv‡K©i
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwf©m Ges G¨vwcø‡Kkb
†cÖvMÖvgmg~n mwµq _vKvKvjxb mg‡q i¨vg (RAM) ev †ggwi
e¨envi K‡i| WvUv‡eR mvf©vi Ges wm‡÷g A‡_bwU‡Kkb I
wmwKDwiwUi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ggb mvf©v‡ii Rb¨I †ggix GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GRb¨ mvf©v‡ii Kv‡Ri aib we‡ePbv K‡i G‡Z
h_vm¤¢e ch©vß †ggwi ms‡hvRb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| WvUv e¨vKAv‡ci
ch©vß e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j mvf©v‡ii nvW©wW¯‹ µvm GKwU
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ fqvbK wec` †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ mvf©v‡i
†iBW ch©vq m¤úv`b c~e©K (RAID-5) AšÍZ: wZbwU nvW©wW¯‹
¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov eo †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î †Uc WªvBf I
AwZwi³ mvf©vi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g WvUv e¨vKAvc †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b A‡_©i wewbg‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui wewfbœ I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`Ë
myweavewj Kv‡R jvwM‡q WvUv msiÿY Kiv hvq| Z‡e G‡Z WvUv
wbivcËvi welqwU Lye GKUv gReyZ bq e‡j †KD †KD AwfgZ e¨³
K‡ib|
S) nvW©Iq¨vi ØÜ (Hardware Conflict) t
AvBAviwKD, AvB/I G¨v‡Wªm, wWGgG Ges †ggwi G‡Wªm wm‡÷g
wi‡mvm© bv‡g cwiwPZ| G‡`i g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© ev
wbK, g‡Wg KbwdMvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvBAviwKD I AvB/I
G¨v‡Wªm| Z‡e ïaygvÎ wbK Gi Rb¨ wWGgG P¨v‡bj ev †ggwi
G¨v‡Wªm KbwdMvi Ki‡Z nq| GKwU wm‡÷g wi‡mvm© GKvwaK
wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †kqvi Kiv n‡j ev eivÏ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j H wWfvBm
h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡e bv|
AvBAviwKD (IRQ) t †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó AvBAviwKD
GKvwaK †bUIqvK© wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ eivÏ Kiv n‡j H wWfvBm¸‡jv
h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AvBAviwKD (IRQ-Interrupt Request
Line) n‡”Q GK ai‡bi nvW©Iq¨vi jvBb hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi
wWfvBm †hgbÑ BbcyU/AvDUcyU †cvU© (Input/Output Port),
Kx‡evW© (Keyboard), wW· WªvBf Ges †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©
G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ evZ©v wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b
wmwcBDÕi (CPU-Central Processing Unit) g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i|
 112  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
AvBAviwKD Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ weë-Bb Ae¯’vq _v‡K
Ges G¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ ch©v‡qi AMÖvwaKvi (Priority) wba©viY K‡i
†`qv nq| AMÖvwaKvi wba©viY Kivi d‡j wmwcBD eyS‡Z cv‡i †Kvb
Aby‡ivawU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges †mg‡Z wmwcBD Zvi
cÖ‡mwms K‡›Uªvj Aby‡ivaKvix wWfvB‡m †cÖiY K‡i Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i|
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm ev GWvÞvi KvW©‡KI GKwU we‡kl
AvBAviwKDÕi Rb¨ Av‡MB KbwdMvi K‡i †`qv nq| GKB mvf©v‡i
hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y GKvwaK B›Uvi‡dm KvW© emv‡bv n‡q _v‡K Zv
n‡j Zv‡`i AvBAviwKD G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb cÖKvi ؇Üi
m„wó bv K‡i †m welqwU jÿ¨ ivLv Avek¨K| bx‡P 16wU AvBAviwKD
Ges Zv‡`i †gŠwjK dvskb Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
AvBAviwKD (IRQ) KvR (Function)
b¤^i
0 UvBgvi (Timer)
1 Kx‡evW©
2 AvBAviwKD 9 Gi mshy³
3 KwgDwb‡Kkb †cvU© 2 ev 4 (COM2 or
COM4)
4 KwgDwb‡Kkb †cvU© 1 ev 3 (COM1 or
COM3)
5 LPT2 or MIDI
6 d¬wc wW¯‹ K‡›Uªvjvi
7 LPT1
8 wm‡÷g K¬K
9 AvBAviwKD-2 Gi mv‡_ mshy³ ev mvDÛ
KvW©
10 †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©, cÖvBgvix
¯‹vwR GWvÞvi
11 †m‡KÛvix ¯‹vwR GWvÞvi
12 wcGm/2, jwRw÷K ev evm gvDm
13 g¨v_ cÖ‡mmi (Math Processor)
14 cÖvBgvix AvBwWB nvW©wW¯‹
K‡›Uªvjvi
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  113
AvBAviwKD (IRQ) KvR (Function)
b¤^i
15 wd« ev AwZwi³ AvBwWB
(IDE)K‡›Uªvjvi

wPÎ : DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ wWfvBm

KZ…©K e¨eüZ IRQ ZvwjKv K¨vcPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvB/I G¨v‡Wªm (I/O Address) t AvBAviwKDÕi ci wØZxq wm‡÷g
wi‡mvm© n‡”Q AvB/I G¨v‡Wªm ev †cvU© G‡Wªm| wcwmÕi g‡a¨
cÖ‡Z¨K wWfvB‡miB GKwU ev GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi AvB/I
G¨v‡Wªm _v‡K| GKwU AvB/I G¨v‡Wªm †Kvbµ‡gB GKvwaK
wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ eivÏ Kiv hv‡e bv| Av/BI G¨v‡Wª‡mi gva¨‡gB †Kvb
GKwU wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| cÖwZwU wWfvB‡mi
Rb¨ AvB/I G¨v‡Wªm‡K wbw`©ó Kiv nq Pvi wWwR‡Ui
†n·v‡Wwmgvj bv¤^vi Øviv| wb‡Pi G ai‡bi K‡qKwU AvB/I
G¨v‡Wª‡mi D`vniY Zzj aiv n‡jv-
 0060 Kx-‡evW© Gi Rb¨
 01F0 cÖvBgvix nvW© WªvBf K‡›Uªvjvi-Gi Rb¨
 03F0 d¬wc WªvBf K‡›Uªvjvi Gi Rb¨
 114  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wWGgG P¨v‡bj (DMA Channel): hw` †Kvb wcwmÕi GW-Bb
KvW© (Add-in Card) ev B›Uvibvj wWfvBm wWGgG (DMA-Direct
Memory Address) mv‡cvU© K‡i, Zvn‡j GwU wWGgG K‡›Uªvjvi
bvgK wPc Gi we‡kl wdPvi¸‡jv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e| †Kvb wWfvBm
wWGgG P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g AvB/I iæ‡Ui Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk `ªæZ
MwZ‡Z WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKQy wKQy wbK, mvDÛ
KvW©, wW¯‹ K‡›Uªvjvi wWGgG mv‡cvU© K‡i, wKš‘ AwaKvsk
B›Uvibvj g‡Wg wWGgG mv‡cvU© K‡i bv| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv fv‡jv
†h, wWGgG P¨v‡bj n‡”Q GKwU wmMb¨vj hv wWGgG WvUv
UªvÝdvi cÖwµqv Pvjy K‡i| GKwU wcwmÕi G ai‡bi 7wU wWGgG
P¨v‡bj _v‡K|

wPÎ : wewfbœ ai‡bi †bUIqvK© wi‡mvm© eivÏ †mwUs c×wZ|

†ggwi G‡Wªm (Memory Address) t PZz_© Ges me©‡kl wm‡÷g
wi‡mvm© n‡”Q †ggwi G¨v‡Wªm| KwZcq wbK QvovI wKQy wKQy
GW-Bb wWfvBm Av‡Q hviv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †ek wKQy
†ggwi (i¨vg) wbw`©ó K‡i iv‡L| †ggwi wbw`©ó K‡i ivLvi G
cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ nq †ggwi G‡Wª‡mi gva¨‡g | cÖwZwU
wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ G ai‡bi †ggwi G‡Wª‡mi GKwU Avi¤¢ Ges GKwU
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  115
†kl wVKvbv ev †jv‡Kkb _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc wfwWI Kv‡W©i †ggwi
G‡Wªm n‡”QÑ
000A0000-000AFFFF_Video Memory, msL¨vi cÖ_gw`‡Ki k~Y¨¸‡jv ev`
w`‡j G¨v‡Wªm n‡e-
A0000-AFFFF_Video Memory

†bUIqvK© Uªvejmy¨wUs Uzjm

(Network Troubleshooting Tools) t
†bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨msMÖn Ges †mB Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ mgm¨v wbim‡b eZ©gv‡b
nvW©Iq¨vi I mdU&Iq¨vi Dfq cÖKv‡ii bvbv ai‡bi Uyjm evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q| Gevi G
ai‡bi eûj e¨eüZ KwZcq Uzjm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”QÑ
K) wWwRUvj †fvë wgUvi (Digital Volt Meter) t
wWwRUvj †fvë wgUvi mvaviYZ: wWwfGg (DVM) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GwU GKwU †gŠwjK B‡jKUªwbK †fv‡ëR cwigvcK wWfvBm hv
mn‡RB GKwU †iva ev †iwR‡UÝ-Gi Dci Av‡ivwcZ †fv‡ëR gvc‡Z
cv‡i|
†bUIqvK© cwi‡e‡k wWwRUvj †fvëwgUv‡ii cÖv_wgK e¨envi n‡”Q
Zvi ev K¨ve‡ji KbwUwbDwU ev wbiwew”QbœZv (Continuity) cixÿv
K‡i †`Lv| hw` K¨ve‡ji GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ euvavnxb Ae¯’vq
we`y¨r cÖevn †c‡i cv‡i Zv n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e H K¨ve‡ji KbwUwbDwU
Av‡Q| Avi hw` we`y¨rcÖevn †iva ev euvavi m¤§yLxb nq, Zv n‡j a‡i
†bqv n‡e K¨ve‡ji †Kv_vI wew”Qbœ Kiv Av‡Q ev G‡Z †eªK (Break)
Av‡Q|
K¨ve‡ji †Kv_vq kU© (Short) Av‡Q wK bv Zv wWwRUvj †fvë
wgUvi w`‡q cixÿv K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e| †fvë wgUv‡ii GKwU jxW (Lead)
K¨ve‡ji Af¨šÍi fv‡Mi g~j Zvi ev †Kv‡i (Core) Ges Aci jxWwU evB‡ii
AveiY ev kx‡ì (Shield) ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| G Ae¯’vq hw` †fvëwgUvi
we`y¨rcÖev‡ni cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †Kvi Ges K¨ve‡ji
kxì †Kvb GK RvqMvq G‡K Aci‡K ¯úk© K‡i‡Q Ges Gi d‡j kU©
(Short) Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
 116  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
L) †Uvb †jv‡KUi (Tone Locator) t A‡bK mgq †bUIqvK©
UªvejmywUs Ki‡Z wM‡q Avcbv‡K GKMv`v †bUIqvK© K¨ve‡ji ga¨
†_‡K ÎæwUc~Y© †cvU© ev K¨vej‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Avi G
KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i †Uvbvi|
†Uvb †jv‡KUi ev †Uvbvi n‡”Q `ywU wfbœ wWfvB‡mi mgš^q, hviv
GK‡Î KvR K‡i| wWfvBm `ywUÕi GKwU n‡”Q †Uvb †Rbv‡iUi ( Tone
Generator) Ges AciwU †Uvb‡cÖve (Tone Probe)| GKwU wK¬‡ci
gva¨‡g †Uvb †Rbv‡iUi K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g mshy³ n‡q _v‡K Ges GKwU
wbw`©ó wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj †cÖiY K‡i|
†cÖvewU †Uvb †Rbv‡iU‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ K¨ve‡ji Kv‡Q Avm‡j GwU
kã wbM©Z K‡i|

wPÎ : †Uvb †jv‡KUi |

GKwU wbw`©ó †bUIqvK© K¨vej ev †cvU©‡K c„_K Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g
†Uvb †Rbv‡iUi‡K K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq, Gici †Uvb †cÖve‡K
m¤¢ve¨ Ab¨ mKj K¨ve‡ji wbKU wb‡q hvIqv nq| G ch©v‡q cixÿvaxb
K¨ve‡ji wbKUeZx© n‡jB †Uvb †cÖvewU GKwU kã m„wó K‡i| Ggb
wKQy †Uvbvi Av‡Q hvi GKwU gvÎ †cÖve A‡bK¸‡jv †Uvb
†Rbv‡iU‡ii mv‡_ GKB mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU
†Rbv‡iUi wfbœ wfbœ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi wmMb¨vj Drcbœ K‡i Ges
†cÖve cÖ‡Z¨K wmMb¨v‡ji Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ kã ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|
†bUIqvK© mv‡cvU© Ges myiÿvi KvRwU Lye fv‡jvg‡Zv Ki‡Z n‡j
Avcbv‡K K¨vej †U÷v‡ii mv‡_ Aek¨B GKwU
†Uvbvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) UvBg †Wv‡gBb wi‡d¬‡±vwgUvi
(Time Domain Reflectometer) t
GKwU UvBg †Wv‡gBb wi‡d¬‡±vwgUvi ev
wUwWAvi wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z K¨ve‡ji ga¨ w`‡q
ˆe`y¨wZK cvjm (Pulse) cvVv‡Z _v‡K| K¨ve‡ji ga¨
w`‡q WvUv wmMb¨vj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b euvav w`‡Z
cv‡i Ggb ÎæwU ev wew”Qbœ Ae¯’v wbY©‡qi Rb¨
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  117
UvBg †Wv‡gBb wi‡d¬‡±vwgUvi e¨eüZ nq| wWwRUvj †fvëwgUvi
Ges UvBg †Wv‡gBb wi‡d¬‡±vwgUv‡ii g†a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q
wWwRUvj †fvëwgUvi ïaygvÎ Zv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb wew”QbœZv ev †eªK
Av‡Q wK bv Zv wbY©q K‡i, Ab¨ w`‡K wUwWAvi wbw`©ó K‡i e‡j
†`q H wew”Qbœ As‡ki Ae¯’vb Zv‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K KZ `~‡i
Aew¯’Z|
wPÎ t wUwWAvi Gi e¨envi|
Gi d‡j wUwWAvi e¨envi K‡i mn‡R H wew”Qbœ As‡ki Ae¯’vb Rvbv
hvq Ges Zv AcmviY Kiv hvq| G KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ wUwWAvi cvjm
wiwWs GbvjvBwmm ev we‡kølY K‡i Ges AZ:ci Zv c`©vq cÖ`k©b
K‡i _v‡K| GKwU Pjgvb cvjm K¨ve‡ji wew”Qbœ As‡k †cuŠQv‡bvi
mgq Ges †mLvb †_‡K †dir Avmvi (Bounce Back) mgq cwigvc K‡i
K¨ve‡ji GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K wew”Qbœ As‡ki `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv nq|
wUwWAvi B‡jKwUªK¨vj K¨vej Ges dvBevi wfwËK K¨vej Df‡qi
Rb¨B mgfv‡e Kvh©Ki|
N) Imwm‡jv‡¯‹vcm (Oscilloscopes):
Imwm‡jv‡¯‹vcm n‡”Q GKwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wWfvBm ev hš¿ hv
w`‡q †Kvb wKQyi Dci Av‡ivwcZ wmMb¨vj †fv‡ë‡Ri cwigvY gvcv
hvq| Gi wWm‡cø BDwb‡U wiwWs ev †fv‡ë‡Ri cwigvY cÖ`wk©Z
nq| Imwm‡jv‡¯‹vcm hLb wUwWAviÕGi mv‡_ GK‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq,
ZLb Giv mw¤§wjZfv‡e K¨ve‡ji kU© nIqv Ask, wew”Qbœ Ask,
GwUwbD‡qkb (Attenuation) ev wmMb¨v‡ji kw³ nviv‡bvi cwigvY,
euvKv‡bv BZ¨vw` ÎæwU¸‡jv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
O) D”P gv‡bi K¨vej cixÿK (Advanced Cable Tester)t
G ai‡bi K¨vej cixÿK ïaygvÎ K¨ve‡ji wew”Qbœ Ask ev ÎæwU awi‡q
w`‡qB `vwqZ¡ †kl K‡i bv eis Gi mvnv‡h¨ K¨ve‡ji †iva ev †iwR‡÷Ý
(Resistance), Bw¤ú‡WÝ (Impedance) Ges GwUwbD‡qkb gvcv hvq
Ges Zv c`©vq cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
 118  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : K¨vej †U÷vi

K¨vej cixÿK w`‡q ev¯Íe mg‡q (Real Time) †UIqv‡K©i wb‡æv³
†ÿÎmg~‡ni Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq-
 fyj †d«g MYbv (Error Frame Count)
 evZ©v †d«g MYbv (Message Frame Count)
 ms‡KZ cÖ`vb (Beaconing)
 Kb‡Rkb ÎæwU (Congestion Error)
 AwZwi³ msNl© (Excess Collisions)
 wejw¤^Z msNl© (Late Collisions)
GQvov GB K¨vej cixÿK †bUIqvK© UªvwdK gwbUi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov K¨vej cixÿK `ywU mywbw`©ó Kw¤úDUvi ev wWfvB‡mi
g‡a¨ WvUv UªvwdK AbymiY Ki‡Z mÿg| mgm¨vi KviY n‡Z cv‡i-Ggb
m‡›`nRbK K¨vej, †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© m¤ú‡K©I K¨vej
cixÿK Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z mÿg|
P) †cÖv‡UvKj we‡kølK (Protocol Analyzer):
†cÖv‡UvKj we‡kølK ev GbvjvBRvi ev¯Íe mg‡q †bUIqvK© UªvwdK
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i I Gi cwimsL¨vb w`‡Z mÿg| GQvov †m
cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv c¨v‡KU UªvÝwgU, `Lj (Capture) Ges wW‡KvWI
(Decode) Ki‡Z mÿg| GwU m¤¢veZ †bUIqvK© BwÄwbqvi‡`i Kv‡Q
me‡P‡q RbwcÖq GKwU Uzj hvi gva¨‡g †bUIqv‡K©i mg¯Í cixÿv
wbixÿv Pvjv‡bv hvq| †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqv‡K©i
wb‡æv³ mgm¨v¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  119
 †bUIqv‡K©i `ÿZvi AebwZ (Degradation of Network Performance)
 APj †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© (Failing Netework Interface
Card)
 ms‡hvM ÎæwU (Connection Errors)
 ÎæwUc~Y© †bUIqvK© Dcv`vb (Faulty Network Components)
 †cÖv‡UvKjRwbZ mgm¨v (Protocol Problems)
 m¤cÖPvi So (Broadcast Storms)
nvW©Iq¨vi †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRv‡ii mv‡_ weë-Bb Ae¯’vq GKwU
wUwWAvi _v‡K, d‡j GwU Lye mn‡RB K¨ve‡ji wew”Qbœ Ask
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ: nvW©Iq¨vi †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRvi
IGmAvB g‡W‡ji me¸‡jv †j‡fj ev ch©v‡q WvUv UªvwdK we‡kølY
Ki‡Z mÿg| myZivs †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqv‡K©i
GKwU we‡kl †mM‡g‡›Ui Kvh©KvwiZv g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e Ges H
†mM‡g‡›U GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wK cwigvY WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i
†mwU cwigvc Kiv hvq| Dc‡iv³ †cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRvi‡K IqvBW
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Wide Area Network) Ges B›Uvi‡b‡U wK ai‡bi
†cÖv‡UvKj PjvPj Ki‡Q Zvi wnmve ivLvi Kv‡RI e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Q) †bUIqvK© gwbUi (Network Monitor)t
gvB‡µvmdU BD‡ÛvR GbwUÕi mv‡_ †bUIqvK© gwbUi GKxf~~Z Ae¯’vq Av‡m| GwU
†cÖv‡UvKj GbvjvBRvi mdUIq¨vi fvm©b ev Gi ev¯Íevqb| †bUIqvK© gwbUi IqvK©‡÷k‡b
WvUv UªvwdK K¨vcPvi Ges Zv gwbUi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †bUIqvK© gwbUi WvUv c¨v‡K‡Ui
aib, ÎæwU BZ¨vw` wW‡KvW Ges we‡kølY K‡i we¯ÍvwiZ cwimsL¨vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mÿg| Gi
evB‡i †bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii eySvi myweav‡_© wewfbœ mgqKvj ev weiwZ‡Z †bUIqvK©
UªvwdK m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vewj MÖvd ev †jLwPÎ AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb/cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 120  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : wm‡÷g gwbU‡ii gva¨‡g K¨vcPviK…Z wewfbœ wi‡mvm© e¨env‡ii

Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| (wjbv·)
†bUIqv‡K©i †eRjvBb (Baseline) `ÿZv cwimsL¨vb wbY©‡q
†bUIqvK© gwbU‡ii f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Gi †_‡K cÖvß
cwimsL¨vb Kv‡R jvwM‡q †bUIqv‡K©i A¯^vfvweK Kg©KvÛ ev
ÎæwU mn‡R †ei Kiv hvq| Dc‡ii wP‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i wewfbœ Z_¨ I
cwimsL¨vb m¤úwK©Z ÷¨vUvm wm‡÷g gwbUi cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv|
GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q wmwcBDÕi gvÎ kZKiv 21.78 fvM e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
GQvov 122 †gMvevBU †g‡gvwii g‡a¨ 116 †gMvevBU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  121

wPÎ : K¨vcPviK…Z WvUv c¨v‡K‡Ui Ae¯’v †bUIqvK© gwbU‡i cÖ`wk©Z

n‡”Q| (DB‡ÛvR)

R) `ÿZv gwbUi (Performance Monitor):

DB‡ÛvR GbwUÕi `ÿZv gwbUi bvgK mdUIq¨vi UzjwU dvBj mvf©v‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i msNwUZ
hveZxq Kg©KvÛ gwbUi Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GQvov `ÿZv gwbU‡ii mvnv‡h¨
†bUIqv‡K©i wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv hvq|
 mvf©v‡ii AvIZvaxb mg¯Í mvwf©m Ges wWfvB‡mi
Kg©KvÛ
 †bUIqvK© UªvwdK
 GKwU wbw`©ó mgqKv‡j mvf©v‡ii Dci †h cwigvY Kv‡Ri
Pvc ev IqvK©‡jvW (Workload) c‡o |
S) B‡f›U jM ch©‡eÿY (Observation of Event Log) :

B‡f›U jM wm‡÷‡gi ev G¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvewj

wbqwgZfv‡e †iKW© Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB NUbvewj B‡f›U j‡M
 122  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
mveavbevYx (Warning), ÎæwU (Error), Z_¨ (Information) BZ¨vw` AvKv‡i
cÖ`wk©Z nq| bx‡Pi Qwe‡Z G ai‡bi GKwU B‡f›U jM cÖ`k©b Kiv
n‡jv|

wPÎ : B‡f›U j‡M cÖ`wk©Z †bUIqv‡Ki© wewfbœ mgm¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨|

wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gI G ai‡bi jM i‡q‡Q| GwU wm‡÷g jM bv‡g cwiwPZ| wm‡÷g
j‡Mi Aax‡b Avevi †ek KZK¸‡jv Ackb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ avb Ackbmg~n n‡”Q
eyU jM, GcvwP G‡ivi jM, wmwKDwiwU jM, wm‡÷g jM BZ¨vw`| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z eyU j‡Mi
Aax‡b wewfbœ Gw›Uª †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Gme Gw›Uª †`‡L Avcwb Abygvb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb
†bUIqv‡K© Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wK bv ev †Kvb cÖKvi mgm¨v
Kw¤úDUv‡i †`Lv w`‡q‡Q wKbv| Gme jM Gw›Uªi Ici wfwË K‡i Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq
mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  123

wPÎ : wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wm‡÷g j‡M wewfbœ ai‡bi Gw›Uª|

T) BKz¨c‡g›U jM (Equipment Log) : mvf©v‡ii g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨
†bUIqvK© wWfvBm †hgb nve, ivDUvi BZ¨vw` Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i jM
msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| K‡qKwU c×wZ Aej¤^‡bi Øviv G jM¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i
†`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi K‡qKwU c×wZ GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑ
 GmGbGgwc (SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol)t GB
†cÖv‡UvKjwU Avcbv‡K †bUIqvK© wWfvB‡mi ÷¨vUvm Ges
jMW Bbdi‡gkb D×vi Ges Zv covi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡e| GRb¨ Aek¨
Avcbv‡K GmGbGgwc K¤úvU¨vej g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg †hgb
HP OpenView, Sun NetManage, Novell ManageWise BZ¨vw`i mvnvh¨
wb‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg wWfvBm cixÿv Kivi
KvRwU wbR †_‡KB Ki‡e| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb G‡ivi (Error) Ges
mZK© (Alert) Ae¯’v wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| G Z_¨¸‡jv Kg©iZ
†bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii wbKU B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨
mgm¨v wbY©q Ges Zvi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiY Kiv hvq|
 I‡qe B›Uvi‡dm (Web Interface)t †bUIqv‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q
wewfbœ wWfvBm †mUAvc Ges g¨v‡bR‡g›U-Gi Rb¨ G¸‡jv
G¨vK‡mm Kivi RbwcÖq Av‡iKwU Uzj n‡”Q GB I‡qe
B›Uvi‡dm| Gi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb g¨v‡bR‡g›U Uzj Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| Avcwb †h‡Kvb I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡gB wWfvBm †mUAvc
Ges e¨e¯’vcbvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 124  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 

wPÎ : wmm‡Kvi GmGbGgwc KbwdMv‡ikb DB‡Ûv|

†bUIqvK© `ÿZv wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †KŠkjvw`
(Techniques for Ensuring Network Performance)
†bUIqv‡K©i Kg©`ÿZv e¨vnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨vewj B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GLb G mKj mgm¨v wbiƒcY Kiv Ges Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ eûj cÖPwjZ †h mKj
Uzjm Ges †UKwbK e¨envi Kiv nq †m wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e|
K) wcs (PING) t
wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb iKg mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªUi
me‡P‡q †ewk †h A¯¿wU e¨envi K‡ib Zv n‡jv Wm †cÖv¤úU-Gi wcs (c¨v‡KU B›Uvi‡bU
†Mvdvi) KgvÛ| †bUIqv‡K© m„ó mgm¨v Zwor WvqvMbwmm Kivi GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Uzj|
wcs ivDUv‡ii Rb¨ AwaK Kvh©Kix| KviY GwU cÖwZwU B›Uvi‡dm cixÿv K‡i †`‡L| hw`I
wcs KgvÛ g~jZ: `y‡Uv †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM cixÿv K‡i | wcs KgvÛ Zvi
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl GK ai‡bi †cÖv‡UvKj B›Uvi‡bU K‡›Uªvj †g‡mR †cÖv‡UvKj (ICMP)
e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  125

wPÎ : wcs Kgv‡Ûi mv‡_ †nv÷ †bg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wcs KgvÛ me©cÖ_g †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb †nv‡÷i Dcw¯’wZ Rvb‡Z †P‡q GKwU wmMb¨vj cvVvq,
Uv‡M©UK…Z wcwm †bUIqv‡K© mPj _vK‡j GB wmMb¨v‡ji Reve †`q| wcs KgvÛ Zvi wbR¯^
e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g wmMb¨vj Drcbœ nevi mgq Ges †nv÷ wcwm †_‡K DËi cvevi mg‡qi
e¨eavb MYbv K‡i Ges Zv †iKW© K‡i iv‡L| Uv‡M©U wVKvbvi wcwm †bUIqv‡K© mPj Av‡Q
wKbv GB Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡iB wcs KgvÛ Zvi `vwqZ¡ †kl K‡i †`q bv eis GB `yB wcwmÔi
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ga¨eZ©x mgqKvj Lye †ewk j¤^v wKbv †h wel‡qI mywbw`©ó WvUv cÖ`vb K‡i |
GB mgqKvj †_‡K †bUIqv‡K©i `ÿZv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv †c‡Z cv‡ib †bUIqvK©
GWwgwb‡÷ªUi|

wPÎ : wcs KgvÛ e¨env‡ii djvdj|

 126  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
wcs KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j Wm †cÖv¤úU- G wM‡q `PING` KgvÛwU wj‡L Gici Uv‡M©U ev
†nv÷ wcwmi bvg ev AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm wjL‡Z nq| KgvÛ †`qv n‡j †nv÷ wcwm †_‡K cÖvß
Reve Ges GB Reve †c‡Z KZ wgwj‡m‡KÛ mgq e¨q n‡q‡Q Zvi †iKW© DB‡Ûv‡Z †f‡m
D‡V| †bUIqv‡K© wcs KgvÛ e¨envi msµvšÍ G ai‡bi GKwU wPÎ Dc‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| wcs
KgvÛ m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z n‡j KgvÛ †cÖv¤úU-G wM‡q ‘PING’ /?
UvBc K‡i Enter Kx Pvcyb|
hw` wcs KgvÛ †Kvb AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ H wb‡`©wkZ G¨v‡Wª‡m †cŠuQ‡Z
bv cv‡i Zvn‡j wcs KgvÛ UvBg AvD‡Ui ci GKwU †g‡mR c`©vq cÖ`k©b K‡i| Gi
†g‡mR¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v wbæiƒc:
†g‡mR e¨vL¨v Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY
æUnknown Kgv‡Û wb‡`©wkZ AvBwc G¨v‡Wª‡mi †nv÷wU Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q
host” bv| wcs Kgv‡Û nq‡Zv fyj †Kvb AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q ev e¨eüZ n‡”Q bv Ggb †Kvb wWGbGm †bg e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
æDestination AvBwc G¨v‡Wª‡mi mswkøó †nv‡÷ †cŠuQv‡bv hv‡”Q bv| G‡ÿ‡Î
Host ivDwUsRwbZ mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avcwb h_vh_ wWdë †MUI‡q
Unreachable” e¨envi K‡i‡Qb wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib|

L) †UªmiæU (Traceroute)
wcs Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb ÎæwUc~Y© †nv÷ Luy‡R †ei Kiv GK †N‡qwg e‡j Kv‡iv
Kv‡iv Kv‡Q g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i Rb¨ GB †UªmiæU GKwU we‡kl AvKl©Yxq GKwU Uzj
wn‡m‡e Kv‡R Avm‡Z cv‡i| GB KgvÛ `y‡Uv †nv‡÷i g‡a¨ iæU mbv³ ev †Uªm K‡i _v‡K|
wcs KgvÛ mgm¨v wbY©‡q e¨_© n‡j Avcwb †UªmvU© KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó ivDUvi
ch©šÍ mgm¨v mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB KgvÛwU †nv÷ Ges †Ww÷‡bkb Gi g‡a¨ hZ¸‡jv
iæU Av‡Q Zvi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ZvwjKv cÖ`k©b K‡i| DB‡ÛvR GbwUÔi Aax‡b GwU †UªmvU©
(Tracert) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  127

wPÎ : †UªmvU© KgvÛ e¨env‡ii djvdj|

wcs Gi g‡Zv KgvÛ Wm †cÖv¤úU-G wM‡q †UªmvU© ev †UªmiæU ivb Ki‡Z nq| †UªmvU© KgvÛ
†jLvi ci Uv‡M©U †nv‡÷i bvg ev Gi AvBwc wVKvbv wjL‡Z nq| †UmvU© KgvÛ †`qv n‡j
†U÷ wmMb¨vj DrcbœKvix wcwm Ges Uv‡M©U wcwmÔi (hv‡K mgm¨v AvµvšÍ e‡j g‡b Kiv
n‡”Q) g‡a¨ hZ¸wj wUwmwc/ AvBwc ms‡hvM Av‡Q Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Kv‡bKwUwfwU Ges mvov
†`qvi ÿgZv GK mv‡_ cixÿv n‡q hvq|
†UªmiæU KgvÛ GKwU we‡kl WvUv c¨v‡KU cieZx© wbKUZg †nv÷ (Up stream host) ev
wbKUZg wUwmwc/AvBwc †MUI‡q‡Z cvVvq| G KvRwU †m K‡i g~jZ: †Uªmiæ‡Ui AvIZvq
wewfbœ MšÍe¨(Destination) Uv‡M©U †nv‡÷i ZvwjKv cªYq‡bi Rb¨| cÖ_g Avcw÷ªg †nv÷wU
hw` †bUIqv‡K© mPj _v‡K Zvn‡j WvUv c¨v‡KU Gi Drm †nv‡÷i wbKU wcs mgZzj¨ GKwU
wmMb¨vj †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g mvov †`q| Drm Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K WvUv c¨v‡KU cÖvwßi ¯^xKviI
Kiv nq G mgq| Gi ci H cÖ_g Avcw÷ªg †nv÷ †UªmiæU WvUv c¨v‡KU cieZ©x Avcw÷ªg
†nv‡÷i wbKU diIqvW© ev AMÖvqY K‡i †`q| hZÿY ch©šÍ bv MšÍe¨¯’j ev †Ww÷‡bkb
†nv‡÷i mÜvb cvIqv hvq ZZÿYB G cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ hw` WvUv
c¨v‡K‡Ui wba©vwiZ Avqy®‹vj ev wUwUGj (TTL-Time to Live) †kl n‡q hvq Zvn‡j G
cÖwµqvi cwimgvwß N‡U| wcs Gi g‡ZvB †UªmiæU BDwUwjwUi †ek KZK¸‡jv KbwdMv‡ikb
 128  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
Ackb Av‡Q| DB‡ÛvR GbwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †UªmiæU m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z n‡j
KgvÛ ev Wm †cÖv¤úU G wM‡q TRACERT/? UvBc Kiæb|
eo †bUIqv‡K©i ÎæwUc~Y© Ask ev †mM‡g›U c„_KKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †UªmiæU AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix|
KviY Gi gva¨‡g †bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªUi Lye mn‡RB Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †Kvb †MUI‡q
wWfvBmwU †cÖwiZ WvUv wmMb¨v‡j mvov w`‡”Q bv Ges †MUI‡qi †Kvb †cvU©wU APj n‡q Av‡Q
BZ¨vw`| mvov †`Iqvi mg‡qi (Response Time) cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †UªmiæU Avcbv‡K
AewnZ Ki‡e †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Ask ev †mM‡g›UwU axi MwZm¤úbœ n‡q c‡o‡Q|
wUwmwc/AvBwc wfwËK †bUIqvK© GWwgwb‡÷ªk‡bi Rb¨ †UªmiæU I wcs Uy‡ji mgwš^Z e¨envi
†bUIqv‡K©i ÎæwU †ei Kiv Ges Zvi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †gvÿg A¯¿ ˆe wK|

M) AvBwcKbwdM (ipconfig)
hw`I AvBwcKbwdM BDwb· †_‡K D™¢~Z †Kvb KgvÛ bq Zvic‡iI
GB KgvÛwU †bUIqvK© mgm¨v mgvav‡b †ek Kvh©Kix GKwU Uzj|
we‡kl K‡i †bUIqv‡K©i †nv÷¸‡jv AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm wbY©‡q GB
KgvÛwUi †Kvb weKí †bB| KgvÛwU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Wm †cÖv¤úU
†_‡K| AvBwcKbwd‡Mi KgvÛ jvBbwU wbæiƒc t
>ipconfig

wPÎ : AvBwcKbwdM KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi dj|

†bUIqv‡K©i †nv÷¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Rvb‡Z n‡j
wbæiƒc KgvÛ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e-
>ipconfig /all ! more
wb‡Pi wP‡Î wVK G ai‡bi GKwU AvBwcKbwdM Kgv‡Ûi djvdj
cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv-
  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c  129

wPÎ : AvBwcKbwdM Kgv‡Ûi djvdj|

N) GAviwc (ARP): G¨v‡Wªm †iRy¨‡jkb †cÖv‡UvKj ev GAviwc
mswkøó mgm¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GB BDwUwjwU KgvÛwU e¨envi Kiv
nq| wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj my¨B‡Ui †nv÷, GAviwc
†cÖv‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm Kv‡W©i g¨vK ( MAC)
G¨v‡Wªm mbv³ K‡i| †bUIqvK© KvW© ev wbKÕGi GB wdwRK¨vj
G¨v‡WªmwU Aek¨B GKwU jwRK¨vj AvBwc G¨v‡Wª‡mi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z _v‡K| GAviwc BDwUwjwU hLb-a Ackb mnKv‡i e¨envi
Kiv nq ZLb †m AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm Ges †bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i g¨vK
G‡Wªm `y‡UvB cÖ`k©b K‡i| G ai‡bi GKwU Kgv‡Ûi djvdj wb‡Pi
Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

wPÎ : ARP –a Kgv‡Ûi AvDUcyU|

 130  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s : †÷c evB †÷c 
†Kvb †cvU© wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib Gi m‡½ ev ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|
Dfq Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Avcwb wWdë †cv‡U©i cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kvb †cvU© wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡ib|

O) DB‡ÛvR GbwUi cvidi‡gÝ gwbUi

(Windows NT Performance Monitor)
DB‡ÛvR GbwU Ges DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ Avmv cvidi‡gÝ
gwbUi UyjwU †bUIqv‡K©i wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Yi GKwU h_v_© Dcvq| DB‡ÛvR GbwU
wm‡÷‡g cvidi‡gÝ gwbU‡ii Ae¯’vb n‡”Q Start †gby¨i Program †dvìv‡ii
Addministrative Tools Gi g‡a¨| cvidi‡gÝ gwbU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cy‡iv wm‡÷g Ges
†bUIqvK© Kg©KvÛ mwVKfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiv m¤¢e| GQvov cvidi‡gÝ gwbU‡ii mvnv‡h¨
wb‡æv³ Kg©KvÛ¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
 wewfbœ †bUIqvK© mvwf©‡mi cwimsL¨vb ch©‡eÿY Kiv
 mvf©vi I IqvK©‡÷k‡bi wUwmwc/AvBwc msµvšÍ cwimsL¨vb|
 wewfbœ ch©v‡qi WvUv UªvwdK ev †jv‡W (Load) †bUIqvK© e¨vÛDBW‡_i Ae¯’v|
 B›UviG¨vKwUf (Interactive) c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb PvU© (Chart) AvKv‡i
c`©vq ch©‡eÿY Kiv|
 jM dvsk‡bi (Log Function) mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqvK© cvidi‡gÝ jM Drcbœ I
ch©‡eÿY Kiv|
 m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v AvµvšÍ †bUIqvK© wWfvBm I †mM‡g›U¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I
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