PART 2

Basic Electronics
Definition of Electronics:
Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control
of electrons (electricity) and the study of their behavior and effects in vacuums,
gases, and semiconductors, and with devices using such electrons. This control
of electrons is accomplished by devices that resist, carry, select, steer, switch,
store, manipulate, and exploit the electron.

Electronics isn't always easy, but you can learn. And you can do it without
memorizing theories and formulas belong in a Physics text. the focus of this
program is learning how things work. Electronics may defined as an art of
knowledge to make such impossible things work. Things such as Televisions,
AM/FM Radios, Computers and of course the mobile phones and etc. We are
surrounded by electronics....

Learning how things work can be fun. With this skill you can Build things. make
better use of things
and repair things..
have better job opportunities

An important part of learning electronics

is the need to visualize the action inside a piece of equipment. In electronics
things happen at a sub-atomic level. to understand what is happening, you need a
mental picture, a visualization of events you can see directly. You need a in your
mind of how events are turned on and off. you need to visualize signals being
amplified and attenuated. ( These are long words for being made bigger and
smaller )

take an overview of electronic equipment. Inside anything what's happening can

be describe as some kind of source delivering power to some kind of a load. The
terms source and load become clearer as you can discover a few basics. A source
is where the energy comes from. A load is what does the work. When power is
delivered to a load, the load produces sound, heat, pictures or anything else that
can be produced electronically..
On successful completion of this lesson you will be able to:

describe the structure of a simple atom

recognize a series resistor circuit
calculate the expected current in a series circuit
calculate the power dissipated in a resistor from color code
measure the voltage across a resistor or circuit
measure the current through a resistor circuit
recognize several types of switches
determine circuit paths in switched circuits
Ohm's Law
What is Ohm's Law?
Ohm's Law is made from 3 mathematical equations that shows the relationship
between electric voltage, current and resistance.

What is voltage? An analogy would be a huge water tank filled with thousands
of gallons of water high on a hill.
The difference between the pressure of water in the tank and the water that
comes out of a pipe connected at the bottom leading to a faucet is determined by
the size of the pipe and the size of the outlet of the faucet. This difference of
pressure between the two can be thought of as potential Voltage.

What is current? An analogy would be the amount of flow determined by the

pressure (voltage) of the water thru the pipes leading to a faucet. The term
current refers to the quantity, volume or intensity of electrical flow, as opposed
to voltage, which refers to the force or "pressure" causing the current flow.

What is resistance? An analogy would be the size of the water pipes and the
size of the faucet. The larger the pipe and the faucet (less resistance), the more
water that comes out! The smaller the pipe and faucet, (more resistance), the less
water that comes out! This can be thought of as resistance to the flow of the
water current.
All three of these: voltage, current and resistance directly interact in Ohm's law.
Change any two of them and you effect the third.

Info: Ohm's Law was named after Bavarian mathematician and physicist Georg
Ohm.

Ohm's Law can be stated as mathematical equations, all derived from the same
principle.
In the following equations,
V is voltage measured in volts (the size of the water tank),

I is current measured in amperes (related to the pressure (Voltage) of water thru

the pipes and faucet) and
R is resistance measured in ohms as related to the size of the pipes and faucet:
V = I x R (Voltage = Current multiplied by Resistance)
R = V I (Resistance = Voltage divided by Current) I = V R (Current = Voltage
Divided by Resistance)
Knowing any two of the values of a circuit, one can determine (calculate) the
third, using Ohm's Law.
For example, to find the Voltage in a circuit:

If the circuit has a current of 2 amperes, and a resistance of 1 ohm, (< these are
the two "known"), then according to Ohms Law and the formulas above, voltage
equals current multiplied by resistance:

(V = 2 amperes x 1 ohm = 2 volts).

To find the current in the same circuit above assuming we did not know it but we
know the voltage and resistance:
I = 2 volts divided by the resistance 1 ohm = 2 amperes.

In this third example we know the current (2 amperes) and the voltage (2
volts). .. what is the resistance?
Substituting the formula:
R = Volts divided by the current (2 volts divided by 2 amperes = 1 ohm

Sometimes it's very helpful to associate these formulas Visually. The Ohms Law
"wheels" and graphics below can be a very useful tool to jog your memory and
help you to understand their relationship.

The wheel above is divided into three sections:

Volts V (on top of the dividing line)

Amps (amperes) I (lower left below the dividing line) Resistance R (lower right
below the dividing line) X represents the (multiply by sign)
Memorize this wheel
To use, just cover the unknown quantity you need with your minds eye and what
is left is the formula to find the unknown.

Example:

To find the current of a circuit (I), just cover the I or Amps section in your mines
eye and what remains is the V volts above the dividing line and the R ohms
(resistance) below it. Now substitute the known values. Just divided the known
volts by the known resistance. Your answer will be the current in the circuit.
The same procedure is used to find the volts or resistance of a circuit!

Here is another example:

You know the current and the resistance in a circuit but you want to find out the
voltage.

Just cover the voltage section with your minds eye...what's left is the I X R
sections. Just multiply the I value times the R value to get your answer! Practice
with the wheel and you'll be surprised at how well it works to help you
remember the formulas without trying!

This Ohm's Law Triangle graphic is also helpful to learn

the formulas. Just cover the unknown value and follow the graphic as in the
yellow wheel examples above.

You'll have to insert the X between the I and R in the graphic and imagine the
horizontal divide line but the principal is just the same.
In the above Ohm's law wheel you'll notice that is has an added section (P) for
Power and the letter E* has been used instead of the letter V for voltage.
This wheel is used in the exact same fashion as the other wheels and graphics
above. You will also notice in the blue/green areas there are only two known
values with the unknown value in the yellow sections. The red bars separate the
four units of interest.

An example of the use of this wheel is:

Let's say that you know the power and the current in a circuit and want to know
the voltage. Find your unknown value in the yellow areas (V or E* in this wheel)
and just look outward and pick the values that you do know. These would be the
P and the I. Substitute your values in the formula, (P divided by I) do the math
and you have your answer!

Info: Typically, Ohm's Law is only applied to DC circuits and not AC circuits. *
The letter "E" is sometimes used in representations of Ohm's Law for voltage
instead of the "V" as in the wheel above.

OHM's LAW Calculator

Series Circuit
A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a
series circuit
A Simple Series Circuit
Let's start with a series circuit consisting of three resistors and a single battery:
The first principle to understand about series circuits is that the amount of
current is the same through any component in the circuit. This is because there is
only one path for electrons to flow in a series circuit, and because free electrons
flow through conductors like marbles in a tube, the rate of flow (marble speed)
at any point in the circuit (tube) at any specific point in time must be equal.
From the way that the 9 volt battery is arranged, we can tell that the electrons in
this circuit will flow in a counter-clockwise direction, from point 4 to 3 to 2 to 1
and back to 4. However, we have one source of voltage and three resistances.
How do we use Ohm's Law here? An important caveat to Ohm's Law is that all
quantities (voltage, current, resistance, and power) must relate to each other in
terms of the same two points in a circuit. For instance, with a singlebattery,
single-resistor circuit, we could easily calculate any quantity because they all
applied to the same two points in the circuit:

Since points 1 and 2 are connected together with wire of negligible resistance, as
are points 3 and 4, we can say that point 1 is electrically common to point 2, and
that point 3 is electrically common to point 4. Since we know we have 9 volts of
electromotive force between points 1 and 4 (directly across the battery), and
since point 2 is common to point 1 and point 3 common to point 4, we must also
have 9 volts between points 2 and 3 (directly across the resistor). Therefore, we
can apply Ohm's Law (I = E/R) to the current through the resistor, because we
know the voltage (E) across the resistor and the resistance (R) of that resistor.
All terms (E, I, R) apply to the same two points in the circuit, to that same
resistor, so we can use the Ohm's Law formula with no reservation.
However, in circuits containing more than one resistor, we must be careful in
how we apply Ohm's Law. In the three-resistor example circuit below, we know
that we have 9 volts between points 1 and 4, which is the amount of
electromotive force trying to push electrons through the series combination of
R1, R2, and R3. However, we cannot take the value of 9 volts and divide it by 3k,
10k or 5k Ω to try to find a current value, because we don't know how much
voltage is across any one of those resistors, individually.

The figure of 9 volts is a total quantity for the whole circuit, whereas the figures
of 3k, 10k, and 5k Ω are individual quantities for individual resistors. If we were
to plug a figure for total voltage into an Ohm's Law equation with a figure for
individual resistance, the result would not relate accurately to any quantity in the
real circuit.
For R1, Ohm's Law will relate the amount of voltage across R1 with the current
through R1, given R1's resistance, 3kΩ:

But, since we don't know the voltage across R1 (only the total voltage supplied
by the battery across the three-resistor series combination) and we don't know
the current through R1, we can't do any calculations with either formula. The
same goes for R2 and R3: we can apply the Ohm's Law equations if and only if
all terms are representative of their respective quantities between the same two
points in the circuit.
So what can we do? We know the voltage of the source (9 volts) applied across
the series combination of R1, R2, and R3, and we know the resistances of each
resistor, but since those quantities aren't in the same context, we can't use Ohm's
Law to determine the circuit current. If only we knew what the total resistance
was for the circuit: then we could calculate total current with our figure for total
voltage (I=E/R).
This brings us to the second principle of series circuits: the total resistance of
any series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. This should
make intuitive sense: the more resistors in series that the electrons must flow
through, the more difficult it will be for those electrons to flow. In the example
problem, we had a 3 kΩ, 10 kΩ, and 5 kΩ resistor in series, giving us a total
resistance of 18 kΩ:

In essence, we've calculated the equivalent resistance of R1, R2, and R3

combined. Knowing this, we could re-draw the circuit with a single equivalent
resistor representing the series combination of R1, R2, and R3:

Now we have all the necessary information to calculate circuit current, because
we have the voltage between points 1 and 4 (9 volts) and the resistance between
points 1 and 4 (18 kΩ): Knowing that current is equal through all components of
a series circuit (and we just determined the current through the battery), we can
go back to our original circuit schematic and note the current through each
component:
 Now that we know the amount of
current through each resistor, we can use Ohm's Law to determine the voltage
drop across each one (applying Ohm's Law in its proper context):

Notice the voltage drops across each resistor, and how the sum of the voltage
drops (1.5 + 5 + 2.5) is equal to the battery (supply) voltage: 9 volts. This is the
third principle of series circuits: that the supply voltage is equal to the sum of the
individual voltage drops.
However, the method we just used to analyze this simple series circuit can be
streamlined for better understanding. By using a table to list all voltages,
currents, and resistances in the circuit, it becomes very easy to see which of
those quantities can be properly related in any Ohm's Law equation:
The rule with such a table is to apply Ohm's Law only to the values within each
vertical column. For instance, ER1 only with IR1 and R1; ER2 only with IR2 and
R2; etc. You begin your analysis by filling in those elements of the table that are
given to you from the beginning:

As you can see from the arrangement of the data, we can't apply the 9 volts of ET
(total voltage) to any of the resistances (R1, R2, or R3) in any Ohm's Law
formula because they're in different columns. The 9 volts of battery voltage is
not applied directly across R1, R2, or R3. However, we can use our "rules" of
series circuits to fill in blank spots on a horizontal row. In this case, we can use
the series rule of resistances to determine a total resistance from the sum of
individual resistances:

Now, with a value for total resistance inserted into the rightmost ("Total")
column, we can apply Ohm's Law of I=E/R to total voltage and total resistance
to arrive at a total current of 500 µA: Then, knowing that the current is shared
equally by all components of a series circuit (another "rule" of series circuits),
we can fill in the currents for each resistor from the current figure just
calculated:

Finally, we can
use Ohm's Law to determine the voltage drop across each resistor, one column at
a time:
Just for fun, we can use a computer to analyze this very same circuit
automatically. It will be a good way to verify our calculations and also become
more familiar with computer analysis. First, we have to describe the circuit to
the computer in a format recognizable by the software. The SPICE program we'll
be using requires that all electrically unique points in a circuit be numbered, and
component placement is understood by which of those numbered points, or
"nodes," they share. For clarity, I numbered the four corners of our example
circuit 1 through 4. SPICE, however, demands that there be a node zero
somewhere in the circuit, so I'll re-draw the circuit, changing the numbering
scheme slightly:

All I've done here is re-numbered the lower-left corner of the circuit 0 instead of
1. Now, I can enter several lines of text into a computer file describing the
circuit in terms SPICE will understand, complete with a couple of extra lines of
code directing the program to display voltage and current data for our viewing
pleasure. This computer file is known as the netlist in SPICE terminology:

series circuit
v1 1 0
r1 1 2 3k
r2 2 3 10k
r3 3 0 5k
.dc v1 9 9 1
.print dc v(1,2) v(2,3) v(3,0)
.end

Now, all I have to do is run the SPICE program to process the netlist and output
the results: v1 v(1,2) v(2,3) v(3) i(v1)
9.000E+00 1.500E+00 5.000E+00 2.500E+00 -5.000E-04

This printout is telling us the battery voltage is 9 volts, and the voltage drops
across R1, R2, and R3 are 1.5 volts, 5 volts, and 2.5 volts, respectively. Voltage
drops across any component in SPICE are referenced by the node numbers the
component lies between, so v(1,2) is referencing the voltage between nodes 1
and 2 in the circuit, which are the points between which R1 is located. The order
of node numbers is important: when SPICE outputs a figure for v(1,2), it regards
the polarity the same way as if we were holding a voltmeter with the red test lead
on node 1 and the black test lead on node 2.
We also have a display showing current (albeit with a negative value) at 0.5
milliamps, or 500 microamps. So our mathematical analysis has been vindicated
by the computer. This figure appears as a negative number in the SPICE
analysis, due to a quirk in the way SPICE handles current calculations.
In summary, a series circuit is defined as having only one path for electrons to
flow. From this definition, three rules of series circuits follow: all components
share the same current; resistances add to equal a larger, total resistance; and
voltage drops add to equal a larger, total voltage. All of these rules find root in
the definition of a series circuit. If you understand that definition fully, then the
rules are nothing more than footnotes to the definition.

REVIEW:
Components in a series circuit share the same current: ITotal = I1 = I2 = . . . In
Total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances: RTotal =

R1 + R2 + . . . Rn
Total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops: ETotal =
E1 + E2 + . . . En
Parallel Circuit
One connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit.
Simple Parallel Circuit
Let's start with a parallel circuit consisting of three resistors and a single battery:

The first principle to understand about parallel circuits is that the voltage is equal
across all components in the circuit. This is because there are only two sets of
electrically common points in a parallel circuit, and voltage measured between
sets of common points must always be the same at any given time. Therefore, in
the above circuit, the voltage across R1 is equal to the voltage across R2 which is
equal to the voltage across R3 which is equal to the voltage across the battery.
This equality of voltages can be represented in another table for our starting
values:

Just as in the case of series circuits, the same caveat for Ohm's Law applies:
values for voltage, current, and resistance must be in the same context in order
for the calculations to work correctly. However, in the above example circuit, we
can immediately apply Ohm's Law to each resistor to find its current because we
know the voltage across each resistor (9 volts) and the resistance of each
resistor:
At this point we still don't know what the total current or total resistance for this
parallel circuit is, so we can't apply Ohm's Law to the rightmost ("Total")
column. However, if we think carefully about what is happening it should
become apparent that the total current must equal the sum of all individual
resistor ("branch") currents:

As the total current exits the negative (-) battery terminal at point 8 and travels
through the circuit, some of the flow splits off at point 7 to go up through R1,
some more splits off at point 6 to go up through R2, and the remainder goes up
through R3. Like a river branching into several smaller streams, the combined
flow rates of all streams must equal the flow rate of the whole river. The same
thing is encountered where the currents through R1, R2, and R3 join to flow back
to the positive terminal of the battery (+) toward point 1: the flow of electrons
from point 2 to point 1 must equal the sum of the (branch) currents through R1,
R2, and R3.
This is the second principle of parallel circuits: the total circuit current is equal
to the sum of the individual branch currents. Using this principle, we can fill in
the IT spot on our table with the sum of IR1, IR2, and IR3:

Finally, applying
Ohm's Law to the rightmost ("Total") column, we can calculate the total circuit
resistance:

Please note something very impo rtant here. The total circuit resistance is only
625 Ω: less than any one of the individual resistors. In the series circuit, where
the total resistance was the sum of the individual resistances, the total was bound
to be greater than any one of the resistors individually. Here in the parallel
circuit, however, the opposite is true: we say that the individual resistances
diminish rather than add to make the total. This principle completes our triad of
"rules" for parallel circuits, just as series circuits were found to have three rules
for voltage, current, and resistance. Mathematically, the relationship between
total resistance and individual resistances in a parallel circuit looks like this:

The same basic form of equation works for any number of resistors connected
together in parallel, just add as many 1/R terms on the denominator of the
fraction as needed to accommodate all parallel resistors in the circuit.
Just as with the series circuit, we can use computer analysis to double-check our
calculations. First, of course, we have to describe our example circuit to the
computer in terms it can understand. I'll start by re-drawing the circuit:

Once again we find that the original numbering scheme used to identify points in
the circuit will have to be altered for the benefit of SPICE. In SPICE, all
electrically common points must share identical node numbers. This is how
SPICE knows what's connected to what, and how. In a simple parallel circuit, all
points are electrically common in one of two sets of points. For our example
circuit, the wire connecting the tops of all the components will have one node
number and the wire connecting the bottoms of the components will have the
other. Staying true to the convention of including zero as a node number, I
choose the numbers 0 and 1:
An example like this makes the rationale of node numbers in SPICE fairly clear
to understand. By having all components share common sets of numbers, the
computer "knows" they're all connected in parallel with each other.
In order to display branch currents in SPICE, we need to insert zero-voltage
sources in line (in series) with each resistor, and then reference our current
measurements to those sources. For whatever reason, the creators of the SPICE
program made it so that current could only be calculated through a voltage
source. This is a somewhat annoying demand of the SPICE simulation program.
With each of these "dummy" voltage sources added, some new node numbers
must be created to connect them to their respective branch resistors:

The dummy voltage sources are all set at 0 volts so as to have no impact on the
operation of the circuit. The circuit description file, or netlist, looks like this:

Parallel circuit
v1 1 0
r1 2 0 10k
r2 3 0 2k
r3 4 0 1k
vr1 1 2 dc 0
vr2 1 3 dc 0
vr3 1 4 dc 0
.dc v1 9 9 1
.print dc v(2,0) v(3,0) v(4,0)
.print dc i(vr1) i(vr2) i(vr3)
.end

Running the computer analysis, we get these results (I've annotated the printout
with descriptive labels):

v1 v(2) v(3) v(4)

9.000E+00 9.000E+00 9.000E+00 9.000E+00
battery R1 voltage R2 voltage R3 voltage
voltage

v1 i(vr1) i(vr2) i(vr3)

9.000E+00 9.000E-04 4.500E-03 9.000E-03
battery R1 current R2 current R3 current
voltage

These values do indeed match those calculated through Ohm's Law earlier: 0.9
mA for IR1, 4.5 mA for IR2, and 9 mA for IR3. Being connected in parallel, of
course, all resistors have the same voltage dropped across them (9 volts, same as
the battery).
In summary, a parallel circuit is defined as one where all components are
connected between the same set of electrically common points. Another way of
saying this is that all components are connected across each other's terminals.
From this definition, three rules of parallel circuits follow: all components share
the same voltage; resistances diminish to equal a smaller, total resistance; and
branch currents add to equal a larger, total current. Just as in the case of series
circuits, all of these rules find root in the definition of a parallel circuit. If you
understand that definition fully, then the rules are nothing more than footnotes to
the definition.

REVIEW:
 Components in a parallel circuit share the same voltage: ETotal = E1 = E2 = . . .
En Total resistance in a parallel circuit is less than any of the individual
resistances: RTotal =

1 (1R1 + 1/R2 + . . . 1/Rn)

Total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the individual branch
currents:
ITotal = I1 + I2 + . . . In.
Identifying Electronics Component's

Circuit Symbols and Functions

Identifying

Electronic Component and Symbol is very important rule when fixing mobile
phones problems..
Be familiar of its circuit symbols below for easy troubleshooting guide.
Every Electronics Component has its own symbols visualizing its function in
every circuit

diagram...
This is a very big help especially when working on hardware problems. This
Components Symbol is a standard guides when reading or writing service
schematic diagram with various mobile phone products..
Electronic Components: Symbols & Functions

Circuit Symbols
Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is
connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite
different from the circuit diagram. To build a circuit you need a different
diagram showing the layout of the parts on strip board or printed circuit board.
Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams, which show how a circuit is

connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite

different from the

circuit diagram. To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the
layout of the parts on the printed circuit board. However understanding
electronics circuit give you a better

understanding of how to find faults in an electronic circuit

Wires and connections Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Wire

To conduct or pass current from one part of a circuit to another. Wires joined
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes
omitted. Wires connected to another wire should be staggered slightly to form
two T-junctions, as shown. Such help to transmitted current to other paths Wires
not joined

In diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not
connected. It is preferred to have the 'hump' symbol as shown because the simple
crossing of the wire may be

misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Power Supplies Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Cell

Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal indicates the positive (+).A single
cell is often interpreted and called a battery, but a battery is two or more cell
joined together. Battery

Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal is
the positive (+).

And the small terminal is called the negative (

-
)DC supply
+
Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.AC supply

Supplies electrical energy.AC = Alternating Current, continually changing

direction of it currents it is negative and then Positive which alternates again.
Fuse

A safety device, which will 'blow' or melt if the current flowing through it
exceeds a specified value. Used as a protection for electrical circuits.
Transformer Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to
step up(increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred
between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical

connection between the coils. Earth(Ground) A connection to earth. For many

electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts)of the power supply, but for mains
electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as
ground.
Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc. Component Circuit Symbol
Function of Component
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SMT Resistor SMT Resistor ( Unprinted )
In Mobile Phones Surface Mount Molded (SMD) Resistor where not printed
with numerical value and it is left blank, the problem is that it is too tiny or small
to print at..
You can refer only its value by an aide of Schematic Diagram Available for that
certain products. Or you can Identify and check its value by using Resistance
Tester...

In Schematic Diagram Its

Original value where indicated: For Example:
Resistances less than 1000 ohms or 1K with ''R'' indicated in the middle
indicates a decimal point like:

4R7 = 4.7Ω
2R2 = 2.2Ω
and the rest just like how it does indicated like:

100Ω = 100 ohms 220Ω = 200 ohms

and up
4.7K = 4.7 kiloohms
The Printed SMD Resistor
Zero ohm resistors Surface mounted resistors are printed with numerical values
in a code related to that used on axial resistors.

Standard-tolerance Surface Mount Technology (SMT) resistors are marked with

a three-digit code, in which the first two digits are the first two significant digits
of the value and the third digit is the power of ten (the number of zeroes). For
example:

334 = 33 × 10,000 Ω = 330 kΩ

222 = 22 × 100 Ω = 2.2 kΩ
473 = 47 × 1,000 Ω = 47 kΩ
105 = 10 × 100,000 Ω = 1 MΩ

Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470. The final zero
represents ten to the power zero, which is 1. For example:
100 = 10 × 1 Ω = 10 Ω 220 = 22 × 1 Ω = 22 Ω
Resistances less than 10 ohms have 'R' to indicate the position of the decimal
point (radix point). For example:

4R7 = 4.7 Ω
0R22 = 0.22 Ω
0R01 = 0.01 Ω
Precision resistors are marked with a four-digit code, in which the first three
digits are the significant figures and the fourth is the power of ten. For example:

1001 = 100 × 10 ohms = 1 kΩ

4992 = 499 × 100 ohms = 49.9 kΩ
1000 = 100 × 1 ohm = 100 Ω

"000" and "0000" sometimes appear as values on surface-mount zero-ohm links,

since these have (approximately) zero resistance.
SMD Capacitor
The types of capacitor which is commonly used in small space circuit like the
cellphone uses the Tantalum type of capacitor,
Tantalum capacitors are used in smaller electronic devices including portable
telephones, pagers, personal computers, and automotive electronics.
It also offer smaller size and lower leakage than standard. .
There are two types of Capacitors used in Mobile Phones Circuits,

The Polarized and Non-Polarized Capacitors.

This are the Capacitors may look like that are being used in mobile phones
circuit.
The Polarized Capacitor
Tantalum Capacitors which is polarized, and may be used in DC circuits.
Typical values range form 0.1uF

to 470uF.
Standard Tantalum values change in multiples of 10, 22, 33, and 47. Normal
Temperature Coefficient

[TC] for Tantalum Capacitors is +5%.

Polarized capacitors are typically used in large voltage situations, such as DC
line filtering to reduce noise related to uneven voltage levels after rectification
from an AC source. Mainly measured in microfarads.

Polarity is critical to these devices. They are marked with the voltage rating
(usually double the circuit
Non-Polarized Capacitor
Non-polarized are similar to polarized except the plates are similar metal.

Polarized caps are typically used in large voltage situations, such as DC line
filtering to reduce noise related to uneven voltage levels after rectification from
an AC source. Mainly measured in microfarads. Polarity is critical to these
devices. They are marked with the voltage rating (usually double the circuit

non-polarized caps are typically used in low voltage situations, both AC and DC.
Polarity is not critical. Measured in pico farads typically.

Decimal multiplier prefixes are in common use to simplify and shorten the
notations of quantities such as component values.
Capacitance, for example, is measured in Farads, but the Farad is far too large a
unit to be of practical use in most cases. For convenience, we use sub-multiples
to save a lot of figures. For example, instead of writing 0.000000000001 Farads,
we write 1pF (1 picofarad).
The more common prefixes and the relationships to one another are as follows.
Abbrev. Prefix Multiply by or

p pico 0.000000000001 10-12

n nano 0.000000001 10-9
µ micro 0.000001 10-6
m milli 0.001 10-3
- UNIT 1 100
k kilo 1000 103
M mega 1000000 106
Units
1000 pico units = 1 nano unit
1000 nano units = 1 micro unit
1000 micro units = 1 milli unit
1000 milli units = 1 unit
1000 units = 1 kilo unit
1000 kilo units = 1 mega unit
Tolerance
All components differ from their marked value by some amount. Tolerance
specifies the maximum allowed deviation from the specified value. Tolerances
are normally expressed as a percentage of the nominal value.
For example, a component with a marked value of 100 and a tolerance of 5%
could actually be any value between 5% below the marked value (95) and 5%
above the marked value (105).
SMT Transistor
transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.

A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the
current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the
transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged
individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices,

and its presence is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.
Types of transistor
Transistor circuit symbols
There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit
symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make
the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest
type to make from silicon. This page is mostly about NPN transistors and if you
are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use these first. The
leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).

The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).
These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much
help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!
Diodes - Surface Mounted
In electronics, a

diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in

only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most
common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two
electrical terminals, a P-N junction. A vacuum tube diode, now little used, is a
vacuum tube with two electrodes; a plate and a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as
an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called
rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and
extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off
action, due to their

complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying

the construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special purpose
diodes that perform many different functions.

Diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), electronically tune radio and
TV receivers (varactor diodes), generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel
diodes), and produce light (light emitting diodes).

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of

crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in
1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes were made of
crystals of minerals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but

other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used.

Types of semiconductor diode in Mobile Phones
Circuit
Zener diodes

Diodes that can be made to conduct backwards. This effect, called Zener
breakdown, occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used
as a precision voltage reference. In

practical voltage reference circuits Zener and switching diodes are connected in
series and

opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient to near zero. Some

devices labeled

as high-voltage Zener diodes are actually avalanche diodes (see above). Two
(equivalent) Zeners

in series and in reverse order, in the same package, constitute a transient

absorber (or Transorb,

a registered trademark). The Zener diode is named for Dr. Clarence Melvin
Zener of Southern

Illinois University, inventor of the device.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
In a diode formed from a direct band-gap semiconductor, such as gallium
arsenide, carriers that cross the junction emit photons when they recombine with
the majority carrier on the other side. Depending on the material, wavelengths
(or colors) from the infrared to the near ultraviolet may be produced. The
forward potential of these diodes depends on the wavelength of the emitted
photons: 1.2 V corresponds to red, 2.4 V to violet. The first LEDs were red and
yellow, and higher-frequency diodes have been developed over time. All LEDs
produce incoherent, narrow-spectrum light; “white” LEDs are actually
combinations of three LEDs of a different color, or a blue LED with a yellow
scintillator coating. LEDs can also be used as lowefficiency photodiodes in
signal applications. An LED may be paired with a photodiode or phototransistor
in the same package, to form an opto-isolator.
Photodiodes
All semiconductors are subject to optical charge carrier generation. This is
typically an undesired effect, so most semiconductors are packaged in light
blocking material. Photodiodes are intended to sense light(photodetector), so
they are packaged in materials that allow light to pass, and are usually PIN (the
kind of diode most sensitive to light). A photodiode can be used in solar cells, in
photometry, or in optical communications. Multiple photodiodes may be
packaged in a single device, either as a linear array or as a two-dimensional
array. These arrays should not be confused with charge-coupled devices.
Fuse - Surface Mounted
In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse (from the Latin "fusus" meaning
to melt) is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection device. It’s essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows,
which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload or
device failure is often the reason for excessive current.

A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by

overheating or fire is prevented.

Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular
circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit
threats to human life and property damage.

Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal current and of excessive current
only for short periods.

A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890 [1] as part of his successful
electric distribution system.
SMT Inductors
An

inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a

magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An inductor's
ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of
henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil, the loops
helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to Faraday's Law of
Induction. Inductors are one of the basic electronic components used in
electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of
inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.

Inductance (

L) (measured in henries) is an effect resulting from the magnetic field that forms
around a current-carrying conductor which tends to resist changes in the current.
Electric current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the
current, and a change in this current creates a corresponding change in magnetic
flux which, in turn, by Faraday's Law generates an electromotive

force (EMF) that opposes this change in current. Inductance is a measure of the
amount of EMF
generated per unit change in current. For example, an inductor with an
inductance of 1 henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the
inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. The number of loops, the
size of each loop, and the material it is wrapped around all affect the inductance.

For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be increased by coiling
the conductor around a material with a high permeability such as iron. This can
increase the inductance by 2000 times, although less so at high frequencies.

Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits and signal processing. Inductors
in conjunction with capacitors and other components form tuned circuits which
can emphasize or filter out specific signal frequencies. Applications range from
the use of large inductors in power supplies, which in conjunction with filter
capacitors remove residual hums known as the Mains hum or other fluctuations
from the

direct current output, to the small inductance of the ferrite bead or torus installed
around a cable to prevent radio frequency interference from being transmitted
down the wire. Smaller inductor/capacitor combinations provide tuned circuits
used in radio reception and broadcasting, for instance.
Oscillators
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive
electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.
A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates an AC
waveform at a frequency below ≈20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field
of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an audio frequency oscillator.
Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are
usually called inverters.

The waveform generators which are used to generate pure sinusoidal waveforms
of fixed amplitude and frequency are called oscillators.
Crystal oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of
a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a
very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time
(as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated
circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The
most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so
oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to
tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured
annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches,
clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside
test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and
oscilloscopes.

Voltage-controlled oscillator

A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator designed to be

controlled in oscillation frequency by a voltage input.
The frequency of oscillation is varied by the applied DC voltage, while
modulating signals may also be fed into the VCO to cause frequency modulation
(FM) or phase modulation (PM); a VCO with digital pulse output may similarly
have its repetition rate (FSK, PSK) or pulse width modulated (PWM).
RF and IF Amplifiers and Filters
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the
signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be:
Radio frequency (RF) and microwave filters represent a class of electronic filter,
designed to operate on signals in the megahertz to gigahertz frequency ranges
(medium frequency to extremely high frequency). This frequency range is the
range used by most broadcast radio, television, wireless communication
(cellphones, Wi-Fi, etc...), and thus most rf and microwave devices will include
some kind of filtering on the signals transmitted or received.
Such filters are commonly used as building blocks for duplexers and diplexers to
combine or separate multiple frequency bands.

EMI - ESD Filters

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the sudden and momentary electric current
that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct
contact or induced by an electrostatic field. The term is usually used in the
electronics and other industries to describe momentary unwanted currents that
may cause damage to electronic equipment.
ESD is a serious issue in solid state electronics, such as integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon and
insulating materials such as silicon dioxide. Either of these materials can suffer
permanent damage when subjected to high voltages; as a result there are now a
number of antistatic devices that help prevent static build up.

Below are common types of EMI-ESD protection chips used among various
mobile phone's circuit.
Electromagnetic interference (or EMI, also called radio frequency
interference or RFI) is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to
either electromagnetic conduction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from
an external source. The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise
degrade orlimit the effective performance of the circuit. The source may be
any object, artificial or natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical
currents, such as an electrical circuit, the Sun or the Northern Lights. EMI can
be intentionally used for radio jamming, as in some forms of electronic
warfare, or can occur unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions for
example through intermodulation products, and the like. It frequently affects
the reception of AMradio in urban areas. It can also affect cell phone, FM
radio and television reception, although to a lesser extent.