Lesson 3

Objectives

 Identify the different parts of Arduino

board and its function;
 Define the origins of Arduino;
 Explain the different Arduino boards.

Content
 Arduino Basics and LED with
Tinkercad

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 Learning Activities
Presentation
Discuss the Introduction about Aduino Basics.

Discussion
THIS IS ARDUINO

Arduino is a Microcontroller platform that has captured the imagination of electronics

enthusiasts. Its ease of use and open source nature make it a great choice for anyone
wanting to build electronic projects. Ultimately, it allows you to connect electronics
through its pins so that it can control things—for instance, turn lights or motors on and
off or sense things such as light and temperature. This is why Arduino is sometimes
given the description physical computing. Because Arduinos can be connected to your
computer by a universal serial bus (USB) lead, this also means that you can use the
Arduino as an interface board to control those same electronics from your computer.

Microcontrollers

The heart of your Arduino is a microcontroller. Pretty much everything else on the
board is concerned with providing the board with power and allowing it to
communicate with your desktop computer. A microcontroller really is a little computer
on a chip. It has everything and more than the first home computers had. It has a
processor, a kilobyte or two of random access memory (RAM) for holding data, a few
kilobytes of erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or flash memory for

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holding your programs and it has input and output pins. These input/output (I/O) pins
link the microcontroller to the rest of your electronics.

Inputs can read both digital (is the switch on or off?) and analog (what is the voltage at
a pin?). This opens up the opportunity of connecting many different types of sensor for
light, temperature, sound, and more.

Outputs can also be analog or digital. So, you can set a pin to be on or off (0 volts or 5
volts) and this can turn light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on and off directly, or you can use
the output to control higher power devices such as motors. The microcontroller on an
Arduino board is the 28-pin chip fitted into a socket at the center of the board. This
single chip contains the memory processor and all the electronics for the input/output
pins. The great thing about the Arduino is that it reduces this bewildering array of
choices by standardizing on one microcontroller and sticking with it.

A Microcontroller (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a small computer (SoC)
on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals. It serves as the brain of our robot. Compared to our nervous

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system, this unit sends the information programmed so different robotic parts can
function.

PARTS OF THE MICROCONTROLLER

1. Power IN (Barrel Jack) – it can be used with either a 9V or 12V supply.

2. Power IN (USB port) – It provides power and communicates with the board
when plugged into a computer via USB.
3. LED (RX: Receiving) – It blinks when receiving data.
4. LED (TX: Transmitting) –It blinks when transmitting data.
5. LED (Troubleshooting) –It blinks when the program is running properly.
6. Pins (Digital, Analog, Ground) –It can be used for input, output, power, and
ground.
 Pin 0 – 13
 Analog Output Pins/PWM Pins
 Pin~3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10 and ~ 11
7. LED (ON/OFF) –It indicates if there is a power.
8. Reset Button –It manually resets the Arduino that makes your code start.
9. Pins(Analog In, Power In, Ground Power Out, Reset) –They can be used for
input, output, power, and ground.
 Pin A0-A5
 Power Pin
 Reset
 +3.3 V
 5V
 Ground

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

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The hardware consists of a simple open source hardware board designed around an
8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.

These are the specifications of the Arduino MCU that is included in the kit.
 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (Recommended): 7 -12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14( of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins:6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32KB(ATmega328)
 SRAM: 2KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16MHz

Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that converts electric energy
into electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when it pn
junctions is forward biased.

In short, LEDs are like tiny light bulbs. However, LEDs require a lot less power to light
up by comparison.

1- Short pin to be
connected to GND
(ground)
2- Longer pin to be
connected to any of
the digital pins (pins 2-13)

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Blinking LED
Materials:
 Microcontroller
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wire
 Breadboard
 1kΩ Resistors
 LED (Any color)

1. Given the 1kΩ resistance value, describe the brightness level of the LED.
2. What happened when you changed the resistance value to 520Ω

Remember: The higher the resistance value, the lower

energy that will flow and vice versa. Thus, if we change the resistance value from 1kΩ
to 520Ω, the LED will become brighter.

EXPLORING TINKERCAD
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Tinkercad already has a lot to offer as a design program, but it also serves as a
replacement for Autodesk’s discontinued “123D Circuits” service, which was a free
and easy to use breadboard simulator.

Getting Started

To get started, visit TinkerCAD website (https://www.tinkercad.com) and create an

account or log into an existing one. Then select “Circuits” on the left side of the
screen:

Select “Create new Circuit” on the next page and you’ll be greeted with the following
screen:

To familiarize yourself with the circuit design homepage, let's go over the areas that
marked with numbers.

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1. Change the name of your design here
2. This is the main toolbar. From the left to the right: Rotate the selected part
clockwise, delete the selected part, undo and redo your last action(s), create
annotations and toggle their visibility.
3. Some parts allow you to change their program. Click here to do so.
4. Start the simulation
5. Export your design to Autodesk EAGLE.
6. Choose the parts to display in the list below. I recommend choosing “All”.
7. These are the parts you can use.
8. The main work area. Drag and drop parts here to add them to your design.
9. Fit everything into the view.

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 Assessment
Directions: Based on your knowledge regarding the topic discussed, what is the main
role of Arduino in Robotics? Write your answer on space provided.

Worksheet 1:

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Direction: Label each part of Arduino

1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________

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Directions: Follow the set up in the circuit diagram and key in the code for this
activity.
1. You will be given a set of materials
2. Build the circuit based on the materials given
3. Change the resistance value from 220Ω to 850Ω
4. Observe on what will happen to the LED, if you change the value of the
resistor.

Alternate Blinking LED

Materials
 Microcontroller
 USB cable
 Jumpire Wire
 Breadboard
 2pcs. 220Ω
Resistors
 2pcs. LED (Any
color)

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 Congratulations!!

You finished the Lesson, Now let’s proceed to Lesson 4

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