The periodic table arranges the elements based on atomic number. Elements are grouped vertically and arranged horizontally in periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their electron configuration. Properties of elements, such as density, melting point, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity, follow predictable trends when moving across or down the periodic table due to changes in atomic structure.
The periodic table arranges the elements based on atomic number. Elements are grouped vertically and arranged horizontally in periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their electron configuration. Properties of elements, such as density, melting point, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity, follow predictable trends when moving across or down the periodic table due to changes in atomic structure.
The periodic table arranges the elements based on atomic number. Elements are grouped vertically and arranged horizontally in periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their electron configuration. Properties of elements, such as density, melting point, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity, follow predictable trends when moving across or down the periodic table due to changes in atomic structure.
The periodic table arranges the elements based on atomic number. Elements are grouped vertically and arranged horizontally in periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their electron configuration. Properties of elements, such as density, melting point, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity, follow predictable trends when moving across or down the periodic table due to changes in atomic structure.
• Today elements are arranged according to ascending atomic number.
• There are currently 118 known elements, 94 occur naturally and the rest are man- made. • The periodic table is divided into metals, non-metals and metalloids. PERIODS AND GROUPS There are 18 vertical groups and 7 horizontal periods. • Groups: vertical columns that are numbered from 1-18. o Each contain elements with similar physical and chemical properties and electron configurations. o Some groups have special names: ▪ Group 1 – alkali metals ▪ Group 2 – alkali earth metals ▪ Group 3 to 12 – transition metals ▪ Group 17 – halogens ▪ Group 18 – noble gases
• Periods: horizontal rows numbered from 1-7.
o First period only contains hydrogen and helium o Within a period from left to right there is a gradual change in the properties of the elements. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The electron configuration of atoms is linked to their positions in the Periodic Table. • Each consecutive element has one more electron than the previous element.
• For example, H has one electron and He has two electrons.
• The s-orbital takes a maximum of 2 electrons and the p-orbital takes a maximum of 6 electrons. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The atoms of a specific element have an inner electron structure that corresponds to the electron structure of the preceding noble gas. • The number of valence electrons is equal to the group number. • All elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. • The outer most energy level is the same as the period number. PATTERNS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE. PATTERNS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Properties of elements change in a predictable way as you move through the
periodic table. These systematic variations are called periodic trends. DENSITY
o The density of the atoms of an element is determined by the bonds between the atoms of the element.
o The density increases down the group.
o The density of metals increases across the period. o The density of non-metals decreases across the period. o Period 2 increases in density from Lithium to carbon and decreases from nitrogen to neon. o Period 3 increases in density from sodium to aluminium and decreases from silicon to argon. MELTING AND BOILING POINT
o If the attractive forces between particles in a solid are strong, the melting and boiling point will be high, if they are weak the melting point will be low.
o Solids have high melting points and increase from Li to C.
o There is a decrease in the melting points from N to Ne.
o In a group the melting point decreases from top to bottom with the exception of halogens which increase from top to bottom. ATOMIC RADIUS
• The atomic radius is half the distance between the two nuclei in adjacent metal atoms or of two atoms in a diatomic molecule. • Atomic radius increases down the groups – the number of energy levels increases and the outer electrons are further away from the nucleus. There is a smaller force of attraction between the protons and the electrons. • Atomic radius decreases across the period – forces of attraction between the protons and the electrons become increasingly stronger as the number of protons and electrons increase. Increased forces of attraction causes the electrons to be pulled closer to the nucleus. The chemical behaviours of atoms during chemical reaction is mainly determined by their ability to lose, gain or attract electrons: IONISATION ENERGY, ELECTRON AFFINITY and ELECTRONEGATIVITY. IONISATION ENERGY
• Ionisation energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in the gaseous state. • It is an indication of how strongly an electron is bonded to the atom: the stronger the bonding force. • The more energy that is required to remove the electron the higher the ionisation energy. IONISATION ENERGY
• We can distinguish three different ionisation energy’s:
▪ 1st ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the 1st electron from a neutral atom (M + energy → M+ + e-) ▪ 2nd ionisation energy is required to remove the second electron (M+ + energy → M2+ + e-) ▪ 3rd ionisation energy is required to remove the third electron (M2+ + energy → M3+ + e-)
• The ionisation energy of the 2nd and 3rd ionization energies are greater than the 1st ionization energy as the remaining electrons are attracted more strongly by the protons. IONISATION ENERGY • The ionization energy decreases down the groups: • As you move down the atoms acquire a new outer energy level. The inner electrons are shielding the forces of attraction of the nucleus on the valence electrons. • The outer electrons are further apart and easier to remove.
• The ionization increases from left to right on the periodic table:
• The number of protons in the nucleus increases and the atomic radius decreases as a stronger attractive force is exerted on the valence electrons. • A higher ionization energy is required to remove an electron.
• The noble gases have high ionization energies:
• The other most energy levels are completely filled and it is harder to try to remove an electron from a filled orbital than a half-filled orbital. ELECTRON AFFINITY
• The electron affinity is the change in energy that takes place when a neutral atom, in the gaseous state, accepts an electron to form an anion. • Electron affinity increases form left to right across the period. • Electron affinity is generally lower in metals compared to non-metals. • Non-metals have a decreased atomic radius and an increase in nuclear charge. • Halogens have the highest electron affinity values, by accepting one electron they will have a completely full outer orbital. ELECTRON NEGATIVITY
• The electronegativity (EN) of an element indicates how strongly an atom of an element is
a compound attracts a shared electron pair. • It is relative as it is a measure of and elements EN only in relation to other ENs of other elements. • Linus Pauling devised the method for calculating relative electronegativities of most elements. • EN increases from left to right across the periods (increase in atomic number and decrease in atomic radius) and decreases down the group. SIMILARITES IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AMONG ELEMENTS
• Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons in their outer levels. • The reactivity of an element is a measure of how violently an atom of the element reacts with atoms of other substances. • This depends on the ionisation energy and electronegativity. • It decreases from left to right in a period and increases from top to bottom of the groups.
