Durian (Durio zibithinus) for Cardboard Production

INTRODUCTION

Amidst this pandemic, deforestation remains the main threat

to biodiversity. It also serves as one of the fundamental factors of

global warming. The consequences of this action affect all living

organisms. Making alternatives instead of utilization of wood will

greatly reduce its effect on nature.

Durian has become almost synonymous with Davao City

because of its abundance, and because of its scarcity in other parts

of the Philippines. In 2021, the volume of durian produced in the

Philippines amounted to about 73.87 thousand metric tons. The

production volume of durian in the country had been fluctuating

over the observed period. During durian harvesting season (late

August to September), enormous amount of durian is being

produced which leads to tons of garbage around the street as

vendors left the wastes and let them rot. When durian peel is

burned or dumped in a landfill, it contributes significantly to

agricultural waste and creates an environmental hazard. Instead of

letting such wastes to decompose, it can be used as a main

component to invent another product that can benefit the society.

shown that Durian peel fiber has a residue widely produced and

contains cellulose (47.2 %), hemicellulose (9.63 %), lignin (9.89

%), ash (4.20 %); composition that makes alternative carboard.

Durian peel is agricultural waste fiber mainly constituted of

cellulose that is a glucose-polymer with relative high modulus,

often found as fibrillar component of many naturally occurring

composites.

With the global temperature increasing due to deforestation

and energy consumption, it has to be reduced; by utilizing

alternatives. Hence, using Durian peels as main component for

cardboard production is relevant and significant.

This study will evaluate the efficacy of Durian peels as main

component for cardboard production. Specifically, it aims to

answer the following questions;

What concentration of Durian peels provide the best result in

making of cardboard in terms of:

 Callipher thickness

 Water absorption

 Moisture content

 Hardness test

Is there significant difference on characteristics of the cardboard

utilizing different concentration of Durian peels?

In this study, researchers will conduct experimental research.

The goal is to determine the impact of a factor or independent

variable on a dependent variable. We will put durian waste to the

test for cardboard production. An experimental research design is

the best method for determining the influence of a component or

independent variable on a dependent variable.

The raw material of durian (Durio zebithinus) peels will be

used for this research. The analytical chemicals will be 30%

hydrogen peroxide and 1-part glacial acid. The equipment that will

be used is the Standard Disintegrator.

We will be using the cold maceration pulping procedure.

Durian peels will be dried in the oven. The oven-dried samples will

be sliced up. The maceration fluid will be made up of 1 part (30%)

hydrogen peroxide solution, 4 parts distilled water, and 1-part

glacial acetic acid. The durian peels will then be immersed in the

maceration mixture for several days until digestion, and the mixture

will be thoroughly stirred each day. When the pulp is created, that
is, when the durian peel bits are softened, digestion occurs. The

pulp will next be cleaned and dried in an oven. The oven-dried

sample of pulp will be soaked in distilled water prior to being

formed into cardboard. The oven-dried sample of pulp will be

soaked in distilled water for at least 4 hours before being formed

into cardboard. The pulp will be rinsed before being processed by a

disintegrator machine, which will disintegrate the durian pulp at

18,000 rpm for 4 minutes, until all fiber bundles are diapered. The

pulp will be placed onto a sheet former and will drain for about 5

minutes on a wire screen. The sheets will be dried for at least two

days.

RISK AND SAFETY

Due to its high content of lignocellulosic residues, durian peel

wastes have a high manufacturing capability and produce high-

quality products. There are a variety of risks, around cardboard-

making equipment. Your ability to recognize, manage, or prevent

harm from particular instances of each hazard depends on your

awareness of the different categories of hazards. Aside from being

extremely dangerous, pulp and paper manufacture can also involve

heavy weights, rolling and falling objects. An efficient strategy to

disposal and treatment is necessary since solid wastes, such as the

pollutants, lead to further issues.

When using chemicals, always wear the necessary personal

protection equipment. Know where every eyewash and shower

station are in your workspace. To wash away any chemicals that

may have gotten into your eyes or on your skin, flush with water

right soon. Despite the fact that cooking is generally seen as a safe

profession, there are risks involved in both the preparation of the

ingredients and other connected chores. Pay close attention to any

moving objects, such as mixers and slicers, in your workspace.

The majority of farmers were men. The average number of

temporary workers engaged from December to March was 5.12

people, and the total area under cultivation was 54.04 rai, the

majority of which were not irrigated. Durian farming generated an

average annual income of 330,176 baht. The average farmer has

13.3 years of experience growing durian. Most farmers received

training on growing durians. The most well-known kinds that were

grown in the study area were "Chanee" and "Monthong." The

majority of the issues relating to durian production and marketing

for export were accepted by every farmer. Farmers required greater

marketing-related topics. Phytophthora root rot, water scarcity

during the dry season, expensive pesticides, poor produce prices,

and a lack of coordination among the stakeholders were major

issues with durian production and marketing.

In this study, durian rinds were effectively used to make pulp

and paper. On the other hand, this study was successful in

examining the optical, physical, and chemical-mechanical

properties of the pulp of the durian rinds. The results of the features

analysis point to some interesting potentials for durian rinds as a

recently discovered raw resource for papermaking, but further

research is still required. The beating and bleaching processes

should be taken into consideration for better outcomes because they

may improve the pulp and paper qualities of the rinds of durians. A

different type of pulping, such as chemical Soda-AQ and kraft

pulping, should be taken into consideration. The increase of NaOH

percentage treatment may also improve the interfiber bonding and

individual strength of the paper.

Before we can start our research, we need to gather the

materials. For the durian peels we can find it by searching for

nearby durian stall or store. Hydrogen peroxide is used in bleaching

and deodorizing paper, it has also disinfectant and anti-bacterial

properties, we can buy it in a local drug store or pharmacy.

Distilled water is boiled water that cooled to return from its liquid

state. We can buy it from the sari-sari store or convenience store.

Glacial acid is a pure acetic acid. The available concentration is

99.5% up to 100%. It is used for cleaning and medical purposes we

can buy it from the drug store. For the standard dis integrator it

used to separate fibers.

The underlisted physical tests will be carried out:

Calliper Thickness: This will be estimated by taking readings

from four different points along the plane of the paper and then

calculating the average thickness of the paper. The test paper will
be first conditioned for two weeks in a laboratory room (25°C and

65% relative humidity).

Water absorption: The weight of the water absorbed will be

determined by the difference between the weights of paper after

soaking and the initial weight of paper before soaking. The

percentage of water absorbed will be determined by the difference

between the weight of paper after soaking and the initial weight,

divided by the initial weight of paper multiplied by 100. The

specimen will be soaked in distilled water for 2 hours before being

removed.

Moisture Content: Some sample chips will be weighed, and

weights will be recorded. The samples will be placed in a ventilated

oven operated at a temperature of 105 °C + 2 °C and allowed to

stay for about 24 hours until a constant weight is obtained and

recorded.

Hardness test: The sample will be prepared according to the

specifications stipulated in TAPPI (1989). A force will be applied

determined.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Charoenvai, S. (2013). Durian Peels Fiber and Recycled HDPE

Composites Obtained by Extrusion. https://doi.org/jjfc

Biden, N., Zakaria, M., Bujang. J., Aziz, N. (2015). Suitability of

Aquatic Plant fibers for Handmade Papermaking. International

Journal of Polymer Science. https://doi.org/f7x5bb.

Hydrogen peroxide.(1998). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

https://doi.org/jmdf

Richmond, G.(2015). Glacial Acetic Acid Adverse Events: Case

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Vectorsolutions.(2017) 2017 Paper Manufacturing Safety Tips:

Hazards,Controls, and safe work

practices.https://www.vectorsolutions.com/resources/blogs/paper-

manufacturing-safety-tips/
BCcampus.(2021) 2021 Workplace Safety in the foodservice

industry.https://opentextbc.ca/workplacesafety/chapter/workplace-

safety-procedures/

Rosliana Lubis, Sri Wahyuna Saragih, Basuki Wirjosentono, et al.

(2018)

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5082474