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6 Multimediaa-Abdullah

The document discusses various topics related to digital image processing including color fundamentals in human vision, color characteristics such as brightness, hue and saturation, different levels of computerized image processing from low to high levels, sampling and quantization methods to convert continuous images to digital form, representing digital images using pixels in a matrix, relationships between pixels, examples of calculating storage required for digital images of different sizes and bit depths, sources of noise in digital images from acquisition to transmission, and common noise models including white, Gaussian, Rayleigh and Erlang noise.

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28 views32 pages

6 Multimediaa-Abdullah

The document discusses various topics related to digital image processing including color fundamentals in human vision, color characteristics such as brightness, hue and saturation, different levels of computerized image processing from low to high levels, sampling and quantization methods to convert continuous images to digital form, representing digital images using pixels in a matrix, relationships between pixels, examples of calculating storage required for digital images of different sizes and bit depths, sources of noise in digital images from acquisition to transmission, and common noise models including white, Gaussian, Rayleigh and Erlang noise.

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abdullah.saadp
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Multimedia Systems Development

Dr. Omar Masmali


Digital Image Processing (2)
Color Fundamentals

• 6 to 7 million cones in the human eye can be divided into three principal sensing

categories, corresponding roughly to red, green, and blue.

• 65%: red

• 33%: green

• 2%: blue (blue cones are the most sensitive)


Color Characteristics

• The characteristics generally used to distinguish one color from another are:

• Brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.

• Hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves, represents dominant color as

perceived by an observer.

• Saturation: relative purity or the amount of white light mixed with its hue.
Color Characteristics

• The characteristics generally used to distinguish one color from another are:

• Brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.


Color Characteristics

• The characteristics generally used to distinguish one color from another are:

• Hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves, represents dominant color as

perceived by an observer.
Color Characteristics

• The characteristics generally used to distinguish one color from another are:

• Saturation: relative purity or the amount of white light mixed with its hue.
Image Computerized Processes

• There are three types of computerized processes in the processing of image

• Low level Process

• Mid-level Image Processing

• High level Processing


Image Computerized Processes

• Low level Process:

• These involve primitive operations such as image processing to reduce noise,

contrast enhancement and image sharpening. These kinds of processes are

characterized by fact the both inputs and output are images.


Image Computerized Processes

• Mid-level Image Processing:

• It involves tasks like segmentation, description of those objects to reduce them to

a form suitable for computer processing, and classification of individual objects.

The inputs to the process are generally images but outputs are attributes

extracted from images.


Image Computerized Processes

• High level Processing:

• It involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image

analysis, and performing the cognitive functions normally associated with vision.
Image Computerized Processes
Sampling and Quantization

• To create a digital image, we need to convert the continuous sensed data into

digital from. This involves two processes – sampling and quantization.

• An image may be continuous with respect to the x and y coordinates and also in

amplitude. To convert it into digital form we have to sample the function in both

coordinates and in amplitudes.


Sampling and Quantization

• Digitalizing the coordinate values is called Sampling.

• Digitalizing the amplitude values is called Quantization.


Representing Digital Images

• The result of sampling and quantization is matrix of real numbers.

• Assume that an image f(x,y) is sampled so that the resulting digital image has M

rows and N Columns.

• The values of the coordinates (x,y) now become discrete quantities thus the value

of the coordinates at origin become (x,y) = (0,0)


Representing Digital Images
Relationship between Pixels
• A pixel p at coordinates (x,y) has four horizontal and vertical
neighbors whose coordinates are given by:

(x+1,y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x,y-1)

• This set of pixels, called the 4-neighbors or p, is denoted by N4(p)


Relationship between Pixels
Relationship between Pixels
• The four diagonal neighbors of p have coordinates and are denoted
by ND(p).

(x+1, y+1), (x+1, y-1), (x-1, y+1), (x-1, y-1)


Relationship between Pixels
Relationship between Pixels
Digital Image Storage Required
Digital Image Storage Required (Examples)

• Find bits required to store a 4*4 digital image if we are using 64 different gray

levels
Digital Image Storage Required (Examples)
• Find bits required to store a 4*4 digital image if we are using 64 different gray

levels

• Resolution (number of pixels) = 4 * 4 = 16

• Number of bits on each pixel = 6 ( or )

• So, 4*4*6 = 96 bits


Digital Image Storage Required (Examples)
• N = 32

• M = 32

• L = 23 = 8

• Resolution (number of pixels) = ??

• Number of bits on each pixel = ??

• Size = ??
Digital Image Storage Required (Examples)
• N = 32

• M = 32

• L = 23 = 8

• Resolution (number of pixels) = 1024

• Number of bits on each pixel = 3

• Size = 1024 * 3 = 3072


Image Degradation
• An image that has been degraded by using a prior knowledge of the
degradation phenomenon (Noise).
Noise Sources
• The principal sources of noise in digital images arise during

• Image acquisition
• e.g., light levels, sensor temperature, etc.
• Transmission
• e.g., lightning or other atmospheric disturbance in wireless network
Noise Models
• White noise
• The Fourier spectrum of noise is constant
Noise Models
• Gaussian noise
• Electronic circuit noise, sensor noise due to poor illumination and/or
high temperature

• Rayleigh noise
• Range imaging

• Erlang (gamma) noise


• Laser imaging
Noise Models
• (b) Gaussian noise
• (c) Rayleigh noise
• (d) Range imaging

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