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Nanotechnology

The document discusses different types of friction including static friction, dynamic friction, sliding friction, and rolling friction. It explains Coulomb's laws of dry friction, which state that the frictional force is opposite to the intended motion and depends on the normal force and the coefficient of friction. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the minimum horizontal or inclined force needed to initiate motion when static friction is involved. The document also discusses wedge friction and how Lami's theorem can be applied to problems involving wedges.

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Sarvesh Sawant
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14 views27 pages

Nanotechnology

The document discusses different types of friction including static friction, dynamic friction, sliding friction, and rolling friction. It explains Coulomb's laws of dry friction, which state that the frictional force is opposite to the intended motion and depends on the normal force and the coefficient of friction. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the minimum horizontal or inclined force needed to initiate motion when static friction is involved. The document also discusses wedge friction and how Lami's theorem can be applied to problems involving wedges.

Uploaded by

Sarvesh Sawant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust’s

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering


Sector No.26, Pradhikaran, Nigdi, Pune-411044.
An Autonomous Institute
(Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Unit VI: Friction

❑ Friction

❑ Limiting friction

❑ Types of friction

❑ Coulombs laws of dry friction

❑ Wedge friction

❑ ladder friction

❑ Belt Friction.
Friction – Coulombs laws of dry friction

❑ Friction

✓ When a body moves or tends to move over another body, a force opposing the motion develops

at the contact surfaces.

✓ The force which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement is called the frictional

force or simply friction.


Friction

❑ Limiting Friction

✓ There is a limit beyond which the magnitude of the frictional force will not develop.

✓ If the applied tangential force is more than this maximum frictional force, there will be movement of

one body over the other body.

✓ This maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play when the motion is impending is

known as Limiting Friction.


Types Friction

❑ Static Friction

✓ It may be noted that when the applied tangential force is less than the limiting friction, the body

remains at rest and such friction is called Static Friction, which will have any value between zero and

limiting friction.

❑ Dynamic Friction

✓ If the value of applied tangential force exceeds the limiting friction, the body starts moving over

another body, and the frictional resistance experienced while moving is known as Dynamic Friction.
Friction – Coulombs laws of dry friction
❑ Dynamic Friction

✓ The magnitude of dynamic friction is found to be less than limiting friction. Dynamic friction may be

further classified into two groups:

(i) Sliding Friction: It is the friction experienced by a body when it slides over the other body.

(ii) Rolling Friction: It is the friction experienced by a body when it rolls over another body.
Friction – Coulombs laws of dry friction
❑ Laws of Friction (Coulomb’s laws of dry friction)

1) The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in which the body tends to move.

2) Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of frictional force is exactly equal to the

tangential force which tends to move the body.

3) The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness of the surfaces.

4) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.

5) The magnitude of limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two and

this ratio is called “Coefficient of friction”.


Coefficient of Friction
❑ Coefficient of Friction

The magnitude of limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two and this

ratio is called ‘Coefficient of friction”.

“A body weighing W is being pulled by a force P and the motion is impending”

Let N be normal reaction and F the limiting frictional force.


Friction
Example 1. Block A weighing 1000 N rests over block B which weighs 2000 N as shown in Figure.
Block A is tied to a wall with a horizontal string. If the coefficient of friction between A and B is 0.25
and that between B and the floor is 1/3, what should be the value of P to move the block B if (a) P is
horizontal, (b) P acts at 30° upwards to horizontal?
Friction
Solution:
Friction
(a) When P is horizontal:

The free body diagrams of the two blocks are shown in Fig. (b). Note the frictional forces are to be

marked in the opposite directions of impending relative motion. In this problem, block B is having

impending motion to the right. Hence on it F1 and F2 are towards right. The relative motion of block A

w.r.t. B is to the left. Hence the direction of F1 in this is towards the right. Another way of thinking for

the direction of F1 in case of block A can be ‘actions and reactions are equal and opposite’. Hence on

block B if F1 is towards left, on A it should be towards right.


(a) When P is horizontal:

Consider Block A,
(a) When P is inclined:
Friction
Example 2. What is the value of P in the system shown in Figure to cause the motion of 500 N block to
the right side? Assume the pulley is smooth and coefficient of friction between the other contact surfaces
is 0.20.
Friction
Solution:
1. FBD
Friction
Solution:
Free body diagrams of the blocks are as shown in Fig (b). Consider the equilibrium of 750 N block.
Friction
Wedge Friction

❑ Wedges are small pieces of hard materials with two of their opposite surfaces not parallel to each

other. They are used to slightly lift heavy blocks, machinery, precast beams etc. for making final

alignment or to make place for inserting lifting devices.

❑ In any problem weight of wedge is very small compared to the weight lifted. Hence in all problems

self weight of wedge is neglected.

❑ It is found that in the analysis instead of treating normal reaction and frictional force independently, it

is advantageous to treat their resultant.


Wedge Friction
Wedge Friction
Example 1. Determine the force P required to start the movement of the wedge as shown in Fig. (a). The
angle of friction for all surfaces of contact is 15°.
Wedge Friction
Solution:
Wedge Friction
Solution:
Wedge Friction
Example 2. The block C, weighing 160 kN is to be raised by means of driving wedges A and B as
shown in Fig. (a). Find the value of force P for impending motion of block C upwards, if coefficient of
friction is 0.25 for all contact surfaces. The self weight of wedges may be neglected.
Wedge Friction
Solution:
Wedge Friction
Wedge Friction
Apply Lami’s theorem to the system of forces on block:

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