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NMK 30103 Chapter 2 Part 2 Amplitude Modulation Circuits

This document summarizes key aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) circuits, including: 1) AM signals can be generated by applying modulating and carrier signals to a nonlinear component like a diode, producing the carrier and sidebands. Tuned circuits then filter out unwanted frequencies. 2) There are low-level and high-level AM modulators. Low-level modulators use diodes, transistors, or PIN diodes to generate AM, while high-level modulators vary the voltage and power in the final RF amplifier. 3) AM demodulators like diode detectors recover the original modulating signal by using a capacitor to filter the signal envelope. Synchronous detectors use an internal clock to switch

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Muhammad Iskandar Bin Azlan
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51 views25 pages

NMK 30103 Chapter 2 Part 2 Amplitude Modulation Circuits

This document summarizes key aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) circuits, including: 1) AM signals can be generated by applying modulating and carrier signals to a nonlinear component like a diode, producing the carrier and sidebands. Tuned circuits then filter out unwanted frequencies. 2) There are low-level and high-level AM modulators. Low-level modulators use diodes, transistors, or PIN diodes to generate AM, while high-level modulators vary the voltage and power in the final RF amplifier. 3) AM demodulators like diode detectors recover the original modulating signal by using a capacitor to filter the signal envelope. Synchronous detectors use an internal clock to switch

Uploaded by

Muhammad Iskandar Bin Azlan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NMK30103

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 2 :AMPLITUDE
MODULATOR
AND DEMODULATOR CIRCUITS
PART 2
BY: TS. DR. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI RAMLI
GENERATION OF AM SIGNAL

Block diagram of a circuit to produce AM


AM IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
• THE PRODUCT OF THE CARRIER AND MODULATING SIGNAL CAN BE
GENERATED BY APPLYING BOTH SIGNALS TO A NONLINEAR COMPONENT
SUCH AS A DIODE.
• A SQUARE-LAW FUNCTION IS ONE THAT VARIES IN PROPORTION TO THE
SQUARE OF THE INPUT SIGNALS. A DIODE GIVES A GOOD APPROXIMATION
OF A SQUARE-LAW RESPONSE. BIPOLAR AND FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
(FETS) CAN ALSO BE BIASED TO GIVE A SQUARE-LAW RESPONSE.
• DIODES AND TRANSISTORS WHOSE FUNCTION IS NOT A PURE SQUARE-LAW
FUNCTION PRODUCE THIRD-, FOURTH-, AND HIGHER-ORDER HARMONICS,
WHICH ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS.
• INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS ARE EASY TO FILTER OUT.
• TUNED CIRCUITS FILTER OUT THE MODULATING SIGNAL AND CARRIER
HARMONICS, LEAVING ONLY CARRIER AND SIDEBANDS.
A SQUARE-LAW CIRCUIT FOR
PRODUCING AM.

AM signal containing not only the carrier and sidebands but also the modulating signal.
TUNED CIRCUIT FILTERS

The tuned circuit filters out the modulating signal and carrier harmonics,
leaving only the carrier and sidebands.
AMPLITUDE MODULATORS

• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF AMPLITUDE MODULATORS. THEY ARE LOW-


LEVEL AND HIGH-LEVEL MODULATORS.

• LOW-LEVEL MODULATORS GENERATE AM WITH SMALL SIGNALS AND


MUST BE AMPLIFIED BEFORE TRANSMISSION.

• HIGH-LEVEL MODULATORS PRODUCE AM AT HIGH POWER LEVELS,


USUALLY IN THE FINAL AMPLIFIER STAGE OF A TRANSMITTER.
LOW-LEVEL AM: DIODE MODULATOR

• DIODE MODULATION CONSISTS OF A RESISTIVE MIXING NETWORK, A DIODE


RECTIFIER, AND AN LC TUNED CIRCUIT.
• THE CARRIER IS APPLIED TO ONE INPUT RESISTOR AND THE MODULATING
SIGNAL TO ANOTHER INPUT RESISTOR.
• THIS RESISTIVE NETWORK CAUSES THE TWO SIGNALS TO BE LINEARLY MIXED
(I.E. ALGEBRAICALLY ADDED).
• A DIODE PASSES HALF CYCLES WHEN FORWARD BIASED.
• THE COIL AND CAPACITOR REPEATEDLY EXCHANGE ENERGY, CAUSING AN
OSCILLATION OR RINGING AT THE RESONANT FREQUENCY.
AMPLITUDE MODULATORS CIRCUIT

Figure 4-7 Amplitude modulation with a diode.


LOW-LEVEL AM: TRANSISTOR
MODULATOR
• TRANSISTOR MODULATION CONSISTS OF A RESISTIVE MIXING
NETWORK, A TRANSISTOR, AND AN LC TUNED CIRCUIT.
• THE EMITTER-BASE JUNCTION OF THE TRANSISTOR SERVES AS A DIODE
AND NONLINEAR DEVICE.
• MODULATION AND AMPLIFICATION OCCUR AS BASE CURRENT
CONTROLS A LARGER COLLECTOR CURRENT.
• THE LC TUNED CIRCUIT OSCILLATES (RINGS) TO GENERATE THE MISSING
HALF CYCLE.
TRANSISTOR MODULATOR CIRCUIT

Figure 4-9 Simple transistor modulator.


LOW-LEVEL AM: PIN DIODE
MODULATOR
• VARIABLE ATTENUATOR CIRCUITS USING PIN DIODES PRODUCE AM AT VHF,
UHF, AND MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES.
• PIN DIODES ARE SPECIAL TYPE SILICON JUNCTION DIODES DESIGNED FOR
USE AT FREQUENCIES ABOVE 100 MHZ.
• WHEN PIN DIODES ARE FORWARD-BIASED, THEY OPERATE AS VARIABLE
RESISTORS.
• ATTENUATION CAUSED BY PIN DIODE CIRCUITS VARIES WITH THE AMPLITUDE
OF THE MODULATING SIGNAL.
PIN DIODE MODULATOR CIRCUIT

Figure 4-10 High-frequency amplitude modulators using PIN diodes.


LOW-LEVEL AM: DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
• DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER MODULATORS MAKE EXCELLENT AMPLITUDE
MODULATORS BECAUSE THEY HAVE A HIGH GAIN, GOOD LINEARITY
AND CAN BE 100 PERCENT MODULATED.
• THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE CAN BE TAKEN BETWEEN TWO COLLECTORS,
PRODUCING A BALANCED, OR DIFFERENTIAL, OUTPUT.
• THE OUTPUT CAN ALSO BE TAKEN FROM THE OUTPUT OF EITHER
COLLECTOR TO GROUND, PRODUCING A SINGLE-ENDED OUTPUT.
LOW-LEVEL AM: DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER

• THE MODULATING SIGNAL IS APPLIED TO THE BASE OF A CONSTANT-


CURRENT SOURCE TRANSISTOR.
• THE MODULATING SIGNAL VARIES THE EMITTER CURRENT AND
THEREFORE THE GAIN OF THE CIRCUIT.
• THE RESULT IS AM IN THE OUTPUT.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT (LL)

Figure 4-11 (a) Basic differential amplifier. (b) Differential amplifier modulator.
HIGH-LEVEL AM
• IN HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION, THE MODULATOR VARIES THE VOLTAGE AND
POWER IN THE FINAL RF AMPLIFIER STAGE OF THE TRANSMITTER.
• THE RESULT IS HIGH EFFICIENCY IN THE RF AMPLIFIER AND OVERALL HIGH-
QUALITY PERFORMANCE.

HIGH-LEVEL AM: COLLECTOR MODULATOR

• THE COLLECTOR MODULATOR IS A LINEAR POWER AMPLIFIER THAT TAKES


THE LOW-LEVEL MODULATING SIGNALS AND AMPLIFIES THEM TO A HIGH-
POWER LEVEL.
• A MODULATING OUTPUT SIGNAL IS COUPLED THROUGH A MODULATION
TRANSFORMER TO A CLASS C AMPLIFIER.
• THE SECONDARY WINDING OF THE MODULATION TRANSFORMER IS
CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE COLLECTOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE OF THE
CLASS C AMPLIFIER.
HIGH-LEVEL COLLECTOR CIRCUIT

Figure 4-13 A high-level collector modulator.


HIGH-LEVEL AM: SERIES MODULATOR
• A SERIES MODULATOR PRODUCES HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION WITHOUT A LARGE
AND EXPENSIVE MODULATION TRANSFORMER USED IN COLLECTOR
MODULATORS.
• IT IMPROVES FREQUENCY RESPONSE.
• IT IS, HOWEVER, VERY INEFFICIENT.

• A SERIES MODULATOR REPLACES THE MODULATION


TRANSFORMER WITH AN EMITTER FOLLOWER.
• THE MODULATING SIGNAL IS APPLIED TO THE EMITTER
FOLLOWER.
• THE EMITTER FOLLOWER IS IN SERIES WITH THE
COLLECTOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE.
• THE COLLECTOR VOLTAGE CHANGES WITH VARIATIONS
IN THE AMPLIFIED AUDIO MODULATING SIGNAL.
SERIES MODULATOR CIRCUIT

Figure 4-15 Series modulation. Transistors may also be MOSFETs with appropriate biasing.
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATORS
CONT (3 APRIL 2015)

• DEMODULATORS, OR DETECTORS, ARE CIRCUITS THAT ACCEPT


MODULATED SIGNALS AND RECOVER THE ORIGINAL MODULATING
INFORMATION.

Figure : A diode detector AM demodulator.


DIODE DETECTOR

• ON POSITIVE ALTERNATIONS OF THE AM SIGNAL, THE


CAPACITOR CHARGES QUICKLY TO THE PEAK VALUE OF
PULSES PASSED BY THE DIODE.
• WHEN THE PULSE VOLTAGE DROPS TO ZERO, THE
CAPACITOR DISCHARGES INTO THE RESISTOR.
• THE TIME CONSTANT OF THE CAPACITOR AND RESISTOR IS
LONG COMPARED TO THE PERIOD OF THE CARRIER.
• THE CAPACITOR DISCHARGES ONLY SLIGHTLY WHEN THE
DIODE IS NOT CONDUCTING.
• THE RESULTING WAVEFORM ACROSS THE CAPACITOR IS A
CLOSE APPROXIMATION TO THE ORIGINAL MODULATING
SIGNAL.
CONT:-

• BECAUSE THE DIODE DETECTOR RECOVERS THE ENVELOPE OF THE AM


(MODULATING) SIGNAL, THE CIRCUIT IS SOMETIMES CALLED AN ENVELOPE
DETECTOR.
• IF THE RC TIME CONSTANT IN A DIODE DETECTOR IS TOO LONG, THE
CAPACITOR DISCHARGE WILL BE TOO SLOW TO FOLLOW THE FASTER
CHANGES IN THE MODULATING SIGNAL.
• THIS IS REFERRED TO AS DIAGONAL DISTORTION.
SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION
• SYNCHRONOUS DETECTORS USE AN INTERNAL CLOCK SIGNAL AT THE
CARRIER FREQUENCY IN THE RECEIVER TO SWITCH THE AM SIGNAL OFF AND
ON, PRODUCING RECTIFICATION SIMILAR TO THAT IN A STANDARD DIODE
DETECTOR.
• SYNCHRONOUS DETECTORS OR COHERENT DETECTORS HAVE LESS
DISTORTION AND A BETTER SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO THAN STANDARD DIODE
DETECTORS.
• THE KEY TO MAKING THE SYNCHRONOUS DETECTOR WORK IS TO ENSURE
THAT THE SIGNAL PRODUCING THE SWITCHING ACTION IS PERFECTLY IN
PHASE WITH THE RECEIVED AM CARRIER.
• AN INTERNALLY GENERATED CARRIER SIGNAL FROM AN OSCILLATOR WILL
NOT WORK.
SYNCHRONOUS DETECTOR CIRCUIT

Figure 4-22 A practical synchronous detector.


END OF CHAPTER 2

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