Control lab report

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN APPLIED PHYSICS (ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION)

THIRD YEAR/SECOND SEMESTER/2023

EEE4351:CONTROLENGINEERING2

GROUP LABORATORY REPORT ON PROPORTIONAL PLUS INTEGRAL PLUS DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER

BY;
ONYANGO JEPH OMONDI: BTAP/326J/2021

DENNIS OSIGO: BTAP/310J/2020

BRIAN OTIENO: BTAP/306J/2020

ELIJAH OCHIENG: BTAP/316J/2020

LOICE ODERO: BTAP/315J/2020

JORAM MWENDWA: BTAP/224J/2019

LECTURES NAME: MR MURIMA

DATE SUBMITTED: 19-7-2023

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Control lab report

ABSTRACT

The purpose of PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control is to automate control application in
manufacturing. Their utilized to control level, temperature and other various manufacture processes.
PID is important as it allows engineers to regulate factors, which if not controlled could be devastating.
e.g. a pipeline must have a pressure regulated otherwise if there is much pressure the pipe could burst
causing loss in income to the company and may cause fatalities, that’s why it’s important to use PID
controllers to regulate and control. This report will contain how a PID controller regulates airflow by
regulating the K values, how the results obtained simulation and the real values are the same or differ.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this lab are:

1. To find the effect of Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) regulator and actions on closed
loops to pre- response on the process trainer.
2. To gauge the process transfer function from an open loop step of the process trainer.
3. Utilizing MATLAB simulations and carry out model-based turning of PID controller.
4. Utilize the tuned PID controller in the process trainer.

INTRODUCTION

Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) is a control loop system . It is commonly utilized in the
manufacturing and other uses needing the use of control. PIDs regulate processes, gauging sensors,
control processes and final regulatory features. All these features get join to what is known as a control
loop. Various regulatory processes and assemblies such as feed forward and feed back could be
combined with regulatory systems. Alternatively, methods in tuning could been gauged, Cohen-Conon,
rule of Thumb and Ziegler Nichols methods.

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THEORY

A numerical PID controller that is present in the Process Trainer (PT) computer, it regulates the
procedure. The PT regulator comprises of a white operator interface or white system unit (key board
and monitor). The keys O and Care utilized to alternate closed loop or open loop of PT, the key K is
utilized to alternate the PID regulator gains and the key P is utilized to print procedure time response
that are shown on the monitor. Within a closed loop system there is a procedure within the plant to
regulate G(s), sensors identify the PV (process value) for example a thermocouple, a controller which
gives regulator of which procedure, indicated to the above as a PID term, an out come to a device or
actuator to regulate the input incentive to the procedure like heat.

When loop tuning there are various methods which may be utilized, the usual

Methods utilized are:

 Ziegler Nicholls
 Cohen & Coon
 Rule of Thumb

The Ziegler Nicholls method comprises placing a loop into oscillation and gauging the oscillation phaseT.
Oscillation is created by putting Integral and Derivative relations to off, decreasing the Proportional
section till the loop just oscillates. The P terms stabilization at the beginning of oscillation is utilized to
gauge the required Proportional section(Px).

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The Cohen & Coon method applies power from a low process rate, a note is constructed for time prior
to any response is monitored (dead-time) in addition the greatest rate of change of the process
outcome. By uniting this info with the final stabilization of the process out come following on from the
power applied, the Partial, Integral and Derivative out comes are worked out.

When Kp is alternated there are various effects which take place when Kp is increased, this resultsin:

Alter nations in transient and steady-state responses

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Control lab report

When Ki is increased without alternating kp then the effects are:

No alteration in the steady state error

Computer(laptop)was utilized for the process trainer.

1. Screen of the lap top printed out the graph of process trainer.
2. Laptop was also utilized for MATLAB simulations.

RESULTS:

The experiment yielded a set of data, including the response of the controlled system under different
input signal sand PID tuning parameters. The results were analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions
about the performance of the PID controller. The key findings from the experiment are as follows:

Proportional Control: The proportional term of the PID controller influenced the system's response
speed and error reduction. Increasing the proportional gain resulted in a faster response butal so
increased the likelihood of overshoot and instability.

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Control lab report

Integral Control: The integral term addressed steady-state errors and helped bring the system closer to
the set point. It played a significant role in reducing steady-state error, but excessive integral gain led to
longer settling times and potential instability.

Derivative Control: The derivative term considered the rate of change of the error and provided
damping to the system response. It helped reduce overshoot and improve stability but could amplify
noise If improperly tuned.

Tuning Parameters: The proper tuning of the PID controller involved finding the right balance between
the proportional, integral, and derivative gains. Adjusting these parameters influenced the system's
response characteristics, such as settling time, overshoot ,and steady-stateerror.

DISCUSSION:

The experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of a PID controller in achieving control objectives. By
combining proportional, integral, and derivative control actions, the PID controller could maintain
stability, reduce steady-state error, and improve transient response. The tuning of the PID controller
played a crucial role in achieving optimal performance, requiring a trade-off between speed, accuracy,
and stability.

Conclusion:

In conclusion ,the PID controller demonstrated its effectiveness in controlling the behavior of a system.
The proportional, integral, and derivative control actions provided by the PID algorithm enabled
stability, reduced steady-state error, and improved transient response. Through experimentation and
analysis, the performance and tuning parameters of the PID controller were assessed, contributing to a
better understanding of its practical applications in control systems.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

It is important to note that the experiment might have encountered limitations. The behavior of the
controlled system, external disturbances, and noise could have affected the performance of the PID
controller. Additionally, the tuning process relies on the operator's expertise and subjective assessment.
To improve accuracy and performance, advanced tuning methods, such as Ziegler- Nicholsor model-
based approaches, can be explored.