Singnal and System

Measurement

Electrical Measurement and

Instrumentation
Chapter 1 – Error Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2 – Electro-Mechanical Instruments ........................................................................................................... 8
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3 – Measurement of R, L and C .................................................................................................................. 34
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 4 – CRO ............................................................................................................................................................... 43
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Chapter 5 – Instrument Transformer ......................................................................................................................... 51
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Chapter 6 – Potentiometer and Q-Meter ................................................................................................................ 54
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 7 – Digital Instruments .................................................................................................................................. 56
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Chapter 8 – Transducers ................................................................................................................................................ 58
Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 59

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 Measurement

Chapter 1 – Error Analysis

01. A resistance is measured by the voltmeter ammeter 06. A variable w is related to three other variables x, y, z as
method employing d.c. excitation and a voltmeter of very xy
high resistance connected directly across the unknown w= . The variables are measured with meters of
z
resistance. If the voltmeter and ammeter readings are
accuracy 0.5% reading, 1%of full scale value and 1.5%
subject to maximum possible errors of 2.4% and  1.0% reading. The actual readings of the three meters are 80, 20
respectively, then the magnitude of the maximum possible and 50 with 100 being the full scale value for all three. The
percentage error in the value of resistance deducted from maximum uncertainty in the measurement of w will be
the measurement is nearly [1992] (a)  0.5% rdg (b)  5.5% rdg [2006]
(a) 1.4% (b) 1.7% (c)  6.7% rdg (d)  7.0 rdg
(c) 2.4% (d) 3.4%
07. The measurement system shown in the figure uses
02. A precise measurement guarantees accuracy of the three sub-systems in cascade whose gains are specified as
measured quantity. [1994] 1
G1 ,G2 and . The relative small errors associated with
G3
03. In the circuit shown in figure, for measuring resistance
‘R’ if the ammeter indicates 1A and the voltmeter indicates each respective subsystem as G1 ,G2 and G3 are 1 , 2 and
100V, then the value of R is_____ Ohms and the error in
3 . The error associated with the output is: [2009]
measurement using the ratio V/I is _____ % [1997]

1 1 . 2
(a) 1 + 2 + (b)
3 3
(c) 1 + 2 − 3 (d) 1 + 2 + 3

04. Resistances R1 and R2 have, respectively nominal values 08. Suppose the resistors R and R are connected to in
1 2
of 10 and 5, and tolerances of 5% and 10%. The parallel to give an equivalent resistor R. If resistors
range of values for the parallel combination of R1 and R2 is
R and R have tolerance of 1% each, the equivalent
(a) 3.077  to 3.636  [2001] 1 2
(b) 2.805  to 3.371  resistor R for resistors R = 300 and R = 200 will
1 2
(c) 3.237  to 3.678 
have tolerance of [2014-02]
(d) 3.192  to 3.435 
(a) 0.5% (b) 1%
(c) 1.2% (d) 2%
05. The set-up in figure is used to measure resistance R.
The ammeter and voltmeter resistances are 0.01 and 09. The mean thickness and variance of silicon steel
2000, respectively. Their readings are 2A and 180V, laminations are 0.2mm and 0.02 respectively. The varnish
respectively, giving a measured resistance of 90Ω. The insulation is applied on both the sides of the laminations.
percentage error in the measurement is: [2005] The mean thickness of one side insulation and its variance
are 0.1mm and 0.01 respectively. If the transformer core is
made using 100 such varnish coated laminations, the mean
thickness and variance of the core respectively are
[2014-03]
(a) 30mm and 0.22
(b) 30mm and 2.44
(a) 2.25% (b) 2.35% (c) 40 mm and 2.44
(c) 4.5% (d) 4.71% (d) 40mm and 0.24

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 Measurement

10. A capacitive voltage divider is used to measure the bus 13. A non-ideal Si-based pn junction diode is tested by
voltage Vbus in a high-voltage 50Hz AC system as shown in sweeping the bias applied across its terminals from –5 V to
+5 V. The effective thermal voltage, VT, for the diode is
figure. The measurement capacitors C1 and C 2 have
measured to be (29 ± 2) mV. The resolution of the voltage
tolerance of 10% on their nominal capacitance values. If source in the measurement range is 1 mV. The percentage
the bus voltage Vbus is 100kV rms, the maximum rms uncertainty (rounded off to 2 decimal places) in the
measured current at a bias voltage of 0.02 V is _______.
output voltage Vout (in kV), considering the capacitance
[2020]
tolerances, is _________ [2015-02]
14. The temperature of the coolant oil bath for a
transformer is monitored using the circuit shown. It
contains a thermistor with a temperature-dependent
resistance, Rthermistor = 2 (1+ T) k, where T is the
temperature in °C. The temperature coefficient, , is – (4 ±
0.25) %/°C. Circuit parameters: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 1.3 k, R3 =
2.6 k. The error in the output signal (in V, rounded off to
2 decimal places) at 150°C is __________. [2020]

11. The following measurements are obtained on a single

phase load: V = 220 V  1%, I = 5.0A  1% and
W = 555W  2% . If the power factor is calculated using
these measurements, the worst case error in the calculated
power factor in percent is ________. (Given answer up to one
decimal place). [2017-01]

12. Two resistors with nominal resistance values R1 and R2

have additive uncertainties R1 and R2 , respectively.
When these resistances are connected in parallel, the
standard deviation of the error in the equivalent resistance
R is [2017-02]

2 2
 R   R 
(a)   R1  +  R 2 
 R1   R 2 
2 2
 R   R 
(b)   R1  +  R 2 
 R 2   R1 
2 2
 R   R 
(c)    R 2 +   R1
 R1   R 2 
2 2
 R   R 
(d)    R1 +   R 2
 R1   R 2 

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (d)
Solution:
V
R=
I
Maximum possible % error will be
R V I
= +
R V I
R
= 2.4 + 1 = 3.4%
R

02. Ans: False

Solution:
Precise means repetition of same measurement. But it doesn’t guarantee how accurate it is.

03. Ans: (111.11, -9.99%)

Solution:
Voltmeter reading = 100 V
Ammeter reading = 1 A
100 V
So measured value of resistance = = 100 
1A
100 V
Current through voltmeter = = 0.1 A
1000 
Current through resistor R = 0.9 A
So true value of Resistance (R)(actual)
Voltage across R 100
R= = = 111.11
Current through R 0.9
measured R − true R 100 − 111.11
So % error =  100% =  100a = –9.99 %
true R 111.11

04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
R1R 2
Equivalent resistance of parallel combination R =
R1 + R 2
5
R1 = 10  10  = 9.5 to 10.5
100
10 RR 9.5  4.5 10.5  5.5
R2 = 5  5  = 4.5 to 5.5 R = 1 2 = to =3.05 to 3.61 
100 R1 + R 2 9.5 + 4.5 10.5 + 5.5

05. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Rm = 90ohm
R V = 2000, V = 180V
V 180
IV = = = 0.09A
R V 2000

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 Measurement

Current through R = 2 − I V = 2 − 0.09 = 1.91Amp

180
RT = = 94.24
1.91
R − RT −4.24
%Error = m  100 =  100 = −4.5%
RT 94.24

06. Answer (d)

Solution:
Variables are measured with accuracy
x = ± 0.5% of reading 80
(limiting error)
Y = ± 1% of full scale value 100
(Guaranteed error)
Z = ± 1.5% reading 50
(limiting error)
The limiting error for Y is obtained as Guaranteed
Error = 100 × (± 1/100) = ± 1
Then % L.E in Y meter
x
20 × = ± 1 x = 5%
100
Given w = xy/z, Add all % L.E s
Therefore ± (0.5% + 5% + 1.5%) = ± 7%

07. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Output G1G2
= G
Input 3

G1 G2 G3

So Relative error = + − = 1 + 2 − 3
G1 G2 G3

08. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For parallel combination,
R1R 2
R eq =
R1 + R 2
R1R2 = 200  300 = 6  104 ohms
R1 + R2 = 500 ohms
R eq = 120 ohms

R1 = 200  1% = ( 200  2 ) ohms

R 2 = 300  1% = ( 300  3 ) ohms

Considering case of positive error,
202  303
R eq = = 121.2 ohms
202 + 303

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 Measurement

121.2 − 120
Therefore, percentage error=  100 = 1%
120

09. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Total thickness of lamination insulation = 0.2 + 2 × 0.1 = 0.4 mm
For 100 laminations,
Mean Thickness = 0.4 × 100 = 40 mm
For variance of a single lamination
2 2 2
2 = ( 0.02 ) + ( 0.01 ) + (0.01 ) = 0.024
For 100 laminations,
Variance = N  2 = 10 × 0.024 = 0.24 mm

10. Ans: 11.956

Solution:
C1
Vout = V
C1 + C2 bus
For maximum Vout , C1 = 1F + 10% = 1.1F & C2 = 9F − 10% = 8.1F
1.1
Vout = V = 11.956 kV
1.1 + 8.1 bus

11. Ans: 4
Solution:
W
The expression for pf is pf =
VI
The maximum error in pf is
%pf = %w+ %v + %I = 2%  1%  1% = 4%

12. Ans: (a)

Solution:
R1 R 2
When two resistances are connected in parallel equivalent resistance, R =
R1 + R 2
R = f(R1, R2)
Standard deviation in R
1
 R 2  R 
2
2
 ( 1 )   ( 2) 
2 2
R =   R + R
 R1   R 2  
 

13. Ans. 5.87

Solution:
diode current equation is given by.
ID = I0 e ( VD /VT
)
− 1  I0e
VD /VT

ID I0 VD /VT ID I0  VD VD /VT

= e =− e
VD VT VT VT2

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 Measurement

ID ID ID VD
= =− ID
VD VT VT VT2
uncertainty in diode current
1/2
 I 2
 2  ID  2 
2
I =  D  VD +   VT 
 VD   VT  
 
1/2
 2 
I V V2
=  D + D 2V 
ID  V2 V 4 T 
 T T 
V = 2 mV V = 1 mV
T D
1/2
I  1 2  20 2 
2
=   +   2  = 0.0587 = 5.87%
ID  29   292  
 

14. Ans. 0.084

Solution:
Since input current of op-amp = 0
R1
V+ = 3 
R thernistor + R1
R  R 
VOUT = −0.1 3 + V+ 1 + 3 
R2  R 
 2

2.6 3  1  2.6 
= −0.1 + 1 + 
1.3 R th + 1  1.3 
9
= −0.2 +
R th + 1
Case-1:  = – (4 + 0.25)%/°C = – 0.0425
Rth = 2 (1 – 0.0425 × 150) = – 10.75 k
9
Vout = −0.2 + = −1.123 V
−10.75 + 1
Case-2:  = – (4 – 0.25)%/°C = – 0.0375
Rth = 2 (1 – 0.0375 × 150) = – 9.25 k
9
Vout = −0.2 + = −1.291 V
−9.25 + 1
Vout = 0.168
error = 0.084 V

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 Measurement

Chapter 2 – Electro-Mechanical Instruments

01. Two identical watt-meters are connected to measure 06. The light load adjustment is carried out on a single-
power in a 3-phase 3-wire balanced load. What is the load phase house-service energy meter under _________________
power factor if [1991] power factor conditions. [1994]
(a) W1 = W2 _____________
07. _____________ torque is not provided in an
(b) Either W1 or W2 is zero ____________
electromagnetic flux meter. [1994]

02. The current passing through a 10 Ohm resistor of 08. Four ammeters M1, M2, M3 and M4 with the following
figure (a) has the waveform in figure (b). The reading of the specifications are available.
PMMC voltmeter connected across the resistor [1991]
Instrument Type Full scale Accuracy
value (A) % of FS
1
3 digit ±0.10
M1 2 20
dual slope
M2 PMMC 10 ±0.20

Electro-
M3 5 ±0.50
dynamic

M4 Moving iron 1 ±1.00

A current of 1A is to be measured. To obtain minimum

error in the reading, one should select meter [1995]
03. An unshielded moving iron voltmeter is used to (a) M1 (b) M2
measure the voltage in an a.c. circuit. If a stray d.c. (c) M3 (d) M4
magnetic field having a component along the axis of the
meter coil, the meter reading would be [1992] 09. In the circuit of figure, ammeter A 2 reads 12A and A 3
(a) Unaffected
(b) Decreased reads 9A. A 1 will read ________________A. [1995]
(c) Increased
(d) Either decreased or increased depending on the
direction of the d.c. field

04. VRN,VYN and VBN are the balanced instantaneous line to

neutral voltages and IR, IY and IB are instantaneous line
currents in a balanced three phase circuit, the computation
VRN ( I Y − IB ) − ( VYN − VRN ) IR will yield a quantity
10. Two 100V full scale PMMC type dc voltmeters having
proportion26 to ? [1993] figure of merits (FOM) of 10kΩ/V and 20kΩ/V are
(a) the active power connected in series. The series combination can be used to
(b) the power factor measure a maximum dc voltage of _____________________V.
(c) the reactive power [1995]
(d) the complex power
11. A symmetrical star connected three-phase load is made
05. A 0-10mA PMMC ammeter reads 4mA in a circuit. Its of three identical coils having an internal resistance of 12
bottom control spring snaps suddenly. The meter will now Ohm and inductance of 142mH. The power taken by this
read nearly [1994] load when connected to a balanced three-phase three-wire
(a) 10mA (b) 8mA supply of 400V, 50Hz is measured using the two wattmeter
(c) 2mA (d) zero

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 Measurement

method. The watt meters used are similar and are of type 19. A moving coil galvanometer is made into a d.c.
of 400V, 5A, UPF, class 1 accuracy. [1995] ammeter by connecting [1998]
(i) Determine expected readings in W1, W2 (a) A low resistance across the meter
(ii) Compute the total power and (b) A high resistance in series with the meter
(iii) The possible worst case error in W1, W2 and the total (c) A pure inductance across the meter
(d) A capacitor in series with the meter
power

20. A moving coil instrument, whose resistance is 5Ω and

12. An advantage of a permanent magnet moving coil
whose working current (for full-scale deflection) is 0.015A,
instrument is that it is [1996]
is to be used, with a manganin shunt, to measure 100A.
(a) Free from friction error
calculate the error caused by a 10℃ rise in temperature, if
(b) Has high (torque/weight of the moving parts) ratio
the temperature coefficient of copper and manganin are
(c) Has low (torque / weight of the moving parts)
0.004 ohm/ohm/℃, and 0.00015 ohm/ohm/℃ respectively.
(d) Can be used on both a.c. and d.c.
[1998]

13. The moving coil in a dynamometer wattmeter is

21. Electrodynamic type watt-meters have large errors
connected [1996]
while measuring power in ac circuits at low power factor
(a) In series with the fixed coil
conditions, since the voltage across and the current
(b) Across the supply
through the [1999]
(c) In series with the load
(a) Current coil are not in phase
(d) Across the load
(b) Current coil are not in quadrature
(c) Pressures coil are not in phase
14. For a given frequency, the deflecting torque of an
(d) Pressure coil are not in quadrature
induction ammeter is directly proportional to [1996]
(a) current2 (b) current3 22. A current of
(c) current (d) current
( ( ) (
2 + 2 sin sin 314t + 300 + 2 2 cos 952t + 450 
 )) is

15. The scale of a voltmeter is uniform. Its type is measured with a thermocouple type, 5A full-scale, class 1
[1996] meter. The meter reading would lie in the range [1999]
(a) Moving iron
(b) Induction
(a) 5A  1% ( )
(b) 2 + 3 2 A  1%

(c) Moving coil permanent magnet (c) 3A  1.7% (d) 2A  2.5%

(d) Moving coil dynamometer
23. Two 100μA full-scale PMMC meters are employed to
16. A dynamometer type wattmeter responds to the construct a 10V and a 100V full scale voltmeter. These
[1997] meters will have figures of merit (sensitivities) as
(a) Average value of active power [1999]
(b) Average value of reactive power (a) 10kΩ/V and 10kΩ/V
(c) Peak value of active power (b) 100kΩ/V and 10kΩ/V
(d) Peak value of reactive power (c) 10kΩ/V and 100kΩ/V
(d) 10kΩ/V and 1kΩ/V
17. A transfer instrument employed in the standardization
of a polar type AC potentiometer is [1997]
24. For the circuit shown in figure, the internal resistance of
(a) An electrostatic instrument
the armatures as well as that of the current coil of the
(b) A thermal instrument
(c) A dynamometer instrument wattmeter are zero and the voltmeters have a very large
(d) A moving coil instrument figure of merit. A 1 is a 6A full scale moving iron type

meter. A 2 is a commercial full wave rectifier type meter of

18. A d.c. voltmeter has a sensitivity of 1000 Ω/volt. When
it measures half full scale in 100V range, the current full scale 5A. V1 is a 500V meter of the peak response type.
through the voltmeter is [1998]
(a) 100mA (b) 1mA V2 is a 300V PMMC type meter and W is an
(c) 0.5mA (d) 50mA electrodynamometer

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 Measurement

type, 5A, 230V wattmeter. Determine the readings of

A1 ,A2 ,V1 ,V2 and W. [1999]

25. The two wattmeter method is used to measure active

power on a three phase, three wire system. If the phase (a) W1 = 886 W and W2 = 886 W
voltage is unbalanced, then the power reading is: [2000]
(a) Affected by both negative sequence and zero sequence (b) W1 = 500 W and W2 = 500 W
voltages (c) W1 = 0 W and W2 = 1000 W
(b) Affected by negative sequence voltages but not by zero
(d) W1 = 250 W and W2 = 750 W
sequence voltages
(c) Affected by zero sequence voltages but not by negative
sequence voltages 31. A Manganin swamp resistance is connected in series
(d) Not affected by negative or zero sequence voltages with a moving coil ammeter consisting of a milli-ammeter
and a suitable shunt in order to [2003]
26. A three-phase load operates with balanced voltages (a) Minimize the effect of temperature variation
applied to its terminals, and draws balanced currents. The (b) Obtain large deflecting torque
potential coil of a moving coil wattmeter is connected from (c) Reduce the size of the meter
R to Y terminals of the load. The current coil of the meter is (d) Minimize the effect of stray magnetic fields
connected in series with phase B. by appropriate derivation,
show that the quantity indicted by this wattmeter is 32. The effect of stray magnetic fields on the actuating
proportional to the reactive power drawn by the load. torque of a portable instrument is maximum when the
[2000] operating field of the instrument and the stray fields are
[2003]
27. If an energy meter disc makes 10 revolutions in 100 (a) Perpendicular (b) Parallel
seconds when a load of 450 W is connected to it, the meter (c) Inclined at 60° (d) Inclined at 30°
constant (in rev/kWh) is [2001]
(a) 1000 (b) 500 33. A rectifier type ac voltmeter consists of a series
(c) 1600 (d) 800 resistance Rs, an ideal full wave rectifier bridge and a
PMMC instrument as shown in Figure. The internal
28. The minimum number of wattmeter (s) required to resistance of the instrument is 100  and a full-scale
measure 3-phase, 3-wire balanced or unbalanced power is deflection is produced by a dc current of 1mA. The value of
[2001] R S required to obtain full scale deflection with an AC
(a) 1 (b) 2 voltage of 100 V (RMS) applied to the input terminals is
(c) 3 (d) 4 [2003]

29. A 100µA ammeter has an internal resistance of 100.

For extending its range to measure 500µA, the shunt
required is of resistance (in ) [2001]
(a) 20.0 (b)22.22
(c) 25.0 (d) 50.0

30. The line-to-line input voltage to the 3 phase, 50 Hz, ac

circuit shown in figure is 100 V rms. Assuming that the (a) 63.56 k (b) 89.93 k
phase sequence is RYB, the watt-meters would read. [2002] (c) 89.93 k (d) 141.3 k

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 Measurement

34. A wattmeter reads 400 W when its current coil is 39. A moving coil of a meter has 100 turns, and a length
connected in the R phase and its pressure coil is and depth of 10 mm and 20 mm respectively. It is
connected between this phase and the neutral of positioned in a uniform radial flux density of 200mT. The
asymmetrical 3-phase system supplying a balanced star coil carries a current of 50mA. The torque on the coil is
connected 0.8p.f. inductive load. The phase sequence is [2004]
RYB. What will be the reading of this wattmeter if its (a) 200 µNm (b) 100 µNm
pressure coil alone is reconnected between the B and Y (c) 1000 µNm (d) 1µNm
phases all other connections remaining as before [2003]
(a) 400.0 (b) 519.6 40. A dc A-h meter is rated for 15 A, 250V. The meter
(c) 300.0 (d) 692.8 constant is 14.4 A-sec/rev. The meter constant at rated
voltage may be expressed as [2004]
35. The inductance of a certain moving-iron ammeter is (a) 3750 rev/kWh (b) 3600 rev/kWh
2 (c) 1000 rev/kWh (d) 960 rev/kWh
expressed as L = 10 + 3 − H , where  is the deflection
4
41. A moving iron ammeter produces a full-scale torque of
in radians from the zero position. The control spring torque
240 µNm with a deflection of 120° at a current of 10 A. The
in 25×10-6 Nm/radian, the deflection of the pointer in
rate of change of self inductance (µH/radian) of the
radian when the meter carries a current of 5A, is [2003]
instrument at full scale is? [2004]
(a) 2.4 (b) 2.0
(a) 2.0µH/radian (b) 4.8µH/radian
(c) 1.2 (d) 1.0
(c) 12.0µH/radian (d) 114.6µH/radian
36. The voltage flux adjustment of a certain 1-phase 220 V
42. A single-phase load is connected between R and Y
induction watt hour meter is altered so that the phase
terminals of a 415 V, symmetrical, 3-phase, 4-wire system
angle between the applied voltage and the flux due to it is
with phase sequence RYB. A wattmeter is connected in the
85° (instead of 90°). The errors introduced in the reading of
system as shown in figure. The power factor of the load is
this meter when the current is 5A at power factors of unity
0.8 lagging. The wattmeter will read [2004]
and 0.5 lagging are respectively. [2003]
(a) 3.8mW, 77.4mW (b) −3.8mW, −77.4mW
(c) −4.2 W, −85.1 W (d) 4.2 W, 85.1 W

37. The circuit in figure is used to measure the power

consumed by the load. The current coil and the voltage coil
of the wattmeter have 0.02 and 1000 resistances
respectively. The measured power compared to the load
power will be [2004]
(a) −795 W (b) −597 W
(c) +597 W (d) +795 W

43. Two watt meters, which are connected to measure the

total power on a three phase system supplying a balanced
load, read 10.5 kW and –2.5 kW, respectively. The total
power and the power factor, respectively, are [2005]
(a) 13.0 kW, 0.334 (b) 13.0 kW, 0.684
(a) 0.4% less (b) 0.2% less (c) 8.0 kW, 0.52 (d) 8.0 kW, 0.334
(c) 0.2% more (d) 0.4% more
44. A PMMC voltmeter is connected across a series
38. A galvanometer with a full-scale current of 10mA has a combination of a DC voltage source V1=2V and an AC
resistance of 1000Ω. The multiplying power (the ratio of () ( )
voltage source v 2 t = 3sin 4t V . The meter reads
measured current to galvanometer current) of a 100Ω [2005]
shunt with this galvanometer is [2004] (a) 2V (b) 5V
(a) 110 (b) 100  3  17 
(c)  2 + V (d)  V
(c) 11 (d) 10  2   2 
  

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 Measurement

45. A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.1 and its current

range is 0 – 100A. If the range is to be extended to 0 –
500A, the meter requires the following shunt resistance
[2005]
(a) 0.010  (b) 0.011 
(c) 0.025  (d) 1.0 

46. A 1000 V DC supply has two 1-core cables as its

positive and negative leads; their insulation resistances to
earth are 4 M and 6 M, respectively, as shown in Figure.
A voltmeter with resistance 50 K is used to measure the
insulation of the cable. When connected between the (a) 0 (b) 1600 Watt
positive core and earth, the voltmeter reads [2005] (c) 800 Watt (d) 400 Watt

50. A wattmeter is connected as shown in the figure. The

wattmeter reads [2010]

(a) 8 V (b) 16 V
(c) 24 V (d) 40 V

47. A sampling wattmeter (that computes power from

simultaneously sampled values of voltage and current) is
used to measure the average power of a load. The peak to
peak voltage of the square wave is 10 V and the current is a (a) Zero always
triangular wave of 5A p-p as shown in the figure. The (b) Total power consumed by Z1 and Z2
period is 20ms. The reading in W will be [2006] (c) Power consumed by Z1
(d) Power consumed by Z2

51. An ammeter has a current range of 0 – 5 A, and this

internal resistance is 0.2 . In order to change the range to
0 – 25 A, we need to add a resistance of [2010]
(a) 0.8 in series with the meter
(b) 1.0 in series with the meter
(a) 0 W (b) 25 W (c) 0.04 in parallel with the meter
(c) 50 W (d) 100 W (d) 0.05 in parallel with the meter

48. The pressure coil of a dynamometer type wattmeter is 52. Consider the following statements: [2011]
[2009] (i) The compensating coil of a low power factor wattmeter
(a) Highly inductive (b) Highly resistive compensates the effect of the impedance of the current
coil.
(c) Purely resistive (d) Purely inductive
(ii) The compensating coil of a low power factor wattmeter
compensates the effect of the impedance of the voltage
49. The figure shows a three-phase delta connected load
coil circuit.
supplied from a 400V, 50 Hz, 3-phase balanced source. The
pressure coil (PC) and current coil (CC) of a wattmeter are (a) (i) is true but (ii) is false
connected to the load as shown, with the coil polarities (b) (i) is false but (ii) is true
suitably selected to ensure a positive deflection. The (c) both (i) and (ii) are true
wattmeter reading will be [2009] (d) both (i) and (ii) are false

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 Measurement

53. A periodic voltage waveform observed on an

oscilloscope across a load is shown. A permanent magnet
moving coil (PMMC) meter connected across the same load
reads [2012]

(a) 4.46 (b) 3.15

(c) 2.23 (d) 0

57. Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as

shown below. Voltmeter readings are V, V1 and V2, as
(a) 4V (b) 5V indicated. The correct relation among the voltmeter
(c) 8V (d) 10V readings is [2013]

54. For the circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and
current expression are v ( t ) = E sin ( t ) + E sin (3t ) and
1 3

1( ) 1 3 ( 3 )
i ( t ) = I sin t −  + I sin 3t −  + I sin (5t )
5
The average power measured by the wattmeter is [2012]
V1 V2 V1 V2
(a) V = + (b) V = +
2 2 2 2
(c) V = V1 V2 (d) V = V2 − V1

58. Power consumed by a balanced 3 – phase, 3 – wire load

is measured by the two wattmeter method. The first
wattmeter reads twice that of the second. Then the load
impedance angle in radians is [2014-01]
(a)  12 (b)  8
(c)  6 (d)  3
1
(a) E I cos 
2 11 1 59. The dc current flowing in a circuit is measured by two
1  ammeters, one PMMC and another electrodynamometer
(b) [ E I cos  + E I cos  + E I 
2  1 1 1 13 3 1 5  type, connected in series. The PMMC meter contains 100
1  turns in the coil, the flux density in the air gap is 0.2
(c) [ E I cos  + E I cos   Wb/m2, and the area of the coil is 80mm2. The
2  1 1 1 33 3 
electrodynamometer ammeter has a change in mutual
1 
(d) [ E I cos  + E I cos   inductance with respect to deflection of 0.5 mH/deg. The
2  1 1 1 31 1  spring constants of both the meters are equal. The value of
current, at which the deflections of the two meters are
55. An analog voltmeter uses external multiplier settings. same, is_____________ [2014-01]
With a multiplier setting of 20k , it reads 440V and with a
multiplier setting of 80k , it reads 352V. For a multiplier 60. The saw-tooth voltage waveform shown in the figure is
setting of 40k , the voltmeter reads [2012] fed to a moving iron voltmeter. Its reading would be close
(a) 371V (b) 383V to_____________. [2014-02]
(c) 394V (d) 406V

56. The input impedance of the permanent magnet moving

coil (PMMC) voltmeter is infinite. Assuming that the diode
shown in the figure below is ideal, the reading of the
voltmeter in volts is [2013]

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 Measurement

61. While measuring power of a three-phase balanced load 67. A 3-phase balanced load which has a power factor of
by the two-wattmeter method, the readings are 100W and 0.707 is connected to a balanced supply. The power
250W. The power factor of the load is_____________. consumed by the load is 5kW. The power is measured by
[2014-02]
the two-wattmeter method. The reading of the two watt
meters are [2015-02]
62. Two
ammeters X and Y have resistances of
1.2 and 1.5 respectively and they give full-scale (a) 3.94 kW and 1.06 kW

deflection with 150 mA and 250 mA respectively. The (b) 2.50 kW and 2.50 kW
ranges have been extended by connecting shunts so as to (c) 5.00 kW and 0.00 kW
give full scale deflection with 15A. The ammeters along (d) 2.96 kW and 2.04 kW
with shunts are connected in parallel and then placed in a
circuit in which the total current flowing is 15A. The current 68. The coils of a wattmeter have resistance 0.01  and
in amperes indicated in ammeter X is_________. [2014-02] 1000  ; their inductances may be neglected. The
wattmeter is connected as shown in the figure, to measure
63. An LPF wattmeter of power factor 0.2 is having three
the power consumed by a load, which draws 25 A at power
voltage settings 300V, 150V and 75V, and two current
factor 0.8. The voltage across the load terminals is 30 V.
settings 5A and 10A. The full scale reading is 150. If the
The percentage error on the wattmeter reading is
wattmeter is used with 150V voltage setting and 10A
__________. [2015-02]
current setting, the multiplying factor of the wattmeter
is______________. [2014-03]

64. A periodic waveform observed across a load is

 1 + sin t 0  t  6
()
represented by V t = 
−1 + sin t 6  t  12
The measured value, using moving iron voltmeter
connected across the load, is [2014-03] 69. A dc voltage with ripple is given by
3 2
(a) (b) v ( t ) = 100 + 10 sin ( t ) − 5sin ( 3t )  volts.
2 3
3 2 Measurements of this voltage v(t), made by moving-coil
(c) (d) and moving-iron voltmeters, show reading of V and V2
2 3 1
respectively. The value of V2 – V1 in volts, is_____________.
65. A (0-50A) moving coil ammeter has a voltage drop of
[2016-01]
0.1 V across its terminals at full scale deflection. The
external shunt resistance (in milliohms) needed to extend
its range to (0 – 500A) is ____________. [2015-01] 70. An energy meter, having meter constant of 1200
revolutions/kWh, makes 20 revolutions in 30 seconds for a
66. Match the following. [2015-02] constant load. The load, in kW, is________________.
Instrument type Used for [2016-02]
P. Permanent magnet moving coil 1. DC only
Q. Moving iron connected 2. AC only 71. The load shown in the figure is supplied by a 400 V
through current transformer (line-to-line), 3-phase source (RYB sequence). The load is
R. Rectifier 3. AC and DC
balanced and inductive, drawing 3464 V A. When the
S. Electrodynamometer switch S is in position N, the three watt-meters
(A) (B) (C) (D) W1 ,W2 and W3 read 577.35 W each. If the switch is moved
P-1 P-1 P-1 P-3 to position Y, the readings of the watt-meters in watts will
Q-2 Q-3 Q-2 Q-1 be: [2017-01]
R-1 R-1 R-3 R-2
S-3 S-2 S-3 S-1

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 Measurement

74. A moving coil instrument having a resistance of 10 ,

gives a full-scale deflection when the current is 10 mA.
What should be the value of the series resistance, so that it
can be used as a voltmeter for measuring potential
difference up to 100 V? [2019]
(a) 990  (b) 9990 
(c) 9  (d) 99 

75. A 3-phase, star-connected, balanced load is supplied

from a 3-phase, 400 V (rms), balanced voltage source with
phase sequence R-Y-B, as shown in the figure. If the
wattmeter reading is –400 W and the line current is IR = 2 A
(rms), then the power factor of the load per phase is
[2023]

(a) W1 = 1732andW2 = W3 = 0
(b) W1 = 0,W2 = 1732andW3 = 0
(c) W1 = 866,W2 = 0,W3 = 866
(d) W1 = W2 = 0and W3 = 1732

72. Two watt meter method is used for measurement of

power in a balanced three-phase load supplied from a
balanced three-phase system. If one of the watt-meters (a) Unity
(b) 0.5 leading
reads half of the other (both positive), then the power
(c) 0.866 leading
factor of the load is [2018]
(d) 0.707 lagging
(a) 0.532 (b) 0.632
(c) 0.707 (d) 0.866

73. A 0-1 Ampere moving iron ammeter has an internal

resistance of 50m and inductance of 0.1mH. A shunt coil
is connected to extend its range to 0-10 Ampere for all
operating frequencies. The time constant in milliseconds
and resistance in m of the shunt coil respectively are
[2018]
(a) 2, 5.55 (b) 2, 1
(c) 2.18, 0.55 (d) 11.1, 2

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (1, 0.5)
Solution:
  W1 − W2  
Power factor angle  = tan  3 
−1
  
  W1 + W2  
( )
(a)  = tan−1 0 = 00
Power factor Cos = 1

(b)
When W1=0

( )
 = tan−1 − 3 = −600
Power factor Cos = 0.5

When W2=0
 = tan−1 ( 3 ) = 60 0

Power factor Cos = 0.5

02. Ans: 85
Solution:
As PMMC reads average voltage.

Average current =
(12  T ) + (5  T ) =8.5Amp
2T
Reading of PMMC=8.5  10=85Volt

03. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Either decreased or increased depending on the direction of the DC field

04. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Assuming VRN as a reference

Balanced line to neutral instantaneous voltages

( )
VRN = Vm sin ( t ) ; VYN = Vm sin t − 1200 ; VBN = Vm sin t + 120 0 ( )
Balanced line instantaneous currents of power factor cos Φ lagging.
( )
IR = Im sin ( t −  ) ; I Y = Im sin t − 1200 −  ; IB = Im sin t + 1200 −  ( )
( )
VRN ( I Y − IB ) = Vm sin ( t ) Im sin t − 1200 −  − Im sin t + 1200 −  
  ( )
V I
( )
VRN ( I Y − IB ) = m m 2sin ( t ) sin t − 1200 −  − 2sin ( t ) sin t + 1200 −  
2   ( )
VI
( ) ( )
VRN ( I Y − IB ) = m m cos 1200 +  − cos 1200 −  − cos 2t − 1200 −  + cos 2t + 1200 −  
2  ( ) ( )

0
(
VRN ( I Y − IB ) = −VmIm sin ( 2t −  ) sin 120 + sin120 sin 
0
 )

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 Measurement

3VmIm
VRN ( I Y − IB ) = − sin ( 2t −  ) + sin  
2  
Similarly,

(V YN ( ) ( )
− VBN ) iR =  Vm sin t − 1200 − Vm sin t + 120 0  Im sin ( t −  )
 
VmIm 
(V YN
− VBN ) iR =
2 
( ) ( )
2sin ( t −  ) sin t − 1200 − 2sin ( t −  ) sin t + 1200 

VmIm 
(V YN
− VBN ) iR =
2 
( ) ( ) ( ) (
cos 1200 −  − cos 2t − 1200 −  − cos 1200 +  + cos 2t + 1200 −  
 )
( )
( VYN − VBN ) iR = VmIm sin 120 sin  + sin (2t −  ) sin120 
0 0

3VmIm
(V YN
− VBN ) iR =
2 
sin  + sin ( 2t −  ) 


VRN ( iY − iB ) − ( VYN − VBN ) iR = − 3VmIm sin  − 3VmIm sin ( 2t −  )

If time average is taken then the term containing 2ωt will average out to 0 and only the first term will remain which is
proportional to reactive power.

05. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Control spring is connected in series with the coil so if control spring snaps current in coil goes to zero. There is no
deflecting torque produced and meters shows zero deflection.

06. Ans: ----

Solution:
At low power factor the driving torque iis small which may not be able to rotate the disc so light load adjustment using
shading ring or shading coil is done to increase driving torque.

07. Ans: ----

Solution:
Control torque is not provided in flux meter
As there is no controlling spring is there in a flux-meter

08. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The meter with minimum limiting error is used for the measured of the current
%guaranteed accuracy error
limiting error =  Full scale reading
True value
20
For M1 →  0.10 = 2%
1
10
For M2 →  0.2 = 2%
1
5
For M3 →  0.5 = 2.5%
1
For M4 → 1% (Least error)
Hence Moving iron will be performed to measure 1A current

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 Measurement

09. Ans: 15
Solution:
I= IR2 + IL2
From phasor diagram

(12 ) + ( 9 )
2 2
A1 = = 225 =15Amp

10. Ans: 150

Solution:
1
(I )
fsd 1
=
10k V
= 0.1mA

1
(I )
fsd 2
=
20k V
= 0.05mA

In series maximum current will be 0.05mA

Resistance=sensitivity* voltage range

Resistance of M1 = 10k  100V = 1M 
V

Resistance of M2 = 20k  100V =2M 
V
( )
Hence the maximum voltage rating = Imax RM1 + RM2 = 0.05mA 1 + 2  10 =150Volt
6
( )
11. Ans: (-515.69, 900, 1.42%; 3.878 ; 4.44%)
Solution:
Reactance of coil at 50 Hz = L = 2 50  0.142 = 44.61 
L 44.61
Load Impedance angle = tan−1 = tan−1 = 74.94 0
R 12
Load Impedance = R 2 + 2L2 = 122 + 44.612 = 46.1958 
400
Phase Voltage = = 230.94 V
3
Vph 230.94
Load Current = = = 5A
Z 46.1958
Since, load is star connected so line current is same as phase current.
( ) (
(a) Reading of wattmeter 1 = VL IL cos 30 −  = 400  5  cos 30 − 74.94 = 1415.69 W )
( ) (
Reading of wattmeter 2 = VL IL cos 30 +  = 400  5  cos 30 + 74.94 = −515.69 W )
(b) Total Wattmeter Reading = 1415.69 – 515.69 = 900 W
(c) Full Scale Reading of each wattmeter = 400  5 = 2000W
1
Maximum Error =  2000 = 20W
100
20
Maximum percentage error in W1 =  100 = 1.412%
1415.69
20
Maximum percentage error in W2 =  100 = 3.878%
515.69
Maximum Error in total power = 40 W (Sum of Absolute Error)
40
Maximum Possible Percentage Error in Reading =  100 = 4.44%
900

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 Measurement

12. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Torque
Has high ratio i.e., High sensitivity
Weight

13. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The moving coil in a dynamometer watt-meter is connected across the supply

14. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In induction meter RMS value is obtained
Td  I2

15. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In moving coil permanent magnet is used
Torque TdI i.e. deflection proportional to current
Hence scale is uniform

16. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Dynamometer type watt-meter responses to average value of active power

17. Ans: (b)

Solution:
A thermal instrument is employed

18. Answer (c)

Solution:
100 
Sensitivity of DC voltmeter =
volt
100 
Total resistance=sensitivity* voltage range=  100 volt = 100 K
volt
Now for measuring half scale i.e 50V.
50 V
Current = = 0.5 mA.
100 K

19. Ans: (a)

Solution:
It is converted into ammeter by connecting low shunt resistance across the meter.

20. Ans: (-3.7%)

Solution:
To measure a current of 100A, the multiplication factor
I 100
m= = = 6666.667
Ifs 0.015

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 Measurement

Rm 5
Value of Shunt Resistance Required, R sh = = = 7.501  10−4 
m−1 6666.667 − 1
Due to 100C change in Temperature, the meter and shunt resistance will be modified.
R 'm = R m (1 + m T ) = 5 (1 + 0.004  10 ) = 5.2
R 'sh = R sh (1 +  sh T ) = 7.5  10 −4 (1 + 0.00015  10 ) = 7.51125  10 −4 
For 100A current, the current in meter resistance is,
 R sh   7.51125  10−4 
Im = I    = 100    = 0.0144A
 R sh + Rm   7.51125  10 + 5.2 
−4

0.0144 − 0.015
%error =  100 = −3.7%
0.015

21. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Due to inductance of the pressure coil the Voltage across and the current through the pressure coil are not in phase
% error = tan  tan 100%

22. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Thermocouple type instrument reads rms value.
Hence RMS = dc2 + rms12 + rms22 + ........

RMS = 22 + (1 ) + ( 2 ) = 3Amp
2 2

Hence meter reading lies in 3A  1.7%

23. Answer (a)

Solution:
Full scale deflection = 100 A
1 1
Sensitivity = = 10 K / V , for both the meters
IFSD 100 A

24. Ans: (3.53, 2.25, 325.27,103.53, 573.20)

Solution:
A1 → full scale moving iron (reads rms)
A2 → full wave rectifier type (reads avg)
V1 → peak response type (reads peak value)
V2 → PMMC type (reds avg value)
W → Electro dynamo type (Vrmc Irmc cos  ) as load is resistive cos  = unity

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 Measurement

230 2
Ouput current Peak value = = 7.07A
46
Hence
7.07
A 1 = rms value of Irms = = 3.53A
2
230 2
A 2 = Average value of Iavg = = 2.25A
46  
V1 = peak value of Vout = 230 2 = 325.24 V
230 2
V2 = Average value of Vavg = = 103.53V

W = I2rms R= 573.20W

25. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Two watt-meter method can also take care of unbalanced load if neutral is ungrounded so it will only be affected by zero
sequence voltages.

26. Ans: ----

Solution:
Angle between VYB & IR = 30 + 60 −  = (90 − )
Reading of Wattmeter is given by,
W = VYBIR cos(90 − ) = VLIL sin
Q = 3VLIL sin  = 3W
W W
Qph = =
3 3
Q3− = 3W

Hence reading of the wattmeter is proportional to the reactive power drawn by the load.

27. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Disk makes 10 revolutions in 100 seconds
10 rev 10 rev 10 3600 rev
Meter constant (Rev/kWh)= =  3600 = 
100 sec 100 hr 100 450 Whr
10 3600  1000 rev
Meter constant (Rev/kWh)= =  = 800rev kWhr
100 450 kWhr

28. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Two watt-meter can also take care of unbalance load.

29. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Enhancement shunt resistance
R 100
R Sh = = = 25 ohm
m − 1  500 
 100  − 1
 

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 Measurement

30. Answer (c)

Solution:
100
Phase voltage = rmn
3
100 100 100
VR =  0 ; VY =  − 120 ; VB =  120
3 3 3
1000
IR = = 11.55  – 60°A
3  560
100  120
IB = = 11.55 60
3  5 60
The voltage across PC of wattmeters
For W1 : VRY = VR – V Y = 100 30º V

For W2 : VBY = VB – V y = 100 90 V

The angle between VRY and I R = 90° and VBY and IB = 30°

So reading W1 = VRY IR cos 90° = 0

And W2 = VBY IB cos 30°= 100 × 11.54 × cos 30°= 1000 watt

31. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Swamping resistance is added to in order to minimize the effect of temperature variation.

32. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Effect of stray magnetic field is maximum when it is parallel to operating field.

33. Answer (c)

Solution:
Internal resistance of meter Rin = 100 
Full scale deflection current required = 1mA
Input current is AC

Full wave rectified current through meter

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 Measurement

2Im
Average current through meter =

For FSD
2Im
IDC= 1mA =

Im = 1.57 mA
1.57
rms supply current IC = = 1.11 mA.
2
Now supply current
Vs 100
Is =  = Rs + Rm
R s + Rm 1.11 mA
Rs + Rm = 90.07 K ( Rm = 0.1 K )
Rs = 89.97 K

34. Answer (b)

Solution:
Given balance star load of P.f = 0.8 (inductive)
 = 36.900
Load Z = Z36.900 
V0
Current through current coil = = IC –36.90°
Z 36.90
VPC = V0°
Given reading of current coil 400W
400 = VPC IC cos 
Where  is angle between VPC and IC
400 = VI cos 36.900
VI = 500
If PC is reconnected between B and Y
VPC = V y – VB = V − 120 − V120 = 3 V  − 90
Now angle between VPC and IC = 53.1°
New reading = ( )
3 V  I  cos 53.1 = 3  500  cos 53.1 = 519.6 Watt

35. Ans: (c)

Solution:
1 2 dL
Deflection torque of moving iron meter Td = I and controlling torque TC = k
2 d
At steady state condition,
TC = Td
1  
25  10 −6  =  25  3 −   10 −6
2  2

2 = 3 −
2
5
= 3   = 1.2 Radian
2

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 Measurement

36. Ans: (c)

Solution:
(
Measured value = VI sin  −  )
True value = VIcos 
Case-1
 = 85
Error= VI sin ( 85 −  ) − VI cos  = 220  5sin85 − 220  5 = −4.2Watt
Case-2
( ) ( )
Error= VI sin  −  − VI cos  = 220  5sin 85 − 60 − 220  5  0.5 = −85.1Watt

37. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Load power (true power) = VIcos  = 200  20  1 = 4000W
Power consumed by current coil = 202  0.02 = 8W
Reading=True Power+ Loss in CC= 4000+8=4008W
4008 − 4000
%Error =  100 = 0.2% (More)
4000

38. Ans: (c)

Solution:
I Rm
Multiplying Factor m = and Enhancement shunt resistance R sh =
Im m−1
1000
100 =
m−1
m − 1 = 10
m = 11

39. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For moving coil meter
T = BINA = 200  10−3  50  10−3  100  200  10−6 = 200Nm

40. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Meter constant= 14.4 A sec/rev
To express meter constant in the unit rev/kwh
1
Meter constant k = Re v / A − sec
14.4
 1 rev   1  103 3600sec
k=    = 1000rev / kwh
 14.4 A − sec   250  k 1hr

41. Ans: (b)

Solution:
1 2 dL
Control torque TC = I
2 d
1 2 dL
I = 240  10 −6
2 d

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 Measurement

dL
100 = 480  10 −6
d
dL
= 4.8 H rad
d

42. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Assuming VRN as reference voltage
VRY 415300
Load current = = = 4.15 − 6.870
Z 10036.87
ICC = 4.15 − 6.870 A
415
VBN =  − 2400
3
415
Watt-meter reading =  4.15  cos ( 233.13) =-597Watt
3
43. Ans: (d)
Solution:
W1 = 10.5 kW W2 = −2.5 kW
(
Total power = W1 + W2 = 10.5 + −2.5 = 8 kW)
Power factor = cos
 W − W2 
tan  = 3  1 
 W1 + W2 
 10.5 − ( −2.5 )   13 
tan = 3   = 3 
 8   8 
 
tan  = 2.81
 = 70.44
cos  = 0.334

44. Ans: (a)

Solution:
PMMC reads the average value only
PMMC reading=2 volt

45. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Rm 0.1 0.1  500 
R sh = = = m = 100 = 5
m−1 5 −1 4  
Rsh = 0.025

46. Ans: (a)

Solution:
 4  106  50  103 
 3 
 4  10 + 50  10 
6

Voltmeter reading =  1000

 4  106  50  103 
 3  (
+ 6  10 6
)
 4  10 + 50  10 
6

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 Measurement

4  50  106
 1000
Voltmeter reading =
( 4 10 3
+ 50 ) 8.16Volt
 4  50  106 
  + 6  10
6
( )
 4 10 + 50 
3

47. Ans: (a)

Solution:

For a sampling wattmeter, average power of load for a given current and voltage

Positive power= Negative power

P = 0

48. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Reading of Dynamometer = VI Cos( − ) Cos
True Power = VI Cos
Hence  =0 for minimum error.
Hence coil is made highly resistive.

49. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Vpc = Vbc = 400 − 1200 V
Vca 400 − 240
ICC = = = 4 − 2400
Z2 100
Watt-meter reading W = Vpc ICC cos  = 400  4  cos (120 ) = −800 watt
But it is given that coil polarities are suitably selected to ensure a positive deflection.
Hence Watt-meter reading W = 800 watt

50. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Current through potential coil is negligible
 IZ1 IZ2
Current through current coil = ICC = I
Voltage across potential coil = VPC

Voltage across Z 2 = VPC = V

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 Measurement

Voltage across potential; coil= Voltage across Z 2

And current through current coil=current through Z 2

Hence wattmeter reads power consumed by Z2

51. Ans: (d)

Solution:
For range extension of ammeter shunt resistance ( R sh ) is connected in parallel of ammeter.

Rm 0.2
R sh = = =0.05ohm
m−1 5 −1

52. Answer (b)

Solution:
Here voltage across voltage coil = V
The current coil current I c = I + Ip

V
Let z be the impedance of pressure coil I p =
Z
As Ip  0 Hence produce additional magnetic field BP
Wattmeter reading = load power + losses in PC
Hence error produce due to magnetic field BP

Now compensating coil provided along with current coil IP is in opposite direction. The compensating coil produce
magnetic field (Bp) in opposite direction.
Hence compensating coil compensates the effect of impedance of voltage coil circuit.

53. Ans: (a)

Solution:
PMMC reads DC value
1 
  10  10  − (5  2 ) + ( 8  5 )
 2  80
PMMC reading = = =4 Volt
20 20

54. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The average power is consumed by the same frequency components of voltage and currents.
Power consumed by fundamental = P = E1rms  I1rms  cos 1

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 Measurement

Similarly power consumed by 3rd harmonic= P = E3rmsI3rms cos 3

1 1
Hence total average power will be P = E I cos 1 + E3I3 cos 3
2 11 2
(Multiply the same frequency components of voltage and current)

55. Ans: (d)

Solution:
External multiplier settings are provided in voltmeter for range extension.
Now
When R1 = 20k,V = 440V
440
Supply V =  20 + 440.......... (1 )
Rm
When R2 = 80k,V = 352V
352
Supply V =  80 + 352.......... ( 2 )
Rm
352  80 − 440  20
 Rm = = 220 and supply V=480Volt
88
When R3 = 40k and supply V=480V
Then,
V
480 =  40 + V
Rm
13V
480 =
11
V = 406.15 Volt

56. Answer (a)

Solution:

In positive half cycle of Vin, ideal diode is forward biased hence Vo = 0

In Negative half cycle of Vin, diode is reverse biased so open circuit as

Vin 14.14 sin  t

Vo = −  100 = −  100 =- 14 sin t
101 101
Hence Vout will be

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 Measurement

PMMC voltmeter read average value.

1 2
2 
Hence Vo = - 14 sin t = 4.46 Volt

57. Answer (d)

Solution:
Moving Iron voltmeter read the rms value
Hence V1 = − j I

V2 = 2 j I

V = V1 + V2 = j I
V1 = | V1 | = I and V2 = | V2 | = 2I
V 2 – V1 = I = V
V = |V| = I
Hence V = V2 − V1

58. Ans: (c)

Solution:
P −P 
tan  = 3  1 2 
P +P 
 1 2
Given, P1 = 2P2
 2P − P  3 1
tan  = 3  1 2  = =
 2P + P  3 3
 1 2
 1  
Power factor Angle or Impedance angle,  = tan−1  =
 3 6

59. Ans: 3.2 A

Solution:
For PMMC meter,
NIAB
Deflection,  =
K
For electro-dynamometer type meter,
I2 dM
Deflection,  =
K d
Current is same in both meters due to series connection of the meter.
For both deflections to be the same,
NIAB I2 dM
=
K K d
NAB 100  80  10−6  0.2
I= = = 3.2A
( dM
d ) 0.5  10−3

60. Ans: 57.73 V

Solution:
Moving iron voltmeter measures the rms value of waveform.

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 Measurement

Time Period, T = 20 ms
Amplitude, V = 100 V
V
Equation of line = t
T
2 T
T T
1  Vt  1 V2 2 V2  t 3  V2 T3 V
T 0  T  T T2 0
Vrms =   dt =  t dt =   =  =
T3  3 
0 T3 3 3
V 100
Vrms = = = 57.73V
3 3
Note: The expression for rms value of sawtooth waveform can be directly memorized.

61. Ans: 0.8

Solution:
  P − P    250 − 100  
pf angle  = tan−1  3  2

1
  = tan−1  3    =36.586
0

  P2 + P1     250 + 100  
pf = cos  0.8

62. Ans: 10.13

Solution:
For Ammeter X,
Im R m = ( I − Im ) R sh
0.15 × 1.2 = (15 – 0.15) Rsh
Rsh = 0.01212 Ω
For Ammeter Y,
ImR m = ( I − Im ) R sh
0.25 × 1.5 = (15 – 0.25) Rsh
Rsh= 0.02542 Ω
When both are in parallel,
 Ry   0.025 
IX = I    = 15    = 10.13 A
 Rx + Ry   0.025 + 0.012 
 

63. Ans: 2
Solution:
Power setting VIcos  150  10  0.2
Multiplying factor = = = =2
Power for maximum deflection PFS 150

64. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The given function can be expressed as sum of two signals, one extending from 0 to 6π and other from 6π to 12π. Since,
their intervals are mutually disjoint they are orthogonal to each other.
2 2
RMS value of orthogonal signal, (RMS )1 + (RMS )2
But (RMS )1 = (RMS )2 = 1
2
(1+ 1 =
2 ) 3
4

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 Measurement

 
2 3
(RMS) = 2 3  =
 2  2

65. Ans: 0.22

Solution:
The arrangement of the Moving Coil Ammeter is given below,
0.1
R = = 0.222m
sh 450

66. Ans: (c)

Solution:
PMMC instrument can only measure DC quantities. Moving Iron in conjunction with current transformer can only be used
for AC as transformer will not respond to DC.
Rectifier type instruments can be used with AC as well as DC.
Electrodynamometer Type Instrument can also be used for AC & DC.

67. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When power factor is 0.707, cos  = 0.707   = 45
P = 3VL IL cos 
5kW = 3VL IL (0.707)
VL IL = 4.083 kVA
( )
Reading of first watt meter = VLIL cos 30 +  = 4.083  cos 75 = 1.056kW

( )
Reading of second watt meter = VLIL cos 30 −  = 4.083  cos15 = 3.943kW

68. Ans: 0.15

Solution:
Load power= VI cos  = 30  25  0.8 = 600 W
V2 302
Error in power = = = 0.9 W
R 1000
0.9
% error =  100 = 0.15%
600
69. Ans: 0.31
Solution:
v(t) = 100 + 10sin t − 5sin3t
Moving-coil meter reads average value.
Hence, its reading will be DC/average value of the signal i.e. V1= 100 V.
Moving-iron meter read rms value.
2 2
 10   5 
Its reading, V2 = (100)2 +   +  = 100.31
 2  2
V2 − V1 = 100.31 − 100 = 0.31

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 Measurement

70. Ans: 2
Solution:
Meter constant of energy meter = 1200 revolutions/KWh
Number of revolutions = 20
30
Time = 30 sec = hours
60  60
Let P be the load in Watts.
Revolutions
Meter constant =
KWh
20
1200 =
P 30

1000 60  60
20  2  60  1000
1200 =
P
20  2  60  1000
P= = 2000 Watts = 2KW
1200
71. Ans: (d)
Solution:
Total real power = 3  577.35 = 1732.05W
Apparent power = 3467VA
1732
pf = P = = 0.5
S 3464
When switch is move to Y, the potential coil of second wattmeter gets shorted
Hence W2 = 0
W1 : VPC = VRY ; ICC = IR
W1 = VRY IR cos ( 30 + 60 ) = 0
W3 : VPC = VBY ;ICC = IB
S
W3 = VL IL cos30 = cos30 = S = 1732W
3 2

72. Ans: (d)

Solution:
If one wattmeter reads half of other
W2
W1 =
2
 W 
 W2 − 2 
 W − W1  2 = 3
tan  = 3  2  = 3 
 W2 + W1   W2 
3
 W2 + 
 2 
1
tan  =
3
 = 30 

pf = cos  = cos30 = 0.866

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 Measurement

73. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For current reading at all frequencies:
sh = will
0.1mH
sh = = 2msec
50m
To extend the range up to 10A
10
m= = 10
1
R 50
R sh = m = = 5.55 m
m − 1 10 − 1

74. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Original range of instrument = Ifs  Rm
=10mA  10Ω= 100mV
100V
Multiplication factor = =1000
100mV
R se = Rm (m − 1)
= 10 (1000 − 1) = 9.99k = 9990

75. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Wattmeter is connected such that current coil lies in one phase & potential coil is connected across other 2 phases.
Reading of wattmeter = VLIL sin
–400 = 400 × 2 × sin
 = –30°
Since  < 0, pf is leading
pf = cos 30° = 0.866 leading

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 Measurement

Chapter 3 – Measurement of R, L and C

01. Match the following measuring equipment with their Group I Group II
specific application: [1991] P Resistance in the 1 Wheatstone Bridge
milli-Ohm range
(A) Kelvin double bridge (P) capacitance Q Low values of 2 Kelvin Double Bridge
(B) Wind bridge (Q) self inductance Capacitance
(C) Schering bridge (R) frequency R Comparison of 3 Schering Bridge
(D) Maxwell’s bridge (S) low resistance resistances which are
nearly equal
02. Figure shows a bridge for measuring the resistance S Inductance of a coil 4 Wien’s Bridge
and inductance of a choke. [1991] with a large time 5 Hay’s Bridge
constant 6 Carey-Foster Bridge

(a) P – 2 Q–3 R–6 S–5

(b) P – 2 Q–6 R–4 S–5
(c) P – 2 Q–3 R–5 S–4
(d) P – 1 Q–3 R–2 S–6

06. R 1 and R 4 are the opposite arms of Wheatstone bridge

as are R 3 and R 2 . The source voltage is applied across R 1
(a) Write down the condition for bridge balance and obtain
and R 3 . Under balanced conditions which one of the
expressions for R and L
(b) If the resistors R1 ,R2 and R3 can have a variation of following is true? [2006]
RR RR
0.2% and C a variation of 0.1% from their nominal (a) R1 = 3 4 (b) R1 = 2 3
R2 R4
values, estimate the percentage error in the evaluation of R
R 2R 4
and L. (c) R1 = (d) R1 = R2 + R3 + R 4
R3
03. A Kelvin double bridge is best suited for the
measurement of [1995] 07. A bridge circuit is shown in the figure below. Which
one of the sequences given below is most suitable for
(a) inductance (b) capacitance
balancing the bridge? [2007]
(c) low resistance (d) high resistance

04. Match the following [1995]

Type of bridge Application
(a) Wien bridge (P) Measurement of resistance
(b) Maxwell bridge (Q) High Q inductors
(c) Scherring bridge (R) Measurement of frequency
(d) Anderson bridge (S) High voltage capacitors
(e) Blumleim bridge (T) Low Q inductors
(U) Insensitive to stray
electrostatic fields

05. The items in Group I represent the various types of

measurements to be made with a reasonable accuracy (a) First adjust R4, and then adjust R1
using a suitable bridge. The items in Group II represent the (b) First adjust R2, and then adjust R3
various bridges available for this purpose. Select the correct (c) First adjust R2, and then adjust R4
choice of the item in Group II for the corresponding item in (d) First adjust R4, and then adjust R2
Group I from the following [2003]

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 Measurement

08. The AC bridge shown in the figure is used to measure

the impedance Z. [2008] 11. A lossy capacitor C X , rated for operation at 5kV, 50Hz is
represented by an equivalent circuit with an ideal capacitor
C p in parallel with a resistor R p . The value of C p is found
to be 0.102µF and the value of Rp = 1.25M .Then the
power loss and tan of the lossy capacitor operating at
the rated voltage, respectively, are [2011]
(a) 10 W and 0.0002 (b) 10 W and 0.0025
(c) 20 W and 0.025 (d) 20 W and 0.04

12. The bridge method commonly used for fining mutual

If the bridge is balanced for oscillator frequency f =2 kHz, inductance is [2012]
then the impedance Z will be (a) Heaviside Campbell bridge
(
(a) 260 + j0 ) (
(b) 0 + j200 ) (b) Schering bridge

(c) ( 260 − j200 )  (d) ( 260 + j200 )  (c) De Sauty bridge

(d) Wien bridge

09. The Maxwell’s bridge shown in the figure is at balance.

13. A strain gauge forms one arm of the bridge shown in
The parameters of the inductive coil are [2010]
the figure below and has a nominal resistance without any
load as RS = 300  . Other bridge resistances are
R1 = R2 = R3 = 300  The maximum permissible current
through the strain gauge is 20mA. During certain
measurement when the bridge is excited by maximum
permissible voltage and the strain gauge resistance is
increased by 1% over the nominal value, the output voltage
V₀ in mV is [2013]
(a) R = R R / R , L = C R R
2 3 4 4 2 3

(b) L = R R / R , R = C R R
2 3 4 4 2 3

(c) R = R
4 (
/R R , L =1 C R R
2 3 4 2 3 )
(d) L = R /R R , R = 1 (C R R )
4 2 3 4 2 3
(a) 56.02 (b) 40.83
10. The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for (c) 29.85 (d) 10.02
the measurement of an unknown element Z x . The bridge
14. The reading of the voltmeter (rms) in volts, for the
circuit is best suited when Z x is a [2011]
circuit shown in the figure is ____________. [2014-01]

(a) Low resistance (b) High resistance

(c) Low Q inductor (d) Lossy capacitor

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 Measurement

15. In the Wien bridge oscillator circuit shown in figure, the (a) [123.50, 136.50]
bridge is balanced when [2014-01]

(b) [125.89, 134.12]

(c) [117.00, 143.00]

(d) [120.25, 139.75]

18. An unbalanced DC Wheatstone bridge is shown in the

figure. At what value of p will the magnitude of V0 be
maximum? [2015-01]

R R
(a) (1 + x )
1
(a) 3 = 1 , =
R R (b) (1 + x)
4 2 R C R C
1 1 2 2
R C 1
(c) 1 / (1 + x )
(b) 2 = 2, =
R C R C R C
1 1 1 1 2 2 (d) (1 − x )
R R C 1
(c) 3 = 1 + 2, =
R R C R C R C
4 2 1 1 1 2 2
19. Inductance is measured by [2021]
R R C 1 (a) Schering bridge (b) Maxwell bridge
(d) 3 + 1 = 2 , =
R R C R C R C (c) Kelvin bridge (d) Wien bridge
4 2 1 1 1 2 2
20. A balanced Wheatstone bridge ABCD has the following
16. In the bridge circuit shown, the capacitors are loss free. arm resistances: RAB = 1 k  2.1%; RBC = 100   0.5%; RCD
At balance the value of capacitance C in microfarad is is an unknown resistance; RDA = 300   0.4%. The value
1
of RCD and its accuracy is [2022]
_________________. [2014-03]
(a) 30   3  (b) 30   0.9 
(c) 3000   90  (d) 3000   3 

17. When the Wheatstone bridge shown in the figure is

used to find the value of resistor R X , the galvanometer G
indicates zero current when R1 = 50 , R2 = 65  and
R3 = 100  . If R 3 is known with ± 5% tolerance on its
nominal value of 100 Ω, what is the range of R X in ohms ?
[2015-01]

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: A-S, B-R, C-P, D-Q
Solution:

(A) Kelvin double bridge (S) low resistance

(B) Wind bridge (R) frequency
(C) Schering bridge (P) capacitance
(D) Maxwell’s bridge (Q) self-inductance

02. Ans: 0.5, 0.6

Solution:
(a) Given circuit is Maxwell’s inductance capacitance bridge
At balance condition
 j 
 R 3  − C  RR LR 3 RR
  R + jL  = R1R 2 − j 3 + = R1R 2R 3 − j 1 2
R − j  C C C
 3 C 
Compare real and imaginary part
R1R 2
L = R1R 2C and R =
R3
(b) Percentage error in L= 0.2  0.2  0.1 = 0.5%
Percentage error in R= 0.2  0.2  0.2 = 0.6%

03. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Kelvin double Bridge is used for measurement of low resistances.

04. Ans: ---

Solution:
(a) Wien bridge (R) Measurement of frequency
(b) Maxwell bridge (Q) High Q inductors
(c) Scherring bridge (S) High voltage capacitors
(d) Anderson bridge (T) Low Q inductors
(e) Blumleim bridge (U) Insensitive to stray electrostatic fields

05. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Resistance in milliohm range → Kelvin double Bridge
Low values of capacitance → Schering Bridge
Comparison of resistances → Carey-Foster Bridge
Inductance of coil → Hay’s Bridge

06. Ans: (b)

Solution:
At balanced condition
R 2R 3
R1 =
R4

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 Measurement

07. Ans: (c)

Solution:
At balance condition Z1 Z 4 = Z2 Z3
 j 
(R + jL1 )  R 4 −
1  = R 2R 3
C 4 

L  R 
R1R 4 + 1 − j  1 − R 4L1  = R 2R 3
C4  C 4 
Compare real and imaginary parts
R 2R 3C 4
 L1 =
1 + 2C24R 24
R 2R 3R 4 2C24
R1 =
1 + 2C24R 24
R 3R 2C 4
L1 =
1 + (1 Q )
2

L1 1
Q= =
R1 C 4R 4
For high Q coil
L1 = R2R3C4
R1 = 2R2R3C24R 4
Hence R 4 appear in only one equation. First R 2 is varied as it appears in both then equations to obtain minimum
deflection in detector. At minimum deflection L1 is balanced now R 4 varied to balance R 1 equation
So first R 2 is adjusted and then R 4 is adjusted

08. Ans: (a)

Solution:
ZBC  Z AD
At balance condition Z =
Z AB
1
ZBC = 300 +
j2  2  10  0.398  10 −6
3 ( = 300 − j200 ) 
Z AD = 300 + j2  2  103  15.9  10 −3 = (300 + j200 ) 
ZAB = 500

Z=
(300 − j200 )(300 + j200 ) = 260
500

09. Ans: (a)

Solution:
At Balance condition Z1 Z 4 = Z2 Z3
 R4 
(R + jL )  1 + jC R  = R 2R 3
 4 4 
RR 4 + jLR 4 = R2R3 + jR2R3R 4C4
Compare real and imaginary parts.

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 Measurement

R 2R 3
R=
R4
L = R2R3C4

10. Ans: (c)

Solution:
It is the Maxwell Bridge. Element is an inductor.
This bridge is limited to low quality factor. Because if Q is high then high value of capacitor C1 will be required. Hence
limited to low Q coils ( 1  Q  10 )
L
Q=
R
Low Q inductor

11. Ans: (c)

Solution:
1 1
tan  = = = 0.0249
CR 2  50  0.102  1.25
V2 25  106
P= = =20 Watt
R 1.25  106

12. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Heaviside Campbell Bridge is used for finding mutual inductance.

13. Answer (c)

Solution:
Initially all the resistances in bridge are equal i.e 300  so reading of voltmeter will be 0.
Now the resistance of strain gauge Rs increases by 1% ie. R = 1% of 300 = 3
Now resistance of strain gauge will be Rs + R = 303
Given maximum permissible current through strain gauge = 20 mA
Hence maximum permissible input voltage = 20 × 10–3 (300 + 300) = 12V.

Using voltage division rule.

 12  303 12  300 
Vo =  −  = 30 mV
 303 + 300 300 + 300 

14. Ans: 141.42

Solution:
Assuming that the voltmeter is ideal and it has infinite impedance so that it can be treated as an open circuit.

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 Measurement

1
Due to open circuit the inductor and capacitor are connected in series and impedance of each branch, Z = j + = 0
j
Hence, both parallel branches are shorted.
1000
Supply Current, Is = = 2000A
0.5
This current would be equally divided in the two parallel branches. So, current in each branch
2000
I= = 1000A
2
Voltage across inductor in 1st branch = 1000  j = 10090V
Voltage across capacitor in 2nd branch = 1000  − j = 100 − 90V
Voltage across voltmeter = 10090 − 100 − 90 = 20090 V
Peak Voltage = 200V
200
RMS Voltage = = 141.42V
2

15. Ans: (c)

Solution:
This can be simply referred from a text book and hence derivation is avoided here
R3 R1 C2 1
= + & =
R4 R2 C1 R1C1R 2C2

16. Ans: 0.3

Solution:
1
Impedance of C1 = = Z1
jC1
 1 
Impedance of C 2 =   = Z2
 j0.1 
For balance condition,
Z1 R1 35 1
= = =
Z2 R2 105 3
1
Z1 = Z
3 2
1 1
=
jC1 3  j0.1
On comparison, C1 = 0.3 F

17. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For bridge balancing,
R R
R = 2 3
x R
1
R = 100  5% = 95 − 105
3
If R = 95 ,
3

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 Measurement

65  95
R = = 123.5
x 50
If R = 105 ,
3
65  105
R = = 136.5
x 50
Therefore, R = 123.5, 136.5 
x

18. Ans: (a)

Solution:
V0 = V+ − V−
By Potential division, the voltage of positive and negative terminal can be determined
 R (1 + x )   R 
V0 = E   −E 
 R (1 + x ) + pR   R + pR 
 R (1 + x ) R 
V0 = E  − 
 R + pR + xR R + pR 
 1+x 1 
V0 = E  −
 1 + x + p 1 + p 
For maximum V0 ,
dV0
=0
dp
 
dV0 
= E −
( 1 + x)
+
1 
=0
dp 2 2
 (1 + x + p ) (1 + p ) 
(1 + x )(1 + p )2 = (1 + x + p )2
2
(1 + x )(1 + p )2 = ( x + (1 + p ) )
2
x (1 + p ) = x2 + 2x (1 + p )

(1 + p )2 − 2 (1 + p ) − x = 0
 p2 + 2p + 1  − 2 − 2p − x = 0
 
 
p2 = 1 + x
p = 1+x

19. Ans. (b)

Solution:
Maxwell’s Bridge is used to measure inductance of a coil

20. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Under balanced condition
RAB RCD = RBC RDA

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 Measurement

R CD =
RBCRDA
=
(100  0.5% )  (300  0.4% )
R AB (1k  2.1% )
= 30  3% = 30  3/100 × 30 = 30  0.9 

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 Measurement

Chapter 4 – CRO
01. A CRO screen has ten divisions on the horizontal scale. (c)
(
If a voltage signal 5sin 314t + 45 ) is examined with a (R) fy=125
(S) fy=150
line base setting of 5msec/div, the number of cycles of
signal displayed on the screen will be [1993] (T) fy=200
(a) 0.5 cycles (b) 2.5 cycles (U) fy=300
(c) 5 cycles (d) 10 cycles

02. A Lissajous pattern, as shown in figure, is observed on 06. Fig shows the electrostatic vertical deflection system of
the screen of a CRO when voltages of frequencies CRT. Given that VA is the accelerating voltage, the
fx and fy are applied to the x and y plates respectively.
deflection sensitivity (deflection/volt) is proportional to: [1998]
fx : fy is then equal to [1994]

(a) 3:2
(b) 1:2

(c) 2:3

(d) 2:1

03. A certain oscilloscope with 4 cm by 4 cm screen has its

own sweep output fed to its input. If the x and y
sensitivities are same, the oscilloscope will display a
LLS LLS VD
[1995] (a) (b)
(a) triangular wave (b) diagonal line sVA dVA
(c) sine wave (d) circle LLS dLS
(c) V (d)
d A LVA
04. An oscilloscope is operated in the X-Y mode. The figure
8 is displayed on the oscilloscope screen. If the frequency
of the X-input is 1 kHz, the Y-input frequency is 07. Two in-phase 50 Hz sinusoidal waveform of unit
_____________________. [1995] amplitude are fed into channel 1 and channel 2 respectively
of an oscilloscope. Assuming that the voltage scale, time
05. In an oscilloscope, the input to the horizontal plates is a scale and other settings are exactly the same for both the
100 Hz voltage signal. The Lissajous patterns (A), (B) and (C) channels, what would be observed if the oscilloscope is
will be generated when different frequency voltage signals operated in X-Y mode? [2002]
are applied to vertical plates. Match each Lissajous pattern (a) A circle of unit radius
to the corresponding frequency fy. [1996] (b) An ellipse
(c) A parabola
(a) (P) fy=50 (d) A straight line inclined at 45° with respect to the x-axis

08. Group II represents the figures obtained on a CRO

screen when the voltage signals VX = VXm sin t and

VY = VYm sin ( t +  ) are given to its X and Y plates

(b) (Q) fy=66.66
respectively and  is changed. Choose the correct value of
 from Group I to match with the corresponding figure of
Group II [2003]

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 Measurement

Group I (lower trace) of the scope. If the time/div and V/div on

 both channels are the same, the amplitude (p-p) and
P.  = 0 Q.  = period of the unknown signal are respectively [2006]
2
3 3
R.     S.  
2 2

Group II

(a) 5V, 1 msk (b) 5V, 2 ms

(c) 7.5V, 2 ms (d) 10V, 1 ms

12. The probes of a non-isolated, two-channel oscilloscope

are clipped to points A. B and C in the circuit of the
adjacent figure Vin is a square wave of a suitable low
frequency. The display on Ch1 and Ch2 are as shown on the
right. Then the “Signal” and “Ground” probes S1, G1 and S2,
(a) P – 1 Q – 3 R – 6 S – 5 G2 of Ch1 and Ch2 respectively are connected to points
(b) P – 2 Q – 6 R – 4 S – 5 [2007]
(c) P – 2 Q – 3 R – 5 S – 4
(d) P – 1 Q – 5 R – 6 S - 5

09. A CRO probe has an impedance of 500 k in parallel

with a capacitance of 10pF. The probe is used to measure
the voltage between P and Q as shown in figure. The
measured voltage will be [2004]

(a) A, B, C, A (b) A, B, C, B
(c) C, B, A, B (d) B, A, B, C

( )
13. Two sinusoidal signals p 1 t = A sin 1t and q 2 t( )
(a) 3.53 V (b) 4.37 V
(c) 4.54 V (d) 5.00 V are applied to X and Y inputs of a dual channel CRO. The
Lissajous figure displayed on the screen is shown below:
10. The simultaneous application of signals x(t) and y (t ) to The signal q 2 t( ) will be expressed as [2008]
the horizontal and vertical plates, respectively, of an
oscilloscope, produces a vertical figure-of - 8 display. If P
and Q are constants, and x(t)=P sin(4t+30) , then y (t ) is ( )
(a) q 2t = A sin 2t, 2 = 21
equal to [2005]
1
(a) Q sin(4t − 30) (b) Q sin(2t + 15)
( )
(b) q 2t = A sin 2t, 2 =
2
(c) Q sin(8t + 60) (d) Q sin(4t + 30)
( )
(c) q 2t = A cos 2t, 2 = 21
11. The time/div and voltage/div axes of an oscilloscope
1
have been erased. A student connects a 1 kHz, 5V p-p
square wave calibration pulse to channel 1 of the scope
( )
(d) q 2t = A cos 2t, 2 =
2
and observes the screen to be as shown in the upper trace
of the figure. An unknown signal is connected to channel 2

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 Measurement

14. The two inputs of a CRO are fed with two stationary (b)
periodic signals. In the X-Y mode, the screen shows a figure
which changes from ellipse to circle and back to ellipse
with its major axis changing orientation slowly and
repeatedly. The following inference can be made from this.
[2009]
(a) The signals are not sinusoidal
(b) The amplitudes of the signals are very close but not
equal
(c) The signals are sinusoidal with their frequencies very
close but not equal
(d) There is a constant but small phase difference between (c)
the signals

15. A dual trace oscilloscope is set to operate in the

alternate mode. The control input of the multiplexer used
in the y-circuit is fed with a signal having a frequency equal
to [2011]
(a) The highest frequency that the multiplexer can operate
properly
(b) Twice the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator (d)
(c) The frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(d) half the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator

16. In an oscilloscope screen, linear sweep is applied at the [2014-01]

(a) vertical axis
(b) horizontal axis
(c) origin
(d) both horizontal and vertical axis 18. The slope and level detector circuit in a CRO has a
delay of 100 ns. The start-stop sweep generator has a
17. The two signals S1 and S2, shown in figure, are applied response time of 50 ns. In order to display correctly, a delay
to Y and X deflection plates of an oscilloscope. [2014-03] line of [2017-01]
(a) 150 ns has to be inserted into the y-channel
(b) 150 ns has to be inserted into the x-channel
(c) 150 ns has to be inserted into both x and y channels
(d) 100 ns has to be inserted into both x and y channels

19. A stationary closed Lissajous pattern on an oscilloscope

has 3 horizontal tangencies and 2 vertical tangencies for a
horizontal input with frequency 3 kHz. The frequency of the
vertical input is [2017-02]
(a) 1.5 kHz (b) 2 kHz
(c) 3 kHz (d) 4.5 kHz

The waveform displayed on the screen is

(a)

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (b)
Solution:
10 divisions= 50m/sec
1 division= 5msec
314
Frequency f = = 50Hz
2
Period= 1/50= 20ms
50
 In 10 divisions → = 2.5 cycles
20

02. Ans: (c)

Solution:
fy Maximum possible horizontal intersections.
=
fx Maximum possible verticle intersections.
fx 2
=
fy 3

03. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Vertical deflection = Sy  Vy
Horizontal deflection = Sx  Vx
Sy = Sx [S represents sensitivity] and Vy = Vx
Hence Vertical deflection = Horizontal deflection
i.e. oscilloscope will display diagonal line.

04. Ans: 500

Solution:
Given fx=1KHz
fy 2 2
= =
fx 4 2
fx
fy = = 500Hz
2

05. Ans: -----

Solution:
fx = 100Hz
fy 2 1
(a) = =
fx 4 2
fy = 50Hz
(a) → (P)
fy 6 3
(b) = =
fx 4 2
fy = 150Hz
(b) → (S)

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 Measurement

fy 6
(c) = =3
fx 2
fy = 300Hz
(c) → (U)

06. Ans: (a)

Solution:
LL S Vy
D=
2dVA
D LL
Deflection sensitivity S =  S
Vy dVA

07. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Phase difference=0
 fx = fy
So straight line inclined 450 w.r.t. X-axis.

08. Ans: (d)

Solution:

(P)  = 0 ⎯⎯
→

(Q)  =  ⎯⎯
→
2

(S)  = 3 ⎯⎯
→
2

(R)     3 ⎯⎯
→
2

09. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Let Q as reference voltage
1 1
XC = = = 159.15k
2fC 2    100  103  10  10 −12

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 Measurement

Apply KCL at node Vp

VP − 10 VP VP VP
+ + − =0
100  103 100  103 500  103 j159.15  103
 11 j 
VP  +  = 0.1
 500 159.15 
Then measured voltage will be
VP = 4.37 − 15.94V

10. Ans: (b)

Solution:
fy Maximum Number of Horizontal Tangencies
=
fx Maximum Number of Vertical Tangencies
fy 2 1
= =
fx 4 2

Same relation will be applicable in case of phase angle

x ( t ) = P sin ( 4t + 30 )
y ( t ) = Q sin ( 2t + 15 )

11. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Voltage 5
P-P division of upper trace voltage=2V and = = 2.5V
Division 2
time/div and V/div of both the channels are same
P-P voltage of unknown signal = 3  2.5 = 7.5 volt
Frequency of upper trace=1kHz
1
Time period = 1msec (4 divisions are there in square wave)
103
Period of unknown signal=2ms (8 divisions are there in unknown signal)

12. Ans: (b)

Solution:

VAB → (Voltage across resistance)

VAB = Vin  1 − e L 
−Rt

 

So, S1 is connected to A
G1 is connected to B

VBC → Voltage across inductor

−Rt
VBC = VL = Vine L

So, S 2 is connected to C.
And G2 is connected to B

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 Measurement

13. Ans: (d)

Solution:
fy Maximum Number of Horizontal Tangencies
=
fx Maximum Number of Vertical Tangencies
y 2 2 1
= = =
x 1 4 2
1
2 =
2
q ( 2 t ) = A sin ( 2t + 90 ) = Acos 2t = Acos 2t
Since the rotation is clockwise so phase difference should be

14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
To get ellipse at the output of the CRO, input signals should be sinusoidal.
The figure is changing from ellipse to circle and back to ellipse, it means phase difference of the sinusoidal signals varies
with time i.e. frequencies are not equal.

15. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For Alternate mode of operation, wave form of the control input signal is shown below

Hence control input signal will have a frequency equal to the frequency of the time base (Sweep) oscillator.

16. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Linear sweep or Sawtooth signal is applied at the horizontal axis to sweep the electron beam horizontally across the screen
and generate the time axis of the waveform.

17. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When voltage of X plate is +1, voltage of Y plate is positive & it increases from 0 to 1 and then returns back to 0. Thus the
pattern will be such that x-coordinate will remain fixed while the y-coordinate will change so a vertical straight line.
When X – voltage is –1, voltage of Y plate is negative and it decreases from 0 to -1 and then increases back to 0. So again
it will be a vertical straight line but in 3rd quadrant.

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 Measurement

18. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The y-channel signal to be delayed w.r.t. x-channel signal for correct display
Delay line=100+50=150 s
150 s delay line needs to be inserted in y-channel

19. Ans: (d)

Solution:
fy no. of horizontal tangencies 3
= =
fx no. of vertical tangencies 2
3
fy = 3  = 4.5 kHz
2

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 Measurement

Chapter 5 – Instrument Transformer

01. The ratio and phase angle errors in a well designed 05. A 500 A/5 A, 50 Hz current transformer has a bar
current transformer (CT) are kept within specified limits by primary. The secondary burden is a pure resistance of 1 
using [1991] and it draws a current of 5 A. If the magnetic core requires
(a) Ferrite core 250 AT for magnetization, the percentage ratio error is
(b) Strip wound core [2003]
(c) Some fractional turns (a) 10.56 (b) −10.56
(d) In-built compensating capacitors (c) 11.80 (d) −11.80

02. Precautions are essential for ensuring that the 06. A 50 Hz, bar primary CT has a secondary with 500 turns.
secondary of a CT is not open circuited when the primary The secondary supplies 5A current into a purely resistive
circuit carries a current because [1991] burden of 1Ω. The magnetizing ampere-turns is 200. The
(a) Dangerously high voltage might develop across the phase angle between the primary and secondary current is
secondary [2004]
(b) The ferromagnetic core may develop residual (a) 4.6° (b) 85.4°
magnetism (c) 94.6° (d) 175.4°
(c) The reflected impedance may prevent the flow of
current in the primary circuit 07. A 50 Hz, bar primary CT has a secondary with 500 turns.
(d) None of the above The secondary supplies 5A current into a purely resistive
burden of 1W. The magnetizing ampere-turns is 200. The
03. The primary current in a current transformer is dictated core flux in the CT, under the given operating condition is
by [1997] [2004]
(a) The secondary burden (a) 0 (b) 45.0µWb
(b) The core of the transformer (c) 22.5mWb (d) 100.0mWb
(c) The load current
(d) None of the above 08. A 200/1 current transformer (CT) is wound with 200
turns on the secondary on a toroidal core. When it carries
04. Instrument transformers are known to introduce a current of 160 A on the primary, the ratio and phase
magnitude and phase errors in measurements. These are errors of the CT are found to be -0.5% and 30 minutes
primarily due to [2000] respectively. If the number of secondary turns is reduced
(a) Improper connections on the primary side by 1 the new ratio error (%) and phase error (min) will be
(b) Measurement errors inherent in the meter connected to respectively [2006]
the transformer secondary (a) 0.0, 30 (b) −0.5, 35
(c) Open and short circuit parameters of the instrument (c) −1.0, 30 (d) −1.0, 25
transformers
(d) None of the above

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (b)
Solution:
Using strip wound core reduces the number of joints and hence the reluctance reduces so that the no-load current drawn
by Transformer reduces. This reduces the ratio and phase errors in CT.

02. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If secondary of CT is kept open there is no secondary flux to oppose the primary flux and hence high flux is produced in
core leading to dangerously high voltage across the secondary.

03. Ans: (c)

Solution:
It is dictated by the load current.

04. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Due to series and shunt parameters of the Instrument Transformer the current and voltage ratio on both sides are not
equal to turns ratio. The series and shunt parameters are determined by open circuit and short circuit tests so they are
called as open and short circuit parameters.

05. Ans: (b)

Solution:
500
Nominal ratio= = 100
5
250
Im = = 250A
1
IS = 5A
500
n= = 100
5

(nI )
2
IP = S
+ Im2 = 559.017
559.017
Actual ratio = = 111.803
5
100 − 111.803
Ratio error =  100% = −10.56%
111.803

06. Ans: (d)

Solution:
180 Im
Phase angle error  = 
 nIs
Ns
Nominal ration = = 500
Np
Mag. Current = Im
Np Im = 200
Im = 200
180 200
=  = 4.6
 500  5

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 Measurement

Hence angle between 1° and 2° current = 180 – 4.6 = 175.4°

07. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Zs = 1
Voltage induced in the secondary
ES = IS  ZS = 5  1 = 5V
ES = 4.44fmNS
ES 5
 m = = =45 Wb
4.44fNS 4.44  50  500

08. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Io cos( + )
Transformation ratio R = n +
Is
200
Nominal Ration, k n = n = Turns ratio = = 200
1
R = 200 + I0 cos ()
Assume  = 0 i.e. Resistive Burden

nominal ratio − transformation ratio

% ratio error =  100
Transformation ratio
Kn − R
–0.5 =  100
R
– 0.5 R = 100 Kn – 100 R
R = 201
If the secondary Turns are reduced by 1 then Kn=199
The actual transformation ratio becomes R = 199 + 1 = 200
Thus, it becomes equal to Nominal Ratio.
KN − R
% error = × 100 = 0%
R
The phase angle error is effected very little by a change of one or two turns in the secondary
winding. So, it will remain almost constant.
When we reduce the secondary turn by 1 then ratio angle error will get zero and phase angle error will get reduced.

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 Measurement

Chapter 6 – Potentiometer and Q-Meter

01. In d.c. potentiometer measurements, a second reading 04. A dc potentiometer is designed to measure up to about
is often taken after reversing the polarities of the d.c. 2V with a slide wire of 300 mm. A standard cell of EMF 1.18
supply and the unknown voltage, and the average of the V obtains balance at 600 mm. A test cell is seen to obtain
two reading is taken. This is with a view to eliminate the balance at 680 mm. The EMF of the test cell is [2004]
effects of [1992] (a) 1.00 V (b) 1.34 V
(a) Ripples in the d.c. supply (c) 1.50 V (d) 1.70 V
(b) Stray magnetic fields
05. The Q-meter works on the principle of [2005]
(c) Stray thermal emf’s
(a) Mutual inductance
(d) Erroneous standardization
(b) Self inductance
02. Figure shows the input attenuator of a multimeter. The (c) Series resonance
meter reads full scale with 12V at M, with the range switch (d) Parallel resonance
at position ‘q’. What is the required voltage at M to obtain
full-scale deflection with the range switch at position‘s’?
[1998]

(a) 1V

(b) 150V

(c) 120V

(d) 147V

03. A reading of 120 is obtained when a standard inductor

was connected in the circuit of a Q-meter and the variable
capacitor is adjusted to a value of 300pF. A lossless
capacitor of unknown value C X is then connected in
parallel with the variable capacitor and the same reading
was obtained when the variable capacitor is readjusted to a
value of 200pF. The value of C X in pF is [2003]
(a) 100 (b) 200
(c) 300 (d) 500

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Reversing polarities method is used to eliminate the effect of thermal EMF.

02. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When range switch at q
Full scale voltage will be
 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.12 + 0.06 + 0.02 
V0 = VS 
2 + 6 + 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.12 + 0.06 + 0.02  = 12  0.2 = 2.4V
 
When range switch at S,
Full scale voltage will be
 0.12 + 0.06 + 0.02 
2.4 = VS  
 2 + 6 + 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.12 + 0.06 + 0.02 
2.4 = VS  0.02
VS = 120V

03. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Q=120 is obtained for C=300pF
L 1
Q= =
R RC
After connecting a unknown capacitor parallel to variable capacitor
Ceff = C + CX
300 = 200 + CX
CX = 100pF

04. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For a dc potentiometer
V1 V2
=
L1 L 2
1.18 V
=
600 680
V = 1.34Volt

05. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Q-meter works on the principle of series resonance

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 Measurement

Chapter 7 – Digital Instruments

01. An average-reading digital multi meter reads 10V when 03. A 10 1/2 digit timer counter possesses a base clock of
fed with a triangular wave, symmetric about the time-axis. frequency 100 MHz. When measuring a particular input, the
For the same input an rms-reading meter will read [2009] reading obtained is the same in: (i) Frequency mode of
20 10 operation with a gating time of one second and (ii) Period
(a) (b) mode of operation (in the x 10 ns scale). The frequency of
3 3
the unknown input (reading obtained) in Hz is ___________.
(c) 20 3 (d) 10 3 [2017-02]

1
02. A 4 digit DMM has the error specification as: 0.2% of
2
reading + 10 counts. If a dc voltage of 100V is read on its
200V full scale, the maximum error that can be expected in
the reading is [2011]
(a) ±0.1% (b) ±0.2%
(c) ±0.3% (d) ±0.4%

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Since the wave is symmetric about real axis we can only compute half cycle average.
Vm
which is equal to = 10 = Vm = 20V
2
rms reading meter reads rms value.
V
For triangular wave rms value = m (standard result)
3
RMS=
20 V
3

02. Answer (c)

Solution:
( )
Reading of first watt meter = VL IL cos 30 +  = 4.083  cos75 = 1.056kW

1
Maximum count on 4 digital display = 19999
2
Full scale voltage = 200 V.
Hence full count 19999 = 200V
200
10 counts =  10
19999
10 counts = 0.1 Volt
To measure 100 V DC
Reading has error of 0.2 % + 10 count
0.2 % of 100 V = 0.2V
Total error = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3 Volt
Reading = 100 ± 0.3 V
Error = ±0.3%

03. Ans: 10000

Solution:
For a gating time of 1 sec, reading obtained
1
Reading = =x
T
Here, T is the time period of unknown signal
In period mode of operation, x reading corresponds to
T = 10−8 x
From above two equations we get
1
= 10 −8 x
x
Frequency, x = 10000Hz

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 Measurement

Chapter 8 – Transducers
01. A metal strain gauge has factor of two. Its nominal
resistance is 120 ohms. If it undergoes a strain of 10−5 , the
value of change of resistance in response to the strain is
[1993]

(b) 240  10 ohms

−5
(a) 240 ohms

(c) 2.5  10 ohms (d) 1.2  10 ohms

−5 −3

02. A piezo-electric pick up is an example for an active

transducer. [1994]

03. Fringing in a capacitance type transducer can be

minimized by providing a _________ [1995]

04. In a LVDT, the two secondary voltages [1997]

(a) Are independent of the core position
(b) Vary unequally depending on the core position
(c) Vary equally depending on the core position
(d) Are always in the phase quadrature

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 Measurement

Solutions
01. Ans: (b)
Solution:
R  
= Gauge factor ×  
R  
 
  = strain
 
R
= 2 × 10–5
120
R = 240 × 10–5

02. Ans: True

Solution:
It does not require any supply to operate hence it is in active transducer

03. Ans: ---

Solution:
Fringing in a capacitance type transducer can be minimized by providing a guard ring.

04. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The secondary voltage depends very unequally on core position

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Singnal and System