DBMS

 Data: Data is the row facts and figures observed by on observed. Example= -
Red, 2S, Pen etc.
 Information: Collection of data which gives complete meaning is called as
information is achieved by processing on data. It gives complete recognizing of an
object or a person or a place. Example= Roll-1, Name- Anu, Address- Haripur.

Example- DATA

Eats ram mango

ram eats mango -------- information
 Database: Collection of information organized on the basic of class and
category of the data of a system called as database. Example- telephone directory,
student Registration record.
 Database Management System (DBMS): It is a collection of related data
(i.e., database) and relation functions like insertion, deletion and modification of
data. The database is managed with the help of software called as database
management system software. Example- MS-Access, Database, Oracle, Ingress,
My SQL etc.
 Database (DATA) model: All the underlaying structure or layouts of a
database designs are collectively called as data model. There are following types of
data model.
i. E-R Data Model
ii. Network Data model
iii. Hierarchical Data model
iv. Relational Data model
I. E-R Data Model: The E-R data model deals with entity and relation.
Different entities are described with in relation.
Example- Addres
s
Name
car own owner

color model
ID NO.
 II. Hierarchical Data Model: The data model in which all the data are
hierarchically connected in the form of data structure concept (root- child
process) is called as hierarchical data model.
III. Network data model: The data model that represents the database of one-to-
many relationship using link pointer concept of data structure is called
network data model.
IV. Relation Data Model: The tabular data model is called as relational data
model.
 Importance of Data Model:
i. We can tackle data redundancy
ii. We can tackle data dependency
iii. We can maintain integrity
iv. We can maintain flexibility
 LEVEL OF DATA ABSITRACTION: How data are seen for user known as
level data abstraction.
i. External/ logical view
ii. Conceptual view
iii. Internal/ physical view
I. External/ logical view: This is the highest level of data abstraction as seen
by the user. It describes only some pa
II. Conceptual view: It describes what data are actually stored in the database.
In times of simple structure.
III. Internal/ physical view: It describes how data are physically stored in the
disc.
Example-
See number Roll
Name Name Age External View
User1 user2

Roll Integer
Name string conceptual view
Age integer
Section no. Character
 Roll integer, offset S
Name string (15), offset £125 internal view
Age integer (2), offset 150
Section no. char (1), offset 200

 Database User: There are major three types of database user.

1 Database Administrator: Database administrator is the powerful user who
can define and manage database and allows authorization to other users.
2 Operator: A legal user who is able to process the task of database
organization independently known as operator.
3 Naire user: A newly appointed user with database capable of interacting with
database called as Naire user.

 Common terms:
i. Entity: Entity specifies red world item. Example- student, school, book, etc.
ii. Attribute: It specifies properties of an entity or relation. Example- Name,
Color, Address, Cost.
iii. Relation: Relation is a kind of co-ordination between entities.
 E-R Data Model: Graphical representation of W-R Data model (symbols
used in E-R Data model).
 Rectangle  It is used to represent entity.
 Oral   It is used to represent Attribute
 Diamond  It is used to represent relation
 Line  It is used to connect entity with attribute, entity with
relation
 Cardinal Mapping: The method of relation implementation through mapping
is called as coordination mapping.
 One to one: (1:1)
husband has wife

 One to many: (1: N)

father has children

  Many to one: (N:1)

Children has Father

 Many to many: (N: N)

Employe works Development

e

 Draw E-R diagram of student and teacher.

TID TID Roll

DOJ DOM DOB Reg. no.

Teacher teachers student Class

Address

Name qualification Address Name

Region

 Draw E-R diagram of library management system.

 Draw E-R diagram of hospital management system.
 Draw E-R diagram of school management system.
 Draw E-R diagram of bank management system.
 Draw E-R diagram of sales management system.
 Library management system and convert it into relational data model,

Lcode DOJ IDNO.

DOE IDNO.
Lcode
Qualification

Library Managed Librarian

Address contains
by

Name Name Address

BNO.
IDNO.

written Roll Date

Cost Class Roll
DOB

Books Provided to Students

fig. 1 E-R diagram of library management system.
Name
BNO. Address
BNO. Name
 Steps to convert E-R data model into relational data model
1 All entities become table
2 All attributor is converted into field or columns.
Library Librarian
Lcod Name Addres DOB
e s IDNO Name Address Qualification Cost
.

Books Students
BNO. Name Writer Cost Rol Name Address Clas DOB
l s

 Primary key: Primary key is a field of a table which always identifies

unique record. Its value can’t be blank. It is used to stop entry of
duplication record.
 Foreign key: If primary key of a table is used as non-key in a table for
creation of relation, then the key is called as foreign key.
Example- foreign key
Director Movie
Primary key DID Nam Address MID Title Cost DID
e M01 DDLJ 700 1002
1001 Rina KTM M02 Beta 500 1001
1002 Tina Pokhara
Date
Address

Select bank Serves Customer Name

Bad
Name
 Constant: The prohibition or some criteria to be followed for relation its
attributes it known as constant. Example: salary must be between 1000/- $ 23000/-
empro must start with etc.
Employers
ENO. Name Post salary Salary= 10000/- AND 25000/-
E001

 Integrity: It is a constraint applied for primary and foreign key.

Integrity rule 1 (i.e., entity emery): This rule states that primary key of a table
cannot accept null value.
Integrity rule 2 (i.e., Referential integrity): This rule is concerned with foreign keys
states that foreign key of a relation should be primary key another relation $ may
contain null value also.
 Normalization: The process of relational database into sub-relations called as
normalization.
 Need of Normalization: The traditional database had many disadvantages
through the implementation of centralized database. The disadvantages were
replaced but generally there were several disadvantages with the centralized
database.
i. Insertion problem
ii. Deletion problem
iii. Vpdation problem
Example-
Supply- details
S code Name Addres I code Income Qualit Price
s y

Supply-details Item-details
S code Name Address I code I name Quality Price
 Item-supply

I code S code Quantity

 ADBMS:
i. Distributed database management system (DDBMS or D 2BMS): D2BMS,
the database is stored in several computers. The computers in distributed
database communicates with each other through various communication
media. The database is handled in dependably and produce result in
integration form.
 Objectives of D2BMS
 Separation of data fragmentation from data allocation.
 Control of data redundancy
 Independence from local DBMS
 Object oriented database management system (OODBMS or O 2DBMS):
OODBMS provides facilities to create objects, to organize on instanced hierarchy,
to organizes classes so that sub-class may intertie attributes and methods from
super class. It is standard database it has all facilities provided in ADBMS.
Example-
Employee (Name, Address, Post)
District
VDC
Ward no.
F name
M name
L name

 Advantages of O2DBMS:
 Objects are created during run time and destroyed when the program in
 It has better flexibility
 It has high security
 Data can also be handled in distributed system.
  It minimized need of vertical memory.
Multimedia database management system. A multimedia management
database is general term for a database that consists of abstract data
such as image, video, audio, graphics, animation hypertext and
hypermedia.
 Concurrency control: It means multiple users using a signal database for
their functions concurrency. In this case database administrator/ manager has the
responsibility to handle/ control the functions of all the users with the database
centrally.
 Backup: Backup is a type of process which is applied to store certain data/
program into a disc.
 Advantage of Backup:
 In the case of program/ data loss backup is used to restore.
 One copy of program/ data can be used to copy into another.
 Steps for Backup:
 Click on start button
 Choose program and then oracles person edition.
 Choose and click on backup manager
 Choose and click on ok.
 Memory: storage area of computer is called as memory/ storage.
 Disc: Disk is secondary storage which stores data for example- Hard disc,
floppy disc etc.
 Seek time: Seek time is the time taken by read/ write head to reach specified
track for reading/ writing.
 Latency time: Latency time is the time taken by specified sector to reach
below read (write head).

FINISH