Ch3. FUNCTIONS/MeTHODS Definition > Function isa sequence or st of statements that cart outa particular task. Every function hasa unique name and may or may not return avalue Advantages of functions. > \) helps to cope with complexty by dividing a complex taskinto smaler and easly manageable blacks helps in hiding the implementation det 7 i) enhances code reusability ‘General format/Syntax ofa function definition [access spectieristaticleturn-type method-name (parameter lst) { body ofthe methos) Function header/Prototype > the fist line ofthe function definition that includes access specifier, stale Keyword ‘return type, name and parameter list Function sighature->name of the method along with number an type of parameter lst sometimes also referred to 35 function prototype) ‘Accass specifier determines the type of access tothe function. Can be ether public, private protected or defaultiwhen ‘no keyword is provided) ‘public The most liberal access where a member is accesible to any ebject of any class of any package defoulyfriendly/package-> member of ths access can be accessed by any objet of any elas but within 9 sil package, Protected-> this provides acces tothe objets of single lass and its subclasses in a single package Private the most restricted access. n this case a method can be accessed only by the objects of a single cass ‘only Even the subclasses within the clas a unly acess, Static} Isa modifier; it dentifies the method asa dass methd ie function or method canbe called without resting any object. 7a method is defined stati it can be accessed without creating any object. n the absence of static keyword ‘method can be invoked only by creating an object ‘other Msifiers> fal Fino! sa keyword to make the valve of variable constant. cannot be charged during ts ifetime within a program, Eg final nt x225; value of x cannot be updated. 2x15; oF xex=2 wil NOT be accepted Aetun type specifies the typeof value thatthe return statement ofthe methoe returns. t may be of any vai Jove data tye or vol ow to aces «functor 2 methos/uncion i caleovokedexecuted by proving the pethad name ‘lowed bythe satameters being ent encaseingarenthess though an objet (without abject for stat uncon} ‘rma parameters Poremeter st) used in the function definition tne; variables preceded by a datatype. A function uses parameter ist to accept dat of any data ype and proceses Ito give the equred outgt Aca Argument pated wie ling a func: ot preceded by any data ype. Helps o pa the onal values to ‘eta statement) passes/retunsayalue tothe caling function methestncion i consol stansfertes othe caing onion,” “NN %. tmedate ext from the "Noe: oreturable unetions, return can be ued or any numberof tines. However ony ‘and remaining are ignored. ly the first return gets executedFunctions can be broadly classified as {i Predefined funetons{pow( art). ete,) sersefined functions can futher be csi brs un, Pure function) Aso calles Aceeior methods: takes arg the state ofan object but doesnot moa the objec Classification of methods based on their invoeation. 1. Non Returnable and Non Parameterized 3. _Returnable and Non Parameterises Function overloading ‘refers tothe conaltion where many functions are de Static binding/Earty bindi calls the required functio ‘the order of parameters. ined with sa ing: During overloading as al the fun n by matching withthe parameter st Need/advantage of overloading ‘rogram, thus makes the program ru done by using the function overloading) Key for function overloading->is the parameter ls thatincdes type, {0:do with the RETURN type} ‘How can you poss the following? Primitive types colby value catty value i. Workings done on the formal parameter 2. any change inthe formal parameters does not | 2 affect the value of actual arguments. | 3 Nowa ed when engl assur] bealered. 4. Aetalparametes passedare of prt pe | 5. Separate memory Ie reserved for actual ind | 4 formal parameter. Statics variables 1 Static wari any object. na iflerent cass, they need objet and dot operator 2. Ipereated when the clas fist refered to 2 3. legestroyed when the program i ove. 2 Me cet wi ve te atone | Describe the components of an objec creation ine: sample E=new Example Here, ample is pame of theclass from which an obec i ereated £19 is qame ofthe obec ereated from the class Example iON and impute umensiprimiie ‘heciginal vale doe impure freon a0 called tat maods hanger odes the tt ‘Restos the state of 1 Multiple function declarations inthe same 1 implements ROLYMORPHISM an Faster. [ when same action has same table, (i) User defined functions bee) return information to the caller abou n't get changed ved object 2. Non Retunable and Porameteried ‘4 tunable and Parameterized Se9pe With same name but diferent parameter st. me name but hase vared Ist of paramere, tions have the same name, the comple setifis ae Le the number of parameters, typeof parameters and Wao reduces the oumber of comparisons in to beperformed with diferent datatypes, ean ba umber ani orde of parameters (and has nothing + Deived types cal by reference cal av nerenence Wierngs done the actual argaments When 3 function i ale, the relrence to the cat gens il ‘be panied tral parameters and affects the erga values Normally used when prignal values need to be update. | ‘Actual parameters pasted are of eject ypes instance/ Global variables Insane varabes can be accessed only with the help an object and dot operator "screed when an bet of theclassiserested. | 'sdestoyed wen abject is destroyed | oe | Each abject will have a liferent value for the | ew? i 2 keyword to create an obec. Italoated required memory forthe object crested sao te elu contr he oath enter tes ith glyDitferentia Se between the followings 1 nein Prete Hadar | Funcvon Signature eee en came iter andincludes | itis the prt of Function Header ana” | Pecans |e on Mem on Formal Parameters ‘etualAcguments These are the variables provided withthe ‘a. These are the variables/values passed method definition ‘white Invoking the method. |b These areprecedea by ava egl data |b, Doesnt recede nth any data ype [aap | ‘ati oid sumint nt 77 aa ave Foal Paramtes {System out prininiasbl Publi stati vol man) {int e23ymoa5, Summ k and mare Actua Arguments Bi Returnable functions — T Won feturnable Functions 1 They have toreturnavaluetothe | 1 Mayer may not euro ale Tobe éaling methods cating methods 2. Willrtur only a SINGLE value 2. May provide a single oF multiple or no | 3. receded by any ONE ofthe jas vate) | loyal datatype teint Sting ete Preceded by he keyword vol [—eynamiewading —— Satie Binding [2 tani were mtemod ae | Foie rn antn Son dg defned and invoked 2. Thereisacontiuousinvacaionot | _2,One a themultpe functions is identi | Imethogs where method are nated and invoked depending onthe order, tne after another depending on he ‘urbe ard type of parameters, |__ need 7 " aa] Caling Function > A unetion that invokes another fusction. Emi) invokes other methods and a ugh ti called 3 Cling Metnos Called Function-> A funtion that sinvoked in another function. fob sumi); here sum isthe called method Instanttion> the proces of ereating objets using ‘new kod roma dass Intalization> the proces of providing value to the variable. state members can be scered witout czatlg anu bet. Non tate members cn be invoke acesed ony withthe ln atan object Buble acces spelter> provides mos tera acces where members can be accessed by accessed by any objeto am lass of eny package. ” r SNGLecosin sme pce rhesus cos comataen an Se