Received: 21 July 2021

| Revised: 14 September 2021

| Accepted: 27 September 2021

DOI: 10.1002/ese3.990

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Numerical investigation on rock-­breaking mechanism and

cutting temperature of compound percussive drilling with
a single PDC cutter

Wei Wang1 | Gonghui Liu1,2 | Jun Li1,3 | Chunqing Zha2 | Wei Lian3 |
Reyu Gao1

1
College of Petroleum Engineering, China
University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
Abstract
2
Beijing University of Technology, Compound percussive drilling technology is a new method to improve the rock-­
Beijing, China breaking efficiency in deep hard formation. In order to study the rock-­breaking
3
Faculty of Petroleum, China University mechanism of compound impact drilling, the thermal-­structure coupling simu-
of Petroleum, Karamay, China
lation of the dynamic rock-­breaking process with a single PDC cutter was inves-
Correspondence tigated by using ABAQUS software. The influence of impact parameters on the
Gonghui Liu, College of Petroleum rock-­breaking performance and cutting temperature was analyzed. The results
Engineering, China University of
Petroleum, Beijing, China.
proved that the compound impact load changes the rock failure mode and im-
Email: [email protected] proves the rock-­breaking efficiency. Compared with steady load cutting, the rock
broken volume under compound impact increased by 7.5%, and the mechanical
Funding information
CNPC-­China University of Petroleum specific energy (MSE) decreased by 12.3%. As the axial impact load amplitude in-
(Beijing) strategic cooperation project, creases, the MSE increases gradually. With an increase in torsional impact load
Grant/Award Number: ZLZX2020-­01;
amplitude and impact frequency, the MSE decreases first and then increases, and
Youth Program of National Natural
Science Foundation of China, Grant/ the optimal torsional static load ratio is 0.3, and the optimal impact frequency is
Award Number: 51804013; NSFC Basic 30 Hz. In addition, the cutting temperature of the compound percussive drill-
Research Program on Deep Petroleum
ing is higher than that of the steady load cutting, and it increases with the im-
Resource Accumulation and Key
Engineering Technologies, Grant/Award pact load amplitude and decreases with the frequency. For the three impact load
Number: U19B6003 waveforms—­sine, triangle, and square in this paper, the rock-­breaking efficiency
under the condition of sine waveform is the largest when the dynamic ampli-
tude of the pulse force is fixed, and the cutting temperature under the condition
of square waveform is the highest. Finally, based on the analysis of the rock-­
breaking mechanism, a novel compound percussive drilling tool was designed
and tested in the field.

KEYWORDS
compound percussive drilling, cutting temperature, MSE, PDC cutter, rock-­breaking
efficiency

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat​ive Commo​ns Attri​bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
© 2021 The Authors. Energy Science & Engineering published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

2364 | 
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ese3 Energy Sci Eng. 2021;9:2364–2379.
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2365

1 | I N T RO DU CT ION et al19 proposed a finite element analysis model consider-

ing the strain rate effect. Based on the above model, the
In drilling engineering, the PDC bit is suitable for homo- influence of vertical and horizontal impact load on cut-
geneous formation from soft to medium-­hard due to its ting mode was studied. Liu et al20 studied the formation of
good wear resistance and self-­sharpening. The footage cuttings and specific energy of rock breaking during com-
drilling in oil and gas wells of PDC bits has increased from pound impact drilling through a pseudo-­three-­dimensional
2% in 1982 to 90% in 2019.1-­4 With the focus of oil and gas numerical simulation model.
exploration shifting from shallow to deep, the rock be- Moreover, apparent friction between the PDC cutter
comes high strength, strong abrasiveness, and poor drilla- and the rock occurs during the cutting process. This fric-
bility.5 Simultaneously, with the increase of drilling depth, tion is responsible for elevating the temperature of the
it becomes more challenging to apply weight on bit (WOB) PDC cutter and causing thermal damage, reducing cutter
and torque on bit (TOB). These reasons lead to low rock-­ life. Previous studies have shown that more than half of
breaking efficiency of PDC bit and high drilling cost. It is the energy supplied to the bit is converted into friction
necessary to strengthen the current drilling technology to heat.21 Detournay found that higher temperature would
achieve high quality and fast drilling. Thus, different types lead to the decline of bit performance during rock break-
of percussive drilling technology have been proposed to ing.22 Glowka developed a numerical-­analytical method
improve the rock-­breaking efficiency of PDC bit.6-­8 The to predict temperatures in PDC cutters under downhole
principle of percussive drilling technology is to use per- conditions and demonstrated the relationship between
cussive drilling tools to convert drilling fluid energy into cutter temperature and wear rates.23 Loui proposed a two-­
periodic impact energy to act on the bit, which can adapt dimensional transient heat transfer model. Based on this
to the high-­speed rotation of the PDC bit, improve rate of model, the temperature change of the cutter-­rock inter-
penetration (ROP), and prevent premature failure of the face was predicted.24 Zhang et al3 used the finite element
PDC bit. method to simulate the thermal-­structural coupling of
At present, rotary percussive drilling and torsional im- rock-­breaking process of the full-­size PDC bit, obtained
pact drilling technology are the most widely studied and the high-­temperature distribution area of the cutter, and
applied percussive drilling technologies, which can be analyzed the failure reason of the PDC cutter. Yang et al25
seen from previous studies.8-­12 Compound impact drilling built a set of differential equations to describe the tem-
technology combined the advantages of rotary and tor- perature change of the bit and studied the effects of geo-
sional percussion drilling technology, which can provide metric conditions, thermophysical properties, and drilling
additional instantaneous WOB and TOB for bit simultane- parameters on the bit temperature. Gao et al26 established
ously.13,14 The rock below and in front of the cutter could a thermal elastoplastic damage model by using a finite el-
be destroyed under the compound impact, forming a three-­ ement analysis system and the analyzed changes of stress
dimensional rock-­breaking effect.5,15 In recent years, the state, strain accumulation, and heat transfer on the cut-
rock-­breaking mechanism of compound impact drilling ter during high-­speed cutting. Zhou et al27 discussed the
has been studied and analyzed, and various types of the influence of rock properties on cutting temperature and
tool have been designed. Zha et al16 designed a novel com- analyzed the mechanism through laboratory tests. The
bined percussion jet tool and analyzed its rock-­breaking results showed that rock strength is an essential factor af-
process, and the results show that the percussive tool can fecting the temperature rise rate.
produce higher shear stress in rock formations. Mu et al17 Although the compound impact drilling technology
developed an axial-­torsional coupled percussive drilling has demonstrated a certain ability to break hard rock
tool and analyzed the tool performance through theoreti- formations, the mechanism of rock breaking and the
cal calculations, indoor tests, and field tests, and the study change of cutting temperature have not been thoroughly
results showed that the ROP of the test well could be in- studied. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct related
creased by 1.6-­3.3 times after using axial-­torsional coupled research, so as to optimize the parameters of the tool
percussive drilling. Li et al18 built a numerical method for and improve the compatibility between the tool and the
modeling PDC single cutter-­rock impact system and stud- hard rock formation, achieving the purpose of improv-
ied the effects on the dynamic rock-­breaking mode and ing the rate of penetration. In this study, a 3D thermal-­
rock-­breaking performance under the combined action of structural coupled numerical model composed of a
rotating speed, drilling pressure, alternating impact torque, single PDC cutter and hard rock was established, using
and alternating impact force. Song et al6 established a 3D the Drucker-­Prager criterion as the rock yield criterion.
percussive system model by using finite element method Static and dynamic loads were applied to the cutter, and
to study the energy transfer efficiency in the rock-­breaking the rock-­breaking mechanisms of steady load and com-
process of axial-­torsional coupled percussive drilling. Liu pound impact drilling were analyzed and compared.
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2366 WANG et al.

Then, the sensitivity analysis of impact parameters was shown in Figure 1. The percussive hammer moves back
carried out, and the effects of dynamic load amplitude, and forth under the action of the high-­pressure drilling
impact frequency, and waveform on the rock-­breaking mud, impacts the anvil, and exerts periodic compound
performance and cutting temperature were analyzed. percussive load on the bit. The PDC bit is subjected to con-
Finally, the parameters of the compound impact drilling tinuous WOB, TOB, and periodic axial-­torsional coupled
tool were optimized, and the structure diagram of the impact loads, breaking the bottom hole rock.5
impact drilling tool was designed. As shown in Figures 1C and 2, the cutter suffers the
axial force Fy exerted by WOB, the horizontal force Fx ex-
erted by TOB, and the periodic axial impact force Fa, the
2 | A NA LY T IC MODE L torsional impact force Ft exerted by the compound percus-
sive drilling tool. In addition, the cutter also suffers rock
2.1 | Model assumption reaction force Nf, Nb and friction force Sf, Sb in the front
and bottom surface, respectively, and θ is rake angle.
The working process of the PDC bit is essentially a As shown in Figure 2, the force balance equation of
process of cutting the rock from the bottom hole by a single cutter during the rock-­breaking process of com-
the cutters, and the rock-­breaking analysis of a single pound percussive drilling can be expressed as follows:
cutter is the basis of PDC bit performance research. A
single cutter-­rock interaction analysis model was estab- FA + Fa = Nb + Nf sin𝛼 + Sf cos𝛼
(1)
lished according to the working process of the PDC bit FT + Ft = Sb + Nf cos𝛼 − Sf sin𝛼
under compound impact load. In order to reduce the
calculation complexity, the following assumptions are If μ is the friction coefficient between the cutter-­rock
conducted: (a) The materials of cutter and rock are ho- interface,
mogeneous, and the wear and passivation of the cutter
are ignored; (b) ignore the heat transfer between drill- Sf Sb
𝜇= = (2)
ing fluid and PDC cutter; (c) the thermal and mechani- Nf Nb
cal properties of the PDC bit and rock materials do not
change with temperature. Solving for Nf and Sf, we get,

( ) ( )
FT + F t − 𝜇 FA + F a
2.2 | Mechanical model Nf = (
2
)
( 1 − 𝜇 )cos𝛼 2−(2𝜇sin𝛼 ) (3)
𝜇 FT + Ft − 𝜇 FA + Fa
During the compound percussive drilling process, the Sf = ( )
percussive tool is directly installed above the PDC bit, as 1 − 𝜇 2 cos𝛼 − 2𝜇sin𝛼

F I G U R E 1 Working process of the

compound percussive drilling
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2367

of milling tool.28 However, during the rock-­breaking pro-

cess under compound impact, the cutter intrudes into the
rock under the dynamic impact load, resulting in a large
amount of friction heat generated in area III.
According to the Fourier's law, the partial differential
governing equation of heat conduction between rock and
cutter is as follows:

𝜕2T 𝜕2T 𝜕2T

( ) ( )
𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕T
𝜆 + 2 + 2 − 𝜌c u +v +w + Q̇ = 0 (4)
𝜕x 2 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z

where ρ is density of rock. c is specific heat of rock. λ is heat

conductivity of rock. T is temperature. Q̇ is the generation rate
at which mechanical energy is converted to heat. x, y, and z are
spatial coordinates. u, v, and w are the velocity components of
FIGURE 2 Mechanical model of single cutter in rock-­breaking the heat source in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.
process In the cutting process, the cutter slides across the rock
surface at a certain speed. The heat in zone II is mainly
generated from the friction between the rock and the front
face of the cutter. Assuming that the cutter is subjected to
uniform and stable friction heat flow, and all mechanical
friction is converted into heat on the cutting surface. The
heat generated can be expressed as,23,28

𝜇Nf vf
Qf = (5)
lf w

Ignored the heat conduction to the surrounding me-

dium, the part of the friction heat entering to the rock and
the PDC cutter can be described as follows:

F I G U R E 3 Thermomechanical model of single cutter in rock-­ Qr = 𝜉Qf

(6)
breaking process Qc = (1 − 𝜉) Qf

It can be known from formula (3) that the normal force where ξ is the distribution coefficient of heat.
exerted on the rock in front of the cutter increases with The thermal response function of the cutter can be ex-
the growth of the horizontal load and decreases with the pressed as,
axial load.
Tc − T 0
f = (7)
Qc
2.3 | Thermomechanical model
Combining Equations (4)-­(7), the average temperature
The thermomechanical model of a single cutter in the rock-­ of single cutter is as follows:
breaking process is shown in Figure 3. The heat distribu-
tion is determined by the structure of the single cutter and (1 − 𝜉) 𝜇Nf vf f
Tc = T 0 + (8)
rock-­breaking mode. The generated heat area includes (a) lf w
the deformation heat generated by plastic deformation of
rock in area I; (b) the friction heat generated by the friction where T0 is the initial temperature. ξ is the distribution co-
between the cutter surface and rock, distributed in area II efficient between cutter and rock. vf is the relative sliding
in front of the cutter and area III below the cutter. In the speed of cutter and the cuttings. vc is the horizontal cutting
steady load cutting process, the heat is mainly distributed in speed. lf is the length of the friction contact surface in front
area I and area II while the heat in area III is limited, which of cutter. lw is the length of the friction contact surface at
is similar to the heat distribution in the working process bottom of cutter. w is the width of the cutter.
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2368 WANG et al.

Formula (8) shows that the temperature of the cutter Y, and Z directions. The cutter was set as a rigid body due to
increases with the growth of the normal force Nf and the the hardness of the PDC cutter is much higher than the rock.
relative sliding speed vf. Moreover, the distribution coeffi- A reference point with two translational degrees of freedom
cient of the heat α, the thermal response function f, and was defined, and then, a kinematic coupling constraint was
the friction coefficient μ between cutter and rock will also defined with the reference point, and the controlled surface
affect the cutter temperature. was the side surface of the cutter, as shown in Figure 4B.
The Y direction load was applied on the reference point to
simulate the WOB and axial impact load. Similarly, the cut-
3 | NU M E R ICAL M ODE L ting speed was set in the X direction to simulate the torque
and torsional impact load on the bit. A surface-­to-­surface
3.1 | Establishing of cutter-­rock contact was adopted between the cutter and rock surface,
interaction model and the friction coefficient was set to 0.5. Besides, the initial
ambient temperature of the model was set to 25°C.
According to the hypothesis of the model, the single cutter-­ In the steady load cutting simulation, the axial static
rock interaction model is shown in Figure 4. The cutter was load exerts on the cutter is 100 N, and the horizontal cut-
consisting of a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) layer on a ting speed is fixed at 800 mm/s. In the simulation of per-
cemented carbide (WC-­Co) substrate. The diameter of the cussive rock breaking, the additional axial dynamic load
cutter was 10 mm, the width of the PCD layer was set to is set as periodic impact force, and the extratorsional dy-
1 mm, the width of cemented carbide was set to 4 mm, and namic load is set as periodic impact velocity. We define ka
the rake angle was 15°. The geometric dimensioning of the as the ratio of axial impact load amplitude to axial static
rock model was 200 mm × 20 mm, as shown in Figure 4A. load and kt as the horizontal impact speed amplitude to
To minimize the amount of calculation, the thickness of horizontal cutting speed.
the model was set to 0.1 mm. Both the rock and the cut-
ter were meshed by the 8-­node hexahedral linear reduced
integral element (C3D8RT). To better simulate the dy- 3.3 | Constitutive model and
namic rock-­breaking process, the element size should be failure criterion
designed to approximate the actual particle size of the rock.
Considering the accuracy and complexity of the calcula- In the simulation, the correctness of rock constitutive
tion, the mesh on the top of the rock model was refined to model will directly affect the accuracy of the results.
ensure better simulation results, and the encrypted mesh Several material models, which could be used to repre-
size was set to 0.2 mm,26,29 as shown in Figure 4B. sent the damage evolution of rock under impact load,
were contained in the widely used commercial soft-
ware ABAQUS. A large number of previous studies
3.2 | Boundary and load have shown that the plastic damage constitutive model
based on Drucker-­Prager criterion was suitable for de-
During the simulation, the nodes on the bottom and side scribe the constitutive relationship of rock elements
surfaces of the rock model were fully constrained in the X, and simulate the dynamic rock-­breaking process.30,31

F I G U R E 4 Single cutter-­rock
interaction model
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2369

The Drucker-­Prager model considers the effect of inter- pl

where 𝜀p is the equivalent plastic strain of rock, and 𝜀f is the
mediate principal stress on rock failure and reflects the equivalent plastic strain of rock after complete damage.
expansion caused by shear.32 The yield surfaces of the
Drucker-­Prager model on the meridional and π planes
are shown in Figure 5. The yield surface function of
Drucker-­Prager yield criterion on the meridian plane is 3.4 | The verification of numerical
expressed as, simulation model
F = t − ptan𝛽 − d = 0 (9)
In this section, ABAQUS was used to simulate the uniaxial
[ ( ) ( )3 ] compressive strength test of sandstone to verify the numeri-
q
In the above formula, t = 2 1 + 1
k
− 1− 1
k
r
q
is cal model. The rock specimen is cylindrical sandstone cores
of 25 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length, and the mechan-
the deviatoric stress parameter, and k is the specific value ical properties are as follows: uniaxial compressive strength
between triaxial compressive strength and triaxial ten- σc = 102.2 MPa, uniaxial tensile strength σt = 4.6 MPa, in-
sile strength, p represents the equivalent compressive ternal friction angle ϕ = 41.0°, and hardness H = 847 MPa.
stress, d is the cohesion of material, and β is the slope of The physical and mechanical parameters used in the model
the linear yield surface projected on the p − t stress are in Table 1. In the simulation, the degree of freedom of
plane. the specimen in the X and Y direction was constrained. The
For the rock failure criterion, the PDC cutter mainly bottom of the rock sample was fixed completely, and a com-
crushed rock by shearing, and the shear failure criterion pressive displacement load of 5 mm was applied on the top
was selected as the basis for judging rock failure in the of the rock sample along the Z direction.
simulation. When the equivalent plastic strain value of Figure 6 shows the stress-­strain curves obtained from
the rock elemental node reaches that of the material, the the laboratory test and numerical simulation. Figure 7
material begins to damage. After the failure of the rock shows the failure pattern of sandstone under laboratory
element, it is removed from the rock body, ignoring the ef- test and numerical simulation conditions. As illustrated
fect of its failure on subsequent rock fragmentation.3 The in Figures 6 and 7, the rock compressive strength obtained
judge criterion of the plastic strain of rock breaking can be by numerical simulation was consistent with the labora-
described as follows: tory test result. Moreover, the failure pattern of rock was
also similar, a penetrating crack extended from the upper
𝜀p = ≤ 𝜀f
pl
(10) surface to the side of the rock sample, and the rock has an

F I G U R E 5 Yield surfaces of the

linear D-­P model

(A) On the meridional plane (B) On the plane.

TABLE 1 Relevant material parameters used in simulation

Expansion
Density Elastic modulus Poisson's Thermal conductivity Specific heat coefficient
Material kg/m3 GPa ratio W/(m ℃) J/(kg ℃) ℃−1
PCD 3510 890 0.07 543.0 790 2.5 × 10-­6
WC-­Co 15000 579 0.22 100.0 230 5.2 × 10-­6
Rock 2700 27.8 0.19 3.5 800 52.0 × 10-­6
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2370 WANG et al.

120
Experiment
(ka = kt = 0.3). In the simulation of impact rock-­breaking
Simulation modes, the impact frequency was set to 30 Hz, the impact
100 duration was set to 0.1 ms, and the impact load loading
curve was set to a sine curve, as shown in Figure 8.
80 MSE was usually used to evaluate the rock-­breaking
Stress (MPa)

efficiency and performance. The concept of MSE was de-

60 fined as the work required to remove a given volume of
rock. The lower MSE, the higher the rock-­breaking effi-
40 ciency.33,34 MSE is calculated by the following equation:
∑n
20 Fci Δx
W
MSE = = ∑i=1
n (11)
V A Δx
i=1 i
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Stain (%) where MSE represents mechanical specific energy (MPa). W
represents the total work consumed during rock-­breaking
F I G U R E 6 Stress-­strain curves obtained from laboratory test process (J). V is the broken volume of rock (m3). Δx is a given
and numerical simulation cutting stroke (m). Fci represents the average cutting force
of cutter in Δx (N). Ai is the average cutting area in Δx (m2).
Figure 9 depicts the change curves of cutting force under
different rock-­breaking modes. During the rock-­breaking
process, the cutting force presents the periodic alternation
of wave peaks and troughs. In a cutting stage, the cutting
force increased gradually. The maximum cutting force was
reached when the stress of rock comes the yield condition.
Then, the broken rock elements separated from the rock
body, the cutting force decreased rapidly to start the next
cutting stage. As seen in the figure, the impact load ap-
plication does not change the characteristics of periodic
oscillation of the cutting force. The average cutting force
is 250.5 N, 239.3 N, 234.7 N, and 230.8 N under steady load
cutting, axial impact cutting, torsional impact cutting, and
compound impact cutting modes. Compared with steady
loading cutting, axial impact, and torsional impact, the
cutting force under compound impact is reduced by 7.9%,
F I G U R E 7 Comparison of rock failure pattern between
laboratory test and numerical simulation 1.0 Sine wave
Amplitude

0.5
obvious shear failure. The results indicate that simulation
results are in good agreement with laboratory test results, 0.0
which verifies the capability of the model to simulate rock 1.0 Square wave
fracture and stress-­strain behavior.
Amplitude

0.5

4 | RE S U LT S AN D DISCU SSION 0.0

1.0
Triangular wave
Amplitude

4.1 | Rock-­breaking process 0.5

In this section, a series of linear cutting simulations were 0.0

conducted at different rock-­breaking modes, including 0.00 0.02 0.04

Time (s)
0.06 0.08 0.10

steady load cutting (ka = kt = 0), axial impact rock break-

ing (ka = 0.3, kt = 0), torsional impact rock breaking F I G U R E 8 Schematic diagram of amplitude curves under
(ka = 0, kt = 0.3), and compound impact rock breaking different waveform modes
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2371

3.6%, and 1.7%, respectively. The results showed that the impact load. Besides, the size of cuttings produced during
average cutting force of the cutter decreases after apply- steady load cutting, axial impact, torsional impact, and
ing impact load and that of the compound impact mode compound impact cutting process gradually increased.
is the smallest. Therefore, compared with the steady load There are apparent large chunk-­like cuttings in torsional
cutting and the other rock-­breaking modes, the compound impact and compound impact cutting rock-­ breaking
impact load can effectively improve the stress state of the modes. This can be explained as follows. First, the axial
PDC cutter, which is conducive to reducing the bit wear
and prolonging the service life. 50 110
Figure 10 shows that under the steady load cutting, Broken volume
MSE
axial impact, torsional impact, and compound impact 105
45
rock-­breaking modes, the broken volume increases while

Broken volume (mm3)

the MSE gradually decreases. Compared with conventional 100
cutting, the broken volume of compound impact mode in- 40

MSE (MPa)
creased by 7.5%, while the MSE decreased by 12.3%. The 95
simulation results show that the rock-­breaking efficiency 35
of the compound impact mode is the highest, which is ben- 90
eficial to enhance the drilling efficiency and ROP.
30
As shown in Figure 11A-­D, the cutting path below 85
the cutter is relatively smooth in the rock-­breaking pro-
cess of steady load cutting and torsional impact modes. 25
Steady load Axial impact Torsional impact Compound impact
80
However, noticeable crushing pits can be observed on the
cutting path in the axial impact and compound impact F I G U R E 1 0 Broken volume and MSE under different rock-­
rock-­breaking modes, mainly caused by repeated axial breaking modes

(A) 700 (B) 700

Steady load Axial impact
600 Average cutting force 600 Average cutting force

500 500
Cutting force (N)

Cutting force (N)

400 400
300 300
200 200

100 100
0 0
-100 -100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s) Time (s)
(C) 700 (D) 700
Torsional impact Compound impact
600 Average cutting force 600 Average cutting force

500 500
Cutting force (N)

Cutting force (N)

400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-100 -100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s) Time (s)

FIGURE 9 Cutting force variations under different rock-­breaking modes

 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2372 WANG et al.

F I G U R E 1 1 Rock failure mode

under different rock-­breaking modes

(A) Steady load cutting

(B) Axial impact cutting

(C) Torsional impact cutting

(D) Compound impact cutting

impact increases the penetration depth of the cutter, and the establishment stage of stable cutting, in which the
the failure mode of rock changes from plastic failure to cutter temperature increases slowly over time; stage III
brittle failure. Second, the torsional impact makes the rock is a stable cutting stage, at which time the cutter tem-
in front of the cutter more prone to brittle shear failure, perature appears to fluctuate relatively smoothly and
resulting in large rock cuttings. Moreover, it is noteworthy periodically.
that MSE shows the opposite trend with the size of the Moreover, the peak temperature of the cutter is dif-
cuttings, decreasing with the size. This is due to the reduc- ferent in the stable stage under different rock-­breaking
tion of energy loss with the increase of cuttings size when modes. The peak temperatures of the cutter are 65.69°C,
breaking equal volume rock.35 68.72°C, 68.13°C, and 69.07°C under steady load cutting,
axial impact, torsional impact, and compound impact
rock-­breaking modes, respectively. It can be found that
4.2 | Cutting temperature the cutter temperature in impact rock-­breaking modes is
higher than that of steady load cutting. The reasons why
Figure 12 shows the temperature changes curves of the the cutter temperature increases under impact load are
cutter under different rock-­breaking modes. It can be as follows: (a) Axial impact increases the instantaneous
seen from the figure that the temperature change under depth of cut, increasing the friction contact area, and in-
different rock-­breaking modes is similar. The tempera- tensifying the friction between the cutter and the rock. (b)
ture change processes consist of three stages: Stage I is Torsional impact increases the normal force and the slip-
the initial contact stage between cutter and rock, during ping speed between the cutter and the rock, increasing the
which the cutter temperature rises rapidly; stage II is heat generated by the friction.
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2373

75 75
(A) Steady load (B) Axial impact

65 65
Temperature (°C)

Temperature (°C)
55 55

45 45
III
35 35
II
I
25 25
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s) Time (s)
75 75
(C) Torsional impact (D) Compound impact

65 65
Temperature (°C)

Temperature (°C)
55 55

45 45

35 35

25 25
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s) Time (s)

FIGURE 12 Temperature variation of PDC cutter under different rock-­breaking modes

F I G U R E 1 3 Temperature change
during rock-­breaking process under
compound impact
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2374 WANG et al.

Figure 13 shows the temperature nephogram in the 46.0

Broken volume
100

rock-­breaking process of compound impact. The tem- MSE

45.5
perature increases gradually due to extrusion and friction
95
between the cutter and rock during the cutting process.

Broken volume (mm3)

45.0
Subsequently, the strain of the rock continuously accumu-

MSE (MPa)
lated and began to deform, and the energy in the rock is
44.5 90
released gradually, as shown in Figure 13A,B. Then, the
cuttings are separated from the rock body due to the crack
44.0
propagates to the free surface. The contact area between
85
the cutter and the rock is reduced, and the heat gener- 43.5
ated is reduced. At the same time, the dissipation of the
cuttings will also take away part of the energy, resulting 43.0 80
in the temperature reduction of the cutter, as shown in 0.1 0.2 0.3
ka
0.4 0.5

Figure 13C,D. As a result, the discontinuous cutting in the

rock-­breaking process is the main reason for the periodic F I G U R E 1 4 Broken volume and MSE at different axial impact
fluctuation of cutter temperature. load amplitudes

4.3 | Effects of impact parameters on 80

rock-­breaking performance
75
4.3.1 | Effect of axial impact load amplitude
70
Temperature (°C)

During the compound impact drilling, shock waves in the

axial direction were applied to assist rock breaking, and 65
the axial dynamic load amplitude would directly affect
the rock-­breaking efficiency. In this section, the effects 60
of axial impact load amplitude on the rock-­breaking per-
formance and cutting temperature in compound impact 55
drilling were analyzed. The parameters are set as follows.
The ratio of torsional dynamic load to static load is set to 50
0.3. The rock temperature is set to 25°C. The ratio of axial 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ka
dynamic load to static load is set to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and
0.5, respectively.
F I G U R E 1 5 Temperature change of cutter at different axial
Figure 14 shows the rock broken volume and MSE of
impact load amplitudes
different ka values. It can be seen that the axial dynamic
load has little effect on the broken volume. However, the
MSE increases gradually with the ratio of axial dynamic cut and sliding speed of the cutter increase gradually, in-
load to static load, which shows that increasing axial im- creasing the friction heat and the cutter temperature. The
pact load amplitude is not conducive to the improvement simulation results show that the amplitude of axial impact
of rock-­breaking efficiency in compound impact drilling. load should not be too large, which is consistent with the
This can be explained as follows: Due to the extrusion ac- conclusion of Zhu et al.37
tion of the cutter under axial impact, when the rock at the
front and bottom of the cutter reaches the failure strength,
the rock is broken to form debris. The plastic deformation 4.3.2 | Effect of torsional impact
of the inner rock is gradually severe with the further in- load amplitude
creased axial dynamic load, that is, more rock deformation
and heat accumulation, rather than more rock fracture In this section, we exerted the torsional pulse loads with
and damage.26,36 Figure 15 shows the cutter temperature different amplitudes on the cutter. Keep the other pa-
of different ka values. It can be seen that the cutter tem- rameters constant, the ratio of torsional dynamic load to
perature increases with the ratio of axial dynamic load static load is set to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively.
to static load. The reason is that with the increase of the Figure 16 demonstrates the effect of the torsional impact
axial impact load amplitude, the instantaneous depth of load amplitude on the broken volume and MSE. Figure 17
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2375

presents the effect of the torsional impact load amplitude 4.3.3 | Effect of impact frequency
on the cutter temperature.
Figure 16 shows that the higher the dynamic torsional With the increase of the impact frequency, the input en-
load, the larger the rock broken volume, while the MSE ergy per unit time exerts on the bit increases accordingly.
decreases first and then increases. The results indicate that In this section, other impact parameters were fixed, and
increasing the torsional impact load amplitude is helpful the impact frequency was set to 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz,
to rock fragmentation. And the MSE reaches the mini- 40 Hz, and 50 Hz, respectively. The effects of frequency on
mum value at 0.3, which suggests that the rock-­breaking rock-­breaking performance and cutting temperature were
efficiency is relatively high at this torsional load ampli- analyzed, as shown in Figures 18 and 19.
tude. As shown in Figure 17, the cutter temperature in- Figure 18 shows that the rock broken volume increases
creases linearly with the ratio of torsional dynamic load to with the increases in impact frequency, which indicates
static load. The reason is that with the increase of the tor- that increasing the impact frequency is helpful to rock
sional impact load amplitude, the instantaneous normal fragmentation. However, the MSE first decreases and then
force and sliding speed of the cutter increase gradually, increases with the frequency, suggesting that the impact
increasing the heat generated by friction and the cutter frequency has an optimal range under compound impact.
temperature. This is consistent with the conclusions of The rock-­breaking efficiency is higher when the impact
Zhang et al.3 frequency is 30 Hz. As illustrated in Figure 19, as the

46.0 100 46.0 100

Broken volume Broken volume
MSE MSE

45.5 95 45.5 95
Broken volume (mm3)

Broken volume (mm3)

MSE (MPa)

MSE (MPa)
45.0 90 45.0 90

44.5 85 44.5 85

44.0 80 44.0 80
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 10 20 30 40 50
kt Frequency (Hz)

F I G U R E 1 6 Broken volume and MSE at different torsional F I G U R E 1 8 Broken volume and MSE at different compound
impact load amplitudes impact frequencies

80 80

75 75

70
Temperature (°C)

70
Temperature (°C)

65 65

60 60

55 55

50 50
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 10 20 30 40 50
kt Frequency (Hz)

F I G U R E 1 7 Temperature change of cutter at different F I G U R E 1 9 Temperature change of cutter at different

torsional impact load amplitudes compound impact frequencies
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2376 WANG et al.

impact frequency increase, the cutter temperature gradu- 90

Temperature
ally decreases. A possible reason for the above phenome-
non is that when the impact frequency is high, the speed 75
of rock failure and escape is accelerated, which shortens
the contact time between the rock and the cutter, reducing 60

Temperature (°C)
the friction heat transferred to the cutter.
45

4.3.4 | Effect of impact load waveforms 30

Different shapes of the impact hammer can generate dy- 15

namic load with different impact load waveforms, which
will directly affect the rock-­breaking efficiency.38 It is nec- 0
Square wave Sine wave Triangle wave
essary to study the effects of the waveform on the rock-­
breaking performance and cutting temperature. In this
FIGURE 21 Temperature change of cutter at different
section, the impact load amplitude and frequency were waveforms
kept unchanged, and the shapes of the waveform were
changed among triangular wave, sine wave, and square
wave, as defined in Figure 8. The change of broken vol- increase correspondingly under the condition of signifi-
ume, MSE, and cutter temperature under different wave- cant input energy. The energy generated by the friction be-
forms is shown in Figures 20 and 21. tween the cutter and the rock increases, increasing cutter
As shown in Figure 20, the broken volume under the temperature.
condition of a square waveform is the largest, while that
of the sinusoidal waveform is the middle, and that of the
triangular waveform is the smallest. There is a positive 5 | STRUCTURE DESIGN AN D
correlation between rock broken volume and the input TEST OF COMPOUND PERCUSS IV E
energy. However, the MSE under the condition of a tri- DRILLING TOOL
angular waveform is the largest, while that of the square
waveform is the middle, and that of the sinusoidal wave- Based on the above analysis, a novel compound percus-
form is the smallest. The results indicate that the sinusoi- sive drilling tool was designed, as shown in Figure 22. The
dal waveform generated by the impact hammer has the mechanism of this tool is as follows: A part of the high-­
highest rock-­breaking efficiency. This is consistent with pressure fluid alternately enters the upper and the lower
the conclusions of Song et al.12 Comparing Figures 20 and cavities, making the axial percussive hammer move up
21, we can find that the effects of different waveforms on and down, as shown in Figure 22A. At the same time, the
the cutter temperature are consistent with its effects on other part of the high-­pressure fluid alternately enters the
the rock broken volume. The main reason is that the in- left and the right cavities, pushing the torsional percus-
stantaneous depth of cut and slip speed of the cutter will sive hammer swing left and right, as shown in Figure 22B.
Finally, in the process of axial and torsional hammers im-
48 100 pacting the anvil, the periodic axial and torsional dynamic
Broken volume
load are generated, respectively, forming a compound
MSE
45 percussive effect on the bit. The structure diagrams of the
95 axial and torsional hammers are shown in Figure 22C. To
Broken volume (mm3)

42 improve the service life of the compound percussive drill-

MSE (MPa)

ing tool, the 42CrMo steel is employed in the tool com-

39 90 ponents. 42CrMo steel is one of the representatively high
strength steel, and the mechanical parameters are list in
36 Table 2. The simulation results showed that the pulse load
85
generated by axial hammer is an approximately square
33
wave, while the torsional hammer could generate a sine
wave, as shown in Figure 23. The laboratory test results
30 80
Square wave Sine wave Triangle wave suggested that when the flow rate reached 34.0 L/s, the
tool's pressure drop was 3.41 MPa, and the impact fre-
FIGURE 20 Broken volume and MSE at different waveforms quency could reach 28.1 Hz, as shown in Figure 24.
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2377

FIGURE 22 Structure of compound percussive drilling tool

TABLE 2 Mechanical parameters of 42CrMo steel

Density Elastic modulus Poisson's Yield strength Tensile strength Hardness

Material kg/m3 GPa ratio MPa MPa HB
42CrMo steel 7850 206 0.3 930 1080 217

(A) (B)

6000 1200
3 m/s 25 rad/s
5 m/s 50 rad/s
5000 7 m/s 1000 75 rad/s

4000 800
Axial Force (N)

Torque (N·m)

3000 600

2000 400

1000 200

0 0
0.00000 0.00003 0.00006 0.00009 0.00012 0.00015 0.00000 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00005
Time (s) Time (s)

FIGURE 23 (A) Dynamic load by axial impact; (B) Dynamic load by torsional impact

30 4
Besides, the test results also verified the rationality of the Frequency
Pressure drop
tool structure and provided a theoretical basis for the fol- 25
low-­up field application. 3
The field experiment of compound percussive drill-
Pressure drop (MPa)

20
Frequency (Hz)

ing was conducted in a 3335 m deep test well in Xinjiang,

China. The lithology of the drilling section is medium-­ 15 2
hard rock. Under the same drilling parameters, the aver-
age ROP of the 307 m test well section is 5.3 m/h, while 10
that of the adjacent well is 4.2 m/h. The ROP is increased 1
by 26.2% after the application of compound percussive 5
drilling tool. After drilling operation, the PDC bit is still in
good condition, as shown in Figure 25, each blade has only 0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35
smooth wear and slightly broken cutter, and the cutter has Flow rate (L/s)
no thermal wear. The drilling results show that the com-
pound percussive drilling tool can not only improve the FIGURE 24 Laboratory test data of the compound percussive
rock-­breaking efficiency, but also reduce the premature drilling tool
 |   

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
2378 WANG et al.

FIGURE 25 PDC bit after compound percussive drilling in test well

failure of the PDC bit and prolong its service life. The field cutting temperature rises with the dynamic load ampli-
test results further verify the simulation results. tude, and it decreases with an increase in impact fre-
quency. The cutting temperature under the condition
of square waveform is the highest when the dynamic
6 | CO NC LU SION S amplitude of the pulse force is fixed.
4. A novel compound percussive drilling tool was de-
In order to better understand the rock-­breaking mecha- signed based on the analysis of the rock-­breaking
nism of compound percussion drilling, a finite element mechanism under compound impact load. The axial
analysis of the rock-­breaking process and cutting tem- hammer could generate a square wave, while the
perature with a single cutter under compound impact was torsional hammer could generate a sine wave. The
conducted. The cutting force, MSE, and rock failure mode field experiment results show that the tool can ef-
under different rock-­breaking modes were analyzed. The fectively improve the rock-­breaking efficiency of the
effects of the dynamic load amplitude, impact frequency, PDC bit.
and waveforms on the rock-­breaking performance and
cutting temperature of compound percussive drilling were ACKNOWLEDGMENT
studied. The following conclusions were obtained: The authors would like to thank the NSFC Basic Research
Program on Deep Petroleum Resource Accumulation and
1. Among the steady load cutting, axial impact, torsional Key Engineering Technologies (U19B6003), the Youth
impact, and compound impact rock-­breaking modes, Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China
the rock broken volume is the largest under com- (51804013), and the CNPC-­China University of Petroleum
pound impact load, while the average cutting force (Beijing) strategic cooperation project (ZLZX2020-­01) for
and MSE are the smallest. Compared with steady load supporting this work and for permission to publish this
cutting, the rock broken volume under compound im- paper.
pact increased by 7.5%, and MSE decreased by 12.3%,
which is expected to increase the ROP and prolong ORCID
the services life of PDC bit in hard rock drilling. Wei Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2440-0781
2. With the increases of axial impact load amplitude, the Chunqing Zha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-5220
MSE of compound impact drilling increases, and the
amplitude of axial impact load should not be too large. REFERENCES
With the increase in torsional impact load amplitude 1. Gu J, Huang K. Role of cobalt of polycrystalline diamond com-
and impact frequency, the broken volume increases, pact (PDC) in drilling process. Diam Relat Mater. 2016;66:98-­101.
but the MSE decreases first and then increases. The 2. Cheng Z, Li G, Huang Z, Sheng M, Wu X, Yang J. Analytical
optimal torsional static load ratio is 0.3, and the op- modelling of rock cutting force and failure surface in lin-
timal impact frequency is 30 Hz. For the three pulse ear cutting test by single PDC cutter. J Petrol Sci Eng.
2019;177:306-­316.
waveforms—­sine, triangle, and square in this paper,
3. Zhang Z, Zhao D, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Tang Q, Han J. Simulation
the rock-­breaking efficiency under the condition of
and experimental study on temperature and stress field of
sine waveform is the largest when the dynamic ampli- full-­sized PDC bits in rock breaking process. J Petrol Sci Eng.
tude of the pulse force is fixed. 2020;186:106679.
3. Compared with steady load cutting, the cutting tem- 4. Bellin F, Dourfaye A, King W, Thigpen M. The current state of
perature of the compound impact mode is higher. The PDC bit technology. Mater Sci. 2010;231:53-­58.
 |

20500505, 2021, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.990, Wiley Online Library on [23/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
WANG et al.     2379

5. Wang W, Liu G, Li J, Zha C, Lian W. Numerical simulation study 24. Loui JP, Karanam UMR. Heat transfer simulation in
on rock-­breaking process and mechanism of compound impact drag–­ pick cutting of rocks. Tunn Undergr Space Technol.
drilling. Energy Reports. 2021;7:3137-­3148. 2005;20(3):263-­270.
6. Song H, Shi H, Li G, Chen Z, Li X. Numerical simulation of 25. Yang X, Li X, Lu Y. Temperature analysis of drill bit in rock drill-
the energy transfer efficiency and rock damage in axial-­ ing. J Central South Univ (Sci Technol). 2011;42(10):3164-­3169.
torsional coupled percussive drilling. J Petrol Sci Eng. 26. Gao M, Zhang K, Zhou Q, Zhou H, Liu B, Zheng G. Numerical
2021;196:107675. investigations on the effect of ultra-­high cutting speed on the
7. Tian J, Wei L, Zhang T. Dynamic research and experimen- cutting heat and rock-­breaking performance of a single cutter. J
tal analysis of a new downhole drilling tool. Arab J Sci Eng. Petrol Sci Eng. 2020;190:107120.
2019;44(12):10231-­10244. 27. Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Zheng G, He L. Temperature varia-
8. Deen A, Wedel R, Nayan A, Mathison S, Hightower G. tion tests and mechanism analysis of rock breaking by bit cut-
Application of a torsional impact hammer to improve drill- ters. Nat Gas Ind. 2020;40(10):102-­110.
ing efficiency. In: The SPE Annual Technical Conference and 28. Che J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Du M, Ma S. Experimental and
Exhibition. Denver, Colorado, USA; 2011. numerical studies on chip formation mechanism and working
9. Tian J, Fan C, Zhang T, Zhou Y. Rock breaking mechanism in performance of the milling tool with single abrasive grain. J
percussive drilling with the effect of high-­frequency torsional Petrol Sci Eng. 2020;195:107645.
vibration. Energy Sources. 2019;1:1-­25. 29. Wu Z, Yu F, Zhang P, Liu X. Micro-­mechanism study on rock
10. Zhu X, Liu W. The rock breaking and ROP rising mechanism breaking behavior under water jet impact using coupled SPH-­
for single-­tooth high-­frequency torsional impact cutting. Acta FEM/DEM method with Voronoi grains. Eng Anal Boundary
Petrolei Sinica. 2017;38(5):578-­586. Elem. 2019;108:472-­483.
11. Franca LFP. A bit-­rock interaction model for rotary-­percussive 30. Shen Y, Liu H, Wang H, Wu H. Wellbore instability induced by
drilling. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 2011;48(5):827-­835. alternating water injection and well washing with an elasto-­
12. Song H, Shi H, Ji Z, et al. The percussive process and energy plastic erosion model. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;27:1863-­1870.
transfer efficiency of percussive drilling with consideration of 31. Nina Y, Marcin K, Vahid V, Ma L, Wiercigroch M. Calibrated
rock damage. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 2019;119:1-­12. FEM modelling of rock cutting with PDC cutter. MATEC Web
13. Liu G, Li Y, Li J, Zha C, Zhang T, Huo M. New technology with Conf. 2018;148:16006.
composite percussion drilling and rock breaking. Petrol Dril 32. Rahimi R, Nygaard R. Comparison of rock failure criteria
Tech. 2016;44(5):10-­15. in predicting borehole shear failure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci.
14. Li J, Zha C, Liu G, Yang H. Study of a new type of compound 2015;79:29-­40.
percussion drilling tool. In: International Conference on Energy, 33. Zhao Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Gao K, Li J, Xie X. The rock break-
Power and Environmental Engineering; 2017. ing mechanism analysis of axial ultra-­high frequency vibra-
15. Li Y, Yu L, Zhang T, Su Z, Liu J. Numerical simulation of rock tion assisted drilling by single PDC cutter. J Petrol Sci Eng.
breaking mechanism for compound percussion drilling. J Syst 2021;205:108859.
Simul. 2019;31(11):2471-­2476. 34. Mazen AZ, Rahmanian N, Mujtaba IM, Hassanpour A.
16. Zha C, Liu G, Li J, Li Y, Xi Y, Guo B. Combined percussive-­ Effective mechanical specific energy: a new approach for eval-
rotary drilling to increase rate of penetration and life of drill uating PDC bit performance and cutters wear. J Petrol Sci Eng.
bit in drilling hard rock formation. Chem Technol Fuels Oils. 2021;196:108030.
2017;53(2):254-­262. 35. Cheng Z, Sheng M, Li G, et al. Imaging the formation pro-
17. Mu Z, Li G, Huang Z, Song H. Research and field application cess of cuttings: characteristics of cuttings and mechanical
of the axial-­torsional coupled percussion drilling technology. J specific energy in single PDC cutter tests. J Petrol Sci Eng.
Energy Res Technol. 2019;142:1-­18. 2018;171:854-­862.
18. Li Y, Zhang T, Tian Z, Zheng Y, Yang Z. Simulation on com- 36. Zhou Y, Lin J-­S. On the critical failure mode transition depth for
pound percussive drilling: estimation based on multidimen- rock cutting. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 2013;62:131-­137.
sional impact cutting with a single cutter. Energy Reports. 37. Zhu X, Liu W. Rock breaking and ROP rising mechanism of
2021;7:3833-­3843. rotary-­percussive drilling technology. Acta Petrolei Sinica.
19. Liu S, Ni H, Wang X, Wang P, Li N. Numerical study of the com- 2018;39(2):216-­222.
pound vertical and horizontal impact cutting with a single PDC 38. Xi Y, Wang W, Fan L, Zha C, Li J, Liu G. Experimental and nu-
cutter. Energy Reports. 2020;6:1520-­1527. merical investigations on rock-­breaking mechanism of rotary
20. Liu W, Zeng Y, Zhu X, Ding S. Mechanism of rock breaking percussion drilling with a single PDC cutter. J Petrol Sci Eng.
under composite and torsional impact cutting. J Chin Univ 2021;109227.
Petrol. 2020;44(3):74-­80.
21. Wang C, Li S, Zhang L. Evaluation of rock abrasiveness class
based on the wear mechanisms of PDC cutters. J Petrol Sci Eng. How to cite this article: Wang W, Liu G, Li J,
2019;174:959-­967. Zha C, Lian W, Gao R. Numerical investigation on
22. Detournay E, Defourny P. A phenomenological model for the rock-­breaking mechanism and cutting temperature
drilling action of drag bits. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech
of compound percussive drilling with a single PDC
Abstr. 1992;29(1):13-­23.
23. Glowka DA. The thermal response of rock to friction in the drag
cutter. Energy Sci Eng. 2021;9:2364–­2379. https://doi.
cutting process. J Struct Geol. 1989;11(7):919-­931. org/10.1002/ese3.990