JavaScript: Basic, Advanced, & More Cheat Sheet

by AC Winter (acwinter) via cheatography.com/21349/cs/4084/

 About This Document  Number & Math Methods (cont)

the purpose of this cheat sheet is to briefly describe the core elements of  Math.ceil(num)
the JavaScript language for those of studying it who have taken in much • rounds num up to nearest integer
more than we can hold onto well. nothing here is explained in full but rather  Math.floor(num)
meant to get you on the right track. also, this document purposely does
• rounds num down to nearest integer
not cover browse​r-s​pecific methods / syntax / objects and the like.
 Math.max(num1, num2)
 this cheat sheet is a work in progress and may be updated -- check
• returns larger num
back on occasion!
 Math.min(num1, num2)
 Math.pow(num1, num2)
 Types
• returns num1 to the power num2
Type typeOf evalua​tion Prim​iti​ve?  Math.sqrt(num)

Null object yes  Math.random()

• returns decimal between 0 (inclu​sive) and 1(excl​usive)
Undefined undefined yes
 Math.abs(num)
Boolean boolean yes
• returns absolute value of num•
String string yes

Number number yes  Array "​Extra Method​s"

Object object no --an object
 Note: these "​extra method​s," which are "​hig​her​-or​der​" functions, ignore
Function function no --an object holes in the array (i.e.: [“apples”, , , , “orang​es”]). they also have more

Array object no --an object arguments than shown here -- best to look them up for more info!
 Note: array-​like objects, for example argum​ents and NodeL​ists,
Symbol symbol no --an object
can also make use of these methods.
[] object no --an object  arr.some(callback)
{} object no --an object  arr.every(callback)
• returns a boolean value. returns true ifsome or every element in the
 Number & Math Methods array meets the evalua​tion. example:
​ ​ var a = [1,2,3];
 someNum.toFixed(num)
​ ​ var b = a.ever​y(f​unc​tio​n(i​tem){
• shortens someNum to have only num decimal places
 num.toExponential() ​ ​ ​ ​ return item > 1;

• converts num to expone​ntial notation (i.e. 5.569e+0) ​ ​ }); // false

 num.toString()  arr.reduce(function(prev, next){..}, startVal)

• converts num to a string  arr.reduceRight(function(prev, next){..}, startVal)

 num.toPrecision(#) • returns a value. reduce employs a callback to run through the elements
• converts num to a num with # places starting with whole numbers of the array, returning "​pre​v" to itself with each iteration and taking the
 String(someValue) next "​nex​t" value in the array. for it's first "​pre​v" value it will take an

• converts or coerces someValue to a string - someValue can be any type, optional "​sta​rtV​al" if supplied. an intere​sting example:

ie "​Boo​lea​n(1​)" returns true ​ ​ var arr = ["ap​ple​", "​pea​r", "​app​le", "​lem​on"];

 parseInt(string, radix) ​ ​ var c = arr.re​duc​e(f​unc​tio​n(prev, next) {

 parseFloat(string, radix) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​pr​ev[​next] = (prev[​next] += 1) || 1;

• converts a string into an integer. the optional radix argument defines the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​return prev;
base -- i.e., base 10 (decimal) or base 16 (hexad​eci​mal).
 Math.round(num)
• rounds num to nearest integer

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 JavaScript: Basic, Advanced, & More Cheat Sheet
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 Array "​Extra Method​s" (cont)  Functions & Etc.

​ ​ }, {});  Callbacks: placing ( ) after a function call executes it immedi​ately.

​ ​ // objCount = { apple: 2, pear: 1, lemon: 1 } leaving these off allows for a callback.

 arr.filter(function(){..}) Function Declar​ation

• returns an array. filter returns an array of elements that satisfy a given  function aFunct​ionName (args) {...

callback. example: • functions created in this manner are evaluated when the code is parsed
​ ​ var arr2 = ["ji​m", "​nan​cy", "​ned​"]; and are 'hoisted' to the top and are available to the code even before

​ ​ var letter3 = arr2.f​ilt​er(​fun​cti​on(​item) { they're formally declared. Note: Due to JS's odd constr​uction, using
function declar​ations within a flow control statement can be wonky and is
​ ​ ​ ​ ​return (item.l​ength === 3);
best avoided.
​ ​}
​ );
Function Expression / Anonymous Functi​ons
​ ​c
​ o​nso​le.l​og​(le​tter3); // ['jim', 'ned']
 var bar = function (args) {...
 arr.sort(function(){..})
• (also referred to as 'Function Operat​ors') anonymous functions are
• returns the original array, mutated. sort returns the elements sorted with evaluated at 'runtime' and are therefore less memory intensive. they must
a given criteria. for example: be provided a variable name but need not have a function name
​ ​ var stock = [{key: “r”, num: 12}, {key: “a”, num: (there​fore: anonym​ous). [these are ]
2}, {key: “c”, num: 5}]; Named Function Expres​sion
​ ​ var c = stock.s​or​t(f​unc​tio​n(a,b) {  var bar = function foo (args) {...

​ ​ ​ ​ ​return a.num - b.num; • confus​ingly, this is still an 'anonymous function.' assigning a name is

​ ​ } ); // [ { key: ‘a', num: 2 }, { key: ‘c', num: 5 useful for debugging purposes and also allows for self-r​efe​rential /
recursive calls
}, { key: ‘r', num: 12 } ]
Function Constr​uctor
 arr.map()
 var anothe​rFu​nction = new Function (args, function
• returns an array. map goes over every element in the array, calls a
() {... }) {...}
callback on the element, and sets an element in the new array to be equal
to the return value the callback. for example: • equivalent to a functional expression

​ ​ var stock = [{key: "​red​", num: 12}, {key: "​blu​e", Self​-In​voking Anonymous Functi​ons
 ( function (args) { doSome​thing; } ) ( );
num: 2}, {key: "​bla​ck", num: 2}];
• (also known as IIFEs / 'Immed​iately Invoked Function Expres​sions') and
​ ​ var b = stock.m​ap​(fu​nction (item){
invokes immedi​ately
​ ​ ​ ​ ​return item.key;
​ ​ }) // ["re​d","b​lue​"​,"bl​ack​"]
 Loops / Control Flow Statements
 arr.forEach()
if .. else if .. else
• no return value. forEach performs an operation on all elements of the
array. for example: ​ ​ if (consi​dtion1) {

​ ​ var arr = [“jim”, “mary”]; ​ ​ ​ ​ doSome​thing;

​ ​a
​ .f​orEach (function (item) { ​ ​ } else if {

​ ​ ​ ​ consol​e.l​og(​"I simply love “ +item); ​ ​ ​ doSome​thi​ngE​lse;

​ ​ }); // “I simply love jim”, “I simply love mary" ​ ​ } else {

 Note: you can combine array methods in achain where the result of the ​ ​ ​ doSome​thi​ngM​ore;
leftmost operation is passed to the right as such: ​ ​}
array.so​rt(​).r​eve​rse​()... for loop
​ ​ for (var i = 0; i < someNu​mber; i++) {
​ ​ doSome​thing;
​ ​}
switch loop

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 JavaScript: Basic, Advanced, & More Cheat Sheet
by AC Winter (acwinter) via cheatography.com/21349/cs/4084/

 Loops / Control Flow Statements (cont)  String Methods, Properties & Etc (cont)

​ ​ ​ switch (someE​val​uation) { • returns the index of the last occurrence of subString

​ ​ case "​eva​lua​tes​AsT​his​" :  str.length

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ doSome​thing; • returns length of str starting at 1

​ ​ case "​eva​lua​tes​AsT​hat​" :  str.match(pattern)

​ ​ ​ ​ doSome​thi​ngE​lse; • returns null if not found. returns an array of all matches

 str.match(/pattern/g)
​ ​}
• provides global search of string
while loop
 str.replace(old, new)
​ ​w
​ hile (someE​val​uation === true) {
 str.search(pattern)
​ ​ ​ doSome​thing;
• returns index of first match or -1 if not found
​ ​}
 str.substring(index1, index2)
do .. while
• char at index1 is returned, index2 is not
​ ​ do {
 str.split(char)
​ ​ ​ doSome​thing;
• returns an array of str split on char
​ ​}  str.substr(index1, num)
​ ​w
​ hile (someE​val​uation === true); • returns substring starting at index1 and running num letters
for .. in (objec​ts)  str.toLowerCase()
​ ​ for (anItem in anObject) {  str.toUpperCase()
​ ​ ​ ​ doSome​thing With anItem;  str.toLocaleLowerCase()
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ // will be the key • takes local language settings into account
​ ​ ​ ​ doSome​thi​ngWith Object​[an​Item];  str.toLocaleUpperCase()
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ // will be the value of that key • ibid
​ ​}  Number(var/string/object)
• converts to number. "​tru​e" converts to 1, etc

 "t​his​"  one.concat(two)
• concat​enates string​/array one with two
coming soon  JSON.stringify( )
• converts a javascript value/​object into a string
 String Methods, Properties & Etc  JSON.parse ( )

 a string can be coerced into an array so many array methods are • converts a JSON string into a javascript object
applicable as well
 Date Methods
 str.charAt(num)
 Note: Unix epoch is January 1, 1970
• returns the character in str at index num
 var today = new Date();
 str.charCodeAt(num)
• creates date object for now
• returns the unicode value of the char
 var someDate = new Date("june 30, 2035");
String.fr​omC​har​Cod​e(num)`
• creates date object for arbitrary date
• returns the character with unicode's num
 var today = Date.n​ow();
 str.indexOf(char)
• returns -1 if char not found in str
 str.lastIndexOf(subString)

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 JavaScript: Basic, Advanced, & More Cheat Sheet
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 Date Methods (cont)  Array Methods (basic)

• returns number of millis​econds since epoch  Note: index numbers for arrays start at 0
 parse()  arr.length()
• returns millis​econds between date and Unix epoch.  arr. push(val)
 toDateString() • adds val to end of arr
 toTimeString()  arr. pop()
 toLocalTimeString() • deletes last item in arr
 arr. shift()

 Get / Set Date Methods • deletes first item in arr

 arr.unshift(val)
• getDate() • getHours()
• adds val to front of arr
• getDay() • getMil​​li​s​e​co​​nds()  arr.reverse ()
• getFul​​lY​ear() • getMin​​utes()  arr1.concat(arr2)

• getMonth() • getSec​​onds() • concat​enates arr1 with arr2

 arr.join(char)
• getTime() • getTim​​ez​o​n​eO​​ffset()
• returns string of elements of arr joined by char
 Note: there are also 'set' methods such as setMo​nth().  arr.slice(index1, index2)
 Note: getDay and getMonth return numeric repres​ent​ations starting
• returns a new array from arr from index1 (inclu​sive) to index2
with 0.
(exclu​sive)
 arr.splice(index, num, itemA, itemB,..)
 Miscel​laneous Instru​ctions
• alters arr. starting at index and through index+num, overwr​ite​s/adds

 break; itemsA..

• breaks out of the current loop

 continue;  Defini​tions & Lingo

• stops current loop iteration and increments to next Higher Order Functi​ons
 isNaN(someVar)
functions that accept other functions as an argument
• returns true if not a number
 isFinite(someVar) Scope

 var aVar = anObje​ct[​anA​ttr​ibute] || "​non​esu​ch"; the set of variables, objects, and functions available within a certain
• assigns a default value if none exists block of code
 var aVar = anEval​uation ? trueVal : falseVal;
Call​back
• ternary operator. assigns trueVal to aVar if anEval​uation is true, falseVal
(also event handler) a reference to executable code, or a piece of
if not
executable code, that is passed as an argument to other code.
 delete anObje​ct[​anA​ttr​ibute]
 (aProperty in anObject) the % operator

• returns true or false if aProperty is a property of anObject % returns the remainder of a division such that "3 % 2 = 1" as 2 goes
 eval(someString) into 3 once leaving 1. called the "​rem​ain​der​" or "​mod​ulo​" operator.
• evaluates a someString as if it was JavaSc​ript. i.e. eval("var x = 2+3")
Comp​osi​tion
returns 5
the ability to assemble complex behaviour by aggreg​ating simpler
behavior. chaining methods via dot syntax is one example.

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 JavaScript: Basic, Advanced, & More Cheat Sheet
by AC Winter (acwinter) via cheatography.com/21349/cs/4084/

 Defini​tions & Lingo (cont)  Defini​tions & Lingo (cont)

Chai​ning Method

also known as casca​ding, refers to repeatedly calling one method an object property has a function for its value.
after another on an object, in one continuous line of code.

Naming Collis​ions  Reserved Words

where two or more identi​fiers in a given namespace or a given scope abstract arguments boolean break
cannot be unambi​guously resolved byte case catch char
DRY class const continue debugger

Don't Repeat Yourself default delete do double

ECMA​Scr​ipt else enum eval export

(also ECMA-​262) the specif​ication from which the JavaScript extends false final finally
implem​ent​ation is derived. version 5.1 is the current release. float for function goto

Arity if implements import in

refers to the number of arguments an operator takes. ex: a binary instanceof int interface let
function takes two arguments long native new null
Curr​ying package private protected public

refers to the process of transf​orming a function with multiple arity into return short static super
the same function with less arity switch synchr​onized this throw
Recu​rsion throws transient true try

an approach in which a function calls itself typeof var void volatile

Pred​icate while with yield

a calcul​ation or other operation that would evaluate either to "​tru​e" or

 Protot​ype​-based Inheri​tance
“false.”

Asyn​chr​onous coming soon

program flow that allows the code following anasync​hro​nous

statement to be executed immedi​ately without waiting for it to complete
first.

Callback Hell

code thickly nested with callbacks within callback within callbacks.

Clos​ure

a function with access to the global scope, it's parent scope (if there is
one), and it's own scope. a closure may retain those scopes even after
it's parent function has retur​ned.

IIFE

Immedi​ately Invoked Function Expres​sions. prono​unced "​iff​y." a

function that is invoked immedi​ately upon creation. employs a unique
syntax.

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 Core Java Cheat Sheet
by evanescesn09 via cheatography.com/88543/cs/20288/

OOP Abstra​ction (cont)

Encaps​ The process of binding related Using access Interface Blueprint of a class. It contains only static, final Used:
ulation classes, objects and operations modifiers, variables and only unimpl​emented methods. to
together is called Encaps​ulation packages Classes implement the interface should support

Abstra​‐ The process of specifying what to do Using abstract implement all methods of the interface, or be multiple
ction without specifying how to do it classes and declared abstract inheri​‐
interfaces tance

Inheri​‐ When one class inherits the Using Aggreg​‐ Abstract classes don't support multiple inheri​tance, whereas
tance properties of another class ation, Compos​‐ interfaces do
ition
Inheri​tance
Polymo​ Same thing is done in different ways Using compil​e-
rphism time and run-time Aggreg​‐ When one class contains a reference Loosely coupled
polymo​rphism ation of another class classes

Associ​‐ When one class is made up of Tightly coupled

Encaps​ulation ation another class classes
default accessible to classes only in the same package Java does't support multiple inheri​tance directly, it supports it only
public accessible to all classes in any package via Interfaces
private accessible to only a specific method, or class
Polymo​rphism
protected accessible to classes in the same package, and sub-cl​‐
asses of this class Compil​ Also called overlo​ading. When methods have same name
e-time but different signature (retur​n-type, number of parame​ters,
Abstra​ction type of parameters etc)

Abstract When a class has one or more Used: When default Run- Also called overri​ding. When child-​classes over-write
Class unimpl​emented methods, it implem​ent​ation is time method implem​ent​ations of parent​-class.
should be declared abstract. needed for some
The sub-cl​asses should provide methods, and specific static keyword
implem​ent​ation for the unimpl​‐ implem​ent​ations for static Shared by all members of the class. It can be accessed
emented methods, else they other methods based field before objects are created
should also be declared abstract on the class implem​‐
static Can be accessed without creating an instance of the class.
enting them
method They can only access static variables and static methods.
Cannot access this or super

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 Core Java Cheat Sheet
by evanescesn09 via cheatography.com/88543/cs/20288/

static keyword (cont) String Immuta​bility

static Used when some comput​ation is to be done to initialize the

block static variables. This block is executed once when the class Strings in java are immutable because changing the value of a String
is initially loaded into memory literal changes the value of other Strings that reference the literal,
static We cannot declare top-level classes as static. Only inner which leads to incons​istency in the program. To prevent this, strings
class classes can be static. A static class cannot access non-static in java are immutable.
members of the Outer class. It can access only static
members of Outer class Storing passwords in Strings

final
It is best to store passwords as char[ ] because if passwords are
fields treated as constants stored as Strings, the string tends to be in the JVM pool even after
methods cannot be overridden by child classes all references to it no longer exist. This causes a vulner​ability in the
system. In case of Char[ ], once all the references to char[ ] are
classes cannot be inherited
gone, the Java Garbage Collector deletes the char[ ] to preserve
memory. So, it's safer.
finalize( )

String​Bui​lder, String​Buffer
finalize() method is a protected and non-static method of java.l​‐
String​Builder To create mutable strings in Java
ang.Object class. This method will be available in all objects you
String​Buffer To create thread​-safe mutable strings in Java
create in java. This method is used to perform some final operations
or clean up operations on an object before it is removed from the
String methods
memory
s.char​At(int index)
String Creation s.comp​are​To(s2), s.comp​are​ToI​gno​reC​ase(s2)
Literal : Creates Strings in String pool, in JVM. Multiple strings s.conc​at(s2)
String s can have same value. Only one copy of the word exists
s.cont​ain​s(s​equence of charac​ters)
="" in the String pool, and the references of it are updated.
s.equa​ls(s2), s.equa​lsI​gno​reC​ase(s2)
Object: Creates a string object in heap. The heap in-turn checks
s.length()
String s the JVM String Pool to see if there exists a string with
= new same value. s.repl​ace​(ch​ara​cter, replac​ement) )
String( ); s.repl​ace​All​(ch​ara​cter, replac​ement)

String s1 = "​abc​"; s.subS​tri​ng(int startI​ndex)

String s2 = "​abc​"; s.subS​tri​ng(int startI​ndex, int endIndex)
s1 == s2 returns true;
s.toUp​per​Case( ), s.toLo​wer​Case( )
======​===​===​===​=======
s.toCh​arA​rray()
String s1 = new String​("ab​c");
String s2 = new String​("ab​c"); s.trim( )
s1 == s2 returns false; String s = String.va​lue​Of(int, or long or double)
But s1.equ​als(s2) returns true; String[] s1 = s.split( String regex)
String[] s1 = s.spli​t(S​tring regex, int limit )

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 Core Java Cheat Sheet
by evanescesn09 via cheatography.com/88543/cs/20288/

String​Buffer, Stribg​Builder methods

s.appe​nd(s2)
s.dele​teC​har​At(int index)
s.inde​xOf​(string ), s.inde​xOf​(st​ring, fromIndex)
s.inse​rt(int index, object​Value)
s.repl​ace(int startI​ndex, int endIndex, String)
s.reverse( )
s.toSt​ring( )
s.trim​ToSize( )
s.setC​har​At(int index, charSe​quence)

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 Sorting Cheat Sheet
by evanescesn09 via cheatography.com/88543/cs/20303/

Sorting Merge Sort (cont) Selection Sort

Sorting is rearra​nging the given data in a Time O(nlogn) - logn to sort half the Technique
specific format- ascending or descen​ding. Complexity data in each recursion, n to Best Used only for small set of data, it
The purpose of sorting elements is to merge all the input data to doesn't scale well for larger
greatly improve the efficiency of searching give the final sorted output data sets
while doing comput​ations on the data. Space O(n) extra space required How? Find min value in the list,
In Java, we can sort primitive data (using Complexity when merging back the swap it with element at
sorting algori​thms) , or user-d​efined data sorted data current index. Repeat the
(using Comparable or Comparator interf​‐
Merge Sort does not preserve ordering or process till the list is sorted.
aces)
elements of the same value Time O(n^2)
We have 2 main kinds of sorting:
Complexity
1. Internal Sorting - done in main memory Insertion Sort
Space O(1) - because it is done in
2. External Sorting - algorithms that use
Technique Complexity place
external memory like tape, or a disk for
sorting. Best used for small data
Heap Sort
External sorting is used when data is too Advantages Preserves insertion order of
large to fit into main memory. elements of same values Technique Divide and Conquer

How? Removes an element from Best Used Priority Queues

Bubble Sort the input list and insert into How? Insert all elements into a heap
Technique Brute Force the correct position of the (minHeap or MaxHeap). Then
already sorted list. remove elements from the
How? Each element is compared
with every other element, and Time O(n^2) heap till the heap is empty.
when they are not in correct Complexity Heap The main property of a heap
order, they are swapped Space O(1) - because it is done in is that it always contains the
Time n^2 Complexity place min/max element at the root.
Complexity As elements are inserted and
Quick Sort deleted, the heap makes use
Space O(1) - because it is done in
of the "​hea​pif​y" property to
Complexity place Technique Divide and Conquer
ensure that the min/max
How? Select a pivot element. Split
element is always at the root.
Merge Sort the array into 2 parts -
So, always the min/max
Technique Divide and Conquer elements less than pivot and
element is returned when the
elements > pivot. Recurs​ively
Best Used when merging 2 or more heap is dequeued
repeat this process till all the
already sorted input lists Time O(nlogn)
elements are sorted.
How? Dividing the input data into half Complexity
Time O(n logn)
recurs​ively till each input is of Space O(n)
Complexity
size=1. Then merging the
sorted data into one Space O(1) - it is done in place
Complexity

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 Design Patterns: Observer, Interpreter, Memento Cheat Sheet
by ppesq via cheatography.com/20490/cs/3257/

OBSERVER MEMENTO INTERP​RETER

one-to​-many dependency between subject and provides the ability to restore an object to its Represent the grammar of a language with a
observers, so that when subject changes, the previous state hierar​chical object​-or​iented design.
observers are notified and updated.
a memento is like a magic cookie that The language is usually a domain specific
a way of notifying change to a number of encaps​ulates a checkpoint capability language.
classes
Questions Questions
Questions
What problem does it solve? What problem does it solve?
What is it?
you want to save the state of an object so A language must be parsed and
many objects need to be notified of changes that you can restore it later. interp​reted.
in the state of one object
Where have I seen it before? Where have I seen it before?
Where have I seen it before? Git or any version control system for that Parsers
RSS feeds or any pub/sub system you might matter. A memento makes rollbacks
have used/coded possible.
Ok, this is cool. What do I need to
implement it?
Ok, this is cool. What do I need to Ok, this is cool. What do I need to
implement it? implement it?

1. An originator class (class that has a state

that needs to be rememb​ered)
1. A Context class that contains the input.
2. A caretaker class (class that wants to modify
1. A Subject Abstract Class and an Observer 2. An Abstra​ctE​xpr​ession class, a composite
the state of the origin​ator)
Abstract Class object of terminals and non-te​rmi​nals.
3. A memento class that holds originator
2. Concrete subject and observer class that 3. The client passes the context to the abstract
inform​ation that can't be modified by any other
implement above pattern. expres​sion, which calls the interp​ret() function
class. It is merely a container.
The concrete subject registers its observers on its children.

Example
Example Example
A prog​ram​mer (caret​aker) asks for a copy
A refe​ree (concrete subject) notifies all the A roman numeral (context) is converted into
(memento) of the code (origi​nator) he/she is
play​ers and comm​ent​ators (concrete decimal notation by the parser (Abstract
modifying. Later he/she decides he doesn't like
observ​ers) about changes in the state of a Expres​sion).
the new state of the code so he restores it with
Soccer match. Each player must be notifi​able. Deriv​ation: LIV => 50 + IV => 50 + (-1 + 5) =>
the copy it still has.
50 + 4 => 54

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 Design Patterns: Observer, Interpreter, Memento Cheat Sheet
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Advantages Disadv​antages

Obse​rver: minimal coupling; easy addition and Obse​rver: Possible memory leak; Objects
removal of observers might need to work hard to deduce what
changed in the subject.
Meme​nto: it is an encaps​ulated copy so it
avoids exposing its info; the storage burden is Meme​nto: Copy operation to a memento can
on the caretaker, not on originator be costly for the origin​ator; Caretaker might
have large storage costs.
Inte​rpr​eter: easy to
change​/ex​ten​d/i​mpl​eme​nt/​eva​luate a language Inte​rpr​eter: Complex grammars are hard to
maintain and debug.

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 Java Fundamentals Cheat Sheet
by sschaub via cheatography.com/1000/cs/464/

Java Data Types Java Statements (cont) Java String Methods

byte / short / int / long -123, 10 switch ( expre​ssion ) { s.le​ngth() length of s

float / double 235.13 ​ case value: s.ch​arA​t(i) extract ith character

​ ​ ​ ​st​ate​ments
char 'U' s.su​bst​rin​g( ​start, substring from start to
​ ​ ​ ​break;
end) end-1
boolean true, false ​ case value2:
​ ​ ​ ​st​ate​ments s.to​Upp​erC​ase() returns copy of s in ALL
String "​Gre​etings from earth"
​ ​ ​ ​break; CAPS
​ ​def​ault: s.to​Low​erC​ase() returns copy of s in
Java Statements
​ ​ ​ ​st​ate​ments lowercase
If Statem​ent }
s.in​dex​Of(x) index of first occurence of
if ( expre​ssion ) { Exce​ption Handling
x
​ s​ t​ate​ments try {
} else if ( expre​ssion ) { ​ ​sta​tem​ents; s.re​pla​ce(​old, search and replace
​ s​ t​ate​ments } catch (Exce​pti​onType e1) { new)
} else { ​ ​sta​tem​ents; s.sp​lit​( r​egex) splits string into tokens
​ s​ ta
​ te​ments } catch (Exception e2) {
s.trim() trims surrou​nding
} ​ ​cat​ch-all statem​ents;
whitespace
While Loop } finally {
s.eq​ual​s(s2) true if s equals s2
while ( expre​ssion ) { ​ ​sta​tem​ents;
​ s​ t​ate​ments } s.co​mpa​reT​o(s2) 0 if equal/+ if s > s2/- if s
} < s2
Do-While Loop Java Data Conver​sions
See
do {
String to Number http:/​/do​cs.o​ra​cle.co​m/j​ava​se/​6/d​ocs​/ap​i/j​ava​/la​ng/​
​ s​ t​ate​ments
Str​ing.html for more.
} while ( expre​ssion ); int i = Intege​r.p​ars​eIn​t(​str);
double d = Double.pa​rse​Dou​ble​(s​tr);
For Loop
Any Type to String java.u​til.Ar​rayList Methods
for ( int i = 0; i < max; ++i) {
String s = String.va​lue​Of(​va​lue);
​ s​ t​ate​ments l.ad​d(​itm) Add itm to list
} Numeric Conver​sions
l.ge​t(i) Return ith item
For Each Loop int i = (int) numeric expres​sion;
l.size() Return number of items
for ( var : colle​ction ) {
​ s​ t​ate​ments l.re​mov​e(i) Remove ith item
} l.se​t(i, val) Put val at position i
Switch Statem​ent
ArrayL​ist​<St​rin​g> names =
​ new ArrayL​ist​<St​rin​g>();

See
http:/​/do​cs.o​ra​cle.co​m/j​ava​se/​6/d​ocs​/ap​i/j​ava​/ut​il/​
Arr​ayL​ist.html for more.

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 Java Fundamentals Cheat Sheet
by sschaub via cheatography.com/1000/cs/464/

java.u​til.Ha​shMap Methods Java Boolean Operators

m.pu​t(​key,​ ​value) Inserts value with key ! x (not) x && y (and) x || y (or)

m.ge​t(​key) Retrieves value with key

Java Text Formatting
m.co​nta​ins​Key​( key true if contains key
) printf style format​ting
System.ou​t.p​rin​tf(​"​Count is %d\n", count);
HashMa​p<S​tÂ​​rin​Â​g​,St​rin​g> names =
s = String.fo​rma​t("Count is %d", count);
​ new HashMa​p<S​tÂ​​rinÂ​g, String​>();
Mess​age​Format style format​ting

See s = Messag​eFo​rma​t.f​ormat(

http:/​/do​cs.o​ra​cle.co​m/j​ava​se/​6/d​ocs​/ap​i/j​ava​/ut​il/​ ​ ​"At {1,time}, {0} eggs hatche​d.",

Has​hMa​p.html for more. ​ 25, new Date());

Indi​vidual Numbers and Dates
s = Number​For​mat.ge​tCu​rre​ncy​Ins​tance()
Java Hello World
​ .fo​rma​t(x);
import java.u​til.Date; s = new Simple​Dat​eFo​rma​t(""h:mm a"")
public class Hello { ​ .fo​rma​t(new Date());
​ ​public static void main(S​tring[] args) { s = new Decima​lFo​rma​t("#​,##​0.0​0")
​ ​ ​ ​Sys​tem.ou​t.p​rin​tln​("Hello, world!​"); ​ .fo​rma​t(1​25.32);
​ ​ ​ Date now = new Date();
See
​ ​ ​ ​Sys​tem.ou​t.p​rin​tln​("Time: " + now);
http:/​/do​cs.o​ra​cle.co​m/j​ava​se/​6/d​ocs​/ap​i/j​ava​/te​xt/​
​}
pac​kag​e-f​ram​e.html for Messag​eFormat and
}
related classes
* Save in Hello.java
* Compile: javac Hello.j​ava
* Run: java Hello

Java Arithmetic Operators

x+y add x-y subtract

x*y multiply x/y divide

x%y modulus ++x / x++ increment

--x / x-- decrement

Assignment shortcuts: x op= y

Example: x += 1 increments x

Java Comparison Operators

x<y Less x <= y Less or eq

x>y Greater x >= y Greater or eq

x == y Equal x != y Not equal

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 OO_Java Cheat Sheet
by tarinya via cheatography.com/25055/cs/6436/

Typ Konversion Rekursion Generics (cont)

public boolean groupSum(int start, public <T extends Person> T set (T element)
int[] nums, int target) { {...}
<T>: Beding​ungen für Input
​ if (start >= nums.l​ength) return
T : Rückga​betyp
(target == 0);
Wildca​rd-Typ (Nutzen: Typa​rgu​ment nicht
​ if (group​Sum​(start + 1, nums,
relevant)
target - nums[s​tart])) return
true; Node<?> undef --> kein Lesen & schreiben
ausser: Object o = undef.g​et​Val​ue();
schwarze Pfeile: expliziet ​ if (group​Sum​(start + 1, nums,
rote Pfeile: impliziet, evt Genaui​gke​its​verlust target)) return true;
Lambdas
alles andere impliziet ​ ​return false;}
Collec​tio​n<S​tri​ng> (p1, p2) -> p1.get​Age() –
Switch​-St​atement validP​are​nth​ese​s(int nofPairs){ p2.get​Age()

switch (Ausdruck) { ​ ​Col​lec​tio​n<S​tri​ng> list = new p -> p.getAge() >= 18

case Wert1: ArrayL​ist​<>();
peopl​e.s​ort​((p1, p2) ->
​ ​ ​Anw​eis​ungen; ​ if (nofPairs == 0)
p1.get​Nam​e().co​mpa​reT​o(p​2.g​etN​ame​()
​ ​ ​break; {list.a​dd​("");} else {
));
case Wert2: ​ ​ ​ for (int k = 0; k < nofPairs;
peopl​e.s​ort​(Co​mpa​rat​or.c​om​par​ing​(P
​ ​ ​Anw​eis​ungen; k++) {
e​rso​n::​get​Las​tNa​me).th​enC​omp​ari​ng(​P
​ ​ ​break; ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Col​lec​tio​n<S​tri​ng> infixes =
er​son​::g​etF​irs​tNa​me));
default: validP​are​nth​ese​s(k);
​ ​ ​Anw​eis​ungen; ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Col​lec​tio​n<S​tri​ng> suffixes = Utils.re​mov​eAl​l(p​eople, person ->

} validP​are​nth​ese​s(n​ofPairs - k - person.ge​tAge() < 18);

1); peopl​e.s​ort​(Co​mpa​rat​or.c​om​par​ing(p1
Wenn Ausdruck Wert1 entspr​icht, wird
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for (String infix : infixes)
Anweisung 1 ausgef​ührt... -> p1.get​Las​tNa​me(​).l​eng​th(​)));
{
Syntax: (Param​eter) -> {Body}
Typ Polymo​rph​ismus ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ for (String suffix :
suffixes) {
car extends vehicle StreamAPI
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​lis​t.a​dd(​"​(" + infix +
@Override people
"​)" + suffix​);}}}}
drive(){}
​ ​return list;} .stream()
Vehicle v = new Car();
.filter(p -> p.getAge() >= 18)
//calls drive of Car not Vehicle
Generics .map(p -> p.getL​ast​Name())
v.drive();
.sorted()
allg. Form
Klasse hat eigenen Typ plus alle Typen der .forEa​ch(​Sys​tem.ou​t::​pri​ntln);
class Pair<T​,U>
Superk​lassen. people.st​rea​m().ma​pTo​Int(p ->
versch​iedene "​Bri​lle​n" TypeBound (Bedin​gungen für Type) p.getA​ge())
Dynamic Dispatch = dynami​scher Typ zur class Node<T extends Comparable<T>> .avera​ge(​).i​fPr​ese​nt(​Sys​tem.ou​t::​pr
Laufzeit entsch​eidet über aufger​ufene Node<Person>//ok Node<S​tud​ent​>//​Error i​ntln);
Methoden.
Multiple TypeBounds (mit & anhängen) Map<St​ring, Intege​r>
class Node<T extends Person & totalA​geB​yCity =
Compar​abl​e<P​ers​on>>

generische Methode

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 OO_Java Cheat Sheet
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StreamAPI (cont) Datentypen Arithmetik

​ ​peo​ple.st​ream() byte 8 bit (27 bis 27-1) 1 / 0 --> ArithmeticException: /

​ .co​llect( short 16 bit by zero
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Col​lec​tor​s.g​rou​pin​gBy​(Pe​rso​n: 1 / 0.0 --> Infinity
int 32 bit
:​get​City, -1.0 / 0 --> -Infinity
long 64 bit (1L)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Col​lec​tor​s.s​umm​ing​Int​(Pe​rso​n: 0 / 0.0 --> NaN
float 32 bit (0.1f)
:​get​Age)));
double 64 bit
Arithmetik Overlo​ading
endliche Quelle: IntSt​rea​m.r​ange(1,
100) Operat​or-Prio int operate(int x, int y) { ... }

unendl. Quelle: Random random = new double operat​e(int x, double y) {

+,-,++​,--,! (unär)
Random(); ... }
*, /, % double operat​e(d​ouble x, double y)
Stream.ge​ner​ate​(ra​ndo​m::​nex​tIn​t).l​i
m​it(​100) +, - (binär) { ... }
<, <=, >, >=
operate(1, 2); --> meth 1
FileRe​ade​r/W​riter ==, != operat​e(1.0, 2); --> meth 3
&& operate(1, 2.0); --> meth 2
private static void reverteText()
throws FileNotFoundException, ||
Overlo​ading
IOException{
​ try (FileR​eader reader = new Rundun​gsf​ehler

FileRe​ade​r("i​npu​t.t​xt"); 0.1+0.1​+0.1 != 0.3

​ ​ ​ ​ ​Fil​eWriter writer = new
Problem: x == y
FileWr​ite​r("o​utp​ur.t​xt​")){ double​/float
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ int value = reader.re​ad();
Lösung Math.a​bs(x – y) <
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​String text = "​";
1e-6
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​while (value >=0){
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ text = (char)​value + text; Beding​ung​sop​erator
Integer Literal
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​value = reader.re​ad();}
binär 0b10 = 2 max = left > right ? left : right;
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​wri​ter.wr​ite​(te​xt);}}
oktal 010 = 8 wenn left>right wird max = left, sonst max=right
Sichtb​arkeit hex 0x10 = 16
Package prio
public alle Klassen opt. 1000 = 1_000
own class (inc. nested class)
protected Package und Sub-Kl​assen
single type imports -> import p2.A;
private nur innerhalb Klasse
class in same package
(keines) innerhalb Package
import on demand -> import p2.*

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 OO_Java Cheat Sheet
by tarinya via cheatography.com/25055/cs/6436/

Enum Input/​Output Collec​tions (cont)

public enum Color { try (BufferedInputStream Set Set<T> hs = new

​ ​ ​BLU​E(1), RED(2); inputBuffer = new bis(new HashSe​t<>();
​ ​ ​private final int code; FileInputStream(pathSource)); Map Map<U​,T> hm = new
​ ​ ​private Color(int code) { Buffer​edO​utp​utS​tream outputB = new
HashMa​p<>();
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​thi​s.code = code;} bos(new
Itera​tor​<T> it = a.iter​ator();
​ ​ ​public int getCol​orV​alue() { FileOu​tpu​tSt​rea​m(p​ath​Tar​get))) {
while(​it.h​as​Next()) {..}
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​return code;}} ​ ​ ​byte[] byteBuffer = new
byte[4​096]; Colle​cti​ons.so​r needs Comparable on
t(​Object o) o
Method​enr​eferenz ​ ​ int value =
inputB​uff​er.r​ea​d(b​yte​Buf​fer); for (Map.E​ntr​y<C​har​acter, Double>
people.sort(this::compareByAge)
​ ​ ​while (value >= 0) { entry: map.en​try​Set())
int compar​eBy​Age​(Person p1, Person
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​out​put​B.w​rit​e(b​yte​Buffer, 0,
p2){return p1.age - p2.age;} LIST/SET: add(), remove()
value);
LIST: get(index)
people.sort(Sorter::compareByAge)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​value = MAP: put(key, value), remove​(ke​y),​get​Key()
static int compar​eBy​Age​(Person p1,
inputB​uff​er.r​ea​d(b​yte​Buf​fer);}}
Person p2){return p1.age - p2.age;}
catch (FileN​otF​oun​dEx​ception e) { Interface vs. Abstract Class
Sorter sorter = new Sorter(); ​ ​ ​Sys​tem.ou​t.p​rin​tln​("File not
Methoden implizit public, evt abstract,
people.sort(sorter::compareByAge); found: "+e); abstract nie private
} catch (IOExc​eption e) {
Variablen KONSTANTEN normal,
Serial​isieren ​ ​ ​Sys​tem.ou​t.p​rin​tln​("re​ading
(impl. public Constr​uctor
OuputStream fos = new Error:​"​+e);} static final) mit super()
FileOutputStream("serial.bin"); Vererbung imple​ments extends a
try (Objec​tOu​tpu​tStream stream = String Pooling a,b
new Object​Out​put​Str​eam​(fos)){ String a = "OO", b = "Prog", c =
Abstract Method (in abs. cl.):
​ ​ ​str​eam.wr​ite​Obj​ect​(pe​rson); "OOProg"; public abstract void report(); kein
} //true Rumpf{}
needs Serial​izable interface a == "​OO"; c == "​OO" + "​Pro​g"; in interface: void report();

serial​isiert alle direkt & inderekt referenz. Obj (a+b).e​qu​als(c); I. Methode mit Rumpf: default void
//false report​(){...}
a + b == c; interface I1 extends I2,I3
class C2 extends C1 implements I1,
String Literals gepoolt. True Fälle --> es
werden keine neuen Objekte erstellt I2

Intege​r-P​ooling -128 bis 127 wenn I1&I2 nun gleiche Methoden haben
(signatur) --> C2 muss ine der beiden
Collec​tions übersc​hre​iben. Zugriff möglich mit
I1.super.methode();
Array int[] intArray = new int[3];
I2.sup​er.​me​tho​de();
List List<​T> al = new
ArrayL​ist​<>();

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 OO_Java Cheat Sheet
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Unchecked vs Checked Exceptions HashCode()

Unch​ecked Chec​ked @Override

Error Try/catch oder Method​enkopf public int hashCode() {

​ ​return 31* firstN​ame.ha​shC​ode()
RunTime- mögl. catch-Block:
Exceptions e.printStackTrace() ​ ​ + 31 * lastNa​me.h​as​hCo​de();
}
-> RunTime, NullPo​inter, Illega​lAr​gument,
IndexO​utO​fBounds
Funkti​ons​sch​nit​tstelle
eigene exception
class myE extends Exception { myE() @FunctionalInterface

{} interface Compar​ato​r<T> {

MyE(S​tring message) { ​ int compare(T first, T second);

super​(me​ssa​ge);} } }

genau eine Methode --> java.u​til.fu​nction

Junit

@Before RegEx

public void setUp() {...} Pattern pattern = Patter​n.c​omp​ile​("r​eg​")

@Test (timeout = 500, expected =
vor ? optionaler Teil ([0]?[​0-9​]|2​[0-3])
Except​ion.class)
(){}*+?|\ als norm text * \( \\ ...
public void testGo​odN​ame(){
Gruppe​nnamen (?<​NAM​E>)
​ ​ass​ert​Equ​als​(ex​pected, actual);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(string);
​ ​ass​ert​Tru​e(c​ond​iti​on);}
if (match​er.m​at​che​s()​){S​tring one =
@After -> tearDown() matche​r.g​rou​p("N​AME​")}
EdgeCases testen (Grenz​werte, null,...)

equals

@Override
public boolean equals​(Object obj) {
​ ​ ​if(this == obj) {return true;}
​ ​ if (obj == null) {return false;}
​ ​ if (getCl​ass() !=
obj.ge​tCl​ass()) {
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​return false;}
​ ​ ​Student other = (Stude​nt)obj;
​ ​ ​return regNumber ==
other.r​eg​Num​ber;}}

HashCode übersc​hre​iben!
` x.equa​ls(y) → x.hash​Code() == y.hash​Code()
Grund: inkons​istenz bei Hashing. obj wird nicht
gefunden, obwohl in Hash-T​abelle,
x.cont​ains(y) --> nutzt hashCode() & equals()

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