QUESTION 1: WITH EXAMPLES WRITE

FULL DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT TO THE

CONCEPT "WORDS CLASSES" OR "PARTS OF
."SPEECH

Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of language. It

studies word structure, but from a semantic perspective rather than a
phonological one. Syntax and morphology are closely connected. Syntax
applies to everything that is longer than a word. Thus, only word structure
is taken into account within the scope of morphology; the rest is left to
.syntax. The first thing to note is the various types of words

:For example, there are

Verbs: words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and *
states (be, have) involving people and things in events (Ruba is sick so
.she can’t go anywhere)

Nouns: words used to refer to people (Girl), objects (Car), creatures *

(Cat), places (House), qualities (Strength), phenomena (Flood) and
abstract ideas (Love) as if they were all “things.” We begin proper nouns
.with a capital letter

Articles: words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases *
classifying those “things” (You can have a strawberry or an orange) or
.identifying them as already known (I’ll take the orange)

Adverbs: words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information*

about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some adverbs (really,
very) are also used with adjectives to modify information about things
.(Really large objects move slowly

Adjectives: words used, typically with nouns, to provide more *

information about the things referred to (large objects, a strange
.experience)
Prepositions: words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with nouns in *
phrases providing information about place (on the table, near the
window), time (at four o’clock, in the morning) and other connections
.(with a spoon, without a thought) involving actions and things

Pronouns: words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of noun *
phrases, typically referring to people and things already known (He talks
.to himself. They said it belonged to you)

Conjunctions: words (and, but, because, when) used to make *

connections and indicate relationships between events (Ruba’s sister was
so sweet and she helped her a lot because she couldn’t do much when she
.was sick)
QUESTION 2: WITH EXAMPLES, WRITE FULL
ACCOUNT ABOUT "SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES". What
are the different categories of Syntax? what are the
examples of English for each of these categories? What are
?the roles of each of them

Ruba broke the window and The window was broken by Ruba. In
traditional grammar, the first is called an active sentence, focusing on
what Ruba did, and the second is a passive sentence, focusing on the
window and what happened to it. The distinction between them is a
.difference in their surface structure

surface structure: the different syntactic forms they have as individual

English sentences. The superficial difference in form disguises the fact
that the two sentences are very closely related, even identical, at some
.less superficial level

deep structure: the other “underlying” level, where the basic components
(Noun Phrase + Verb + Noun Phrase) shared by the two sentences can be
represented. The deep structure is an abstract level of structural
organization that contains representations of all the factors influencing
structural interpretation. That same deep structure can be the source of
many other surface structures such as It was Ruba who broke the window
?and Was the window broken by Ruba

.symbols that are used as abbreviations for syntactic categories

:Examples are
S” (=sentence), “N” (= noun)“
NP” (= noun phrase), “Art” (= article)“
V” (= verb) and “VP” (= verb phrase)“
.Others, such as “PP” (= prepositional phrase), seem fairly transparent
There are three more symbols that are commonly used in syntactic
:description

The first symbol form of an arrow . It can be interpreted as “consists /1

:of” or “rewrites as.” It is typically used in the following type of rule
NP  Art N
A shorthand way of saying that a noun phrase (NP) such as the girl
.consists of or rewrites as () an article (Art) the and a noun (N) girl

The second symbol is a pair of round brackets (). Whatever occurs /2

inside these round brackets will be treated as an optional constituent.
When we use a noun phrase in English, we can include an adjective (Adj)
such as small, but we don’t have to. It’s an optional constituent. For
:example
NP  Art (Adj) N
This shorthand notation expresses the idea that a noun phrase (NP)
rewrites as () an article (Art) and a noun (N), with the option of
including an adjective (Adj) in a specific position between them. We can
use this notation to generate the dog, the small dog, a cat, a big cat, and so
…on

The third symbol is in the form of curly brackets {}. These indicate /3
that only one of the elements enclosed within the curly brackets must be
selected. For example, we have already seen that a noun phrase can
consist of an expression such as the dog (article plus noun), or it
(pronoun), or Cathy (proper noun). Using the abbreviations “Pro” (for
pronoun) and “PN” (for proper noun), we can try to capture this
observation about English with three separate rules, as shown on the left.
However, it is more succinct to write one rule, as shown on the right,
.using curly brackets
NP  Art (Adj) N
NP  Pro NP  {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
NP  PN
common symbols and abbreviations
S sentence N noun V verb
NP noun phrase VP verb phrase Adj adjective
PN proper noun Adv adverb Prep preposition
Art article Pro pronoun PP prepositional
phrase
Ungrammatical sentence *
 consists of / rewrites as
optional constituent )(
one and only one of these constituents must be selected }{