1.

Physical Quantities :
Those quantities which can be measured.
F:x. mass; !ength, time, velocity, angle, force ....
2. Magnitude:
,,

A nunierica't yalue al~ng with unit.

'
: fv!_agnitude = nym·erical value x unit.
Ex. ' ~,i, ➔ unit 2m/s ➔ unit
} -!-
numerical value
' value
numerical ,

- 3. Scalar quantities : These 'quantities are completely described by their magnitude.

,,

Ex. mc:is:;, length, time, speed, angle ....

a. Scalar quantity = Numerical value x unit

'
Ex.' distance = Sm, speed = 3m/s, Ener~~y = -2 Joule
,

0. -~me scalar quantities accept only positivr~ value and some other scalar quantities accept both

positive and negative values .

._. .C~f Those Scalar quantities which accept only positlve value ➔ mass, length, volume, distance,

· t speed, kinetic energy, time Interval.. .....

(ii) Those scalar quantities which accept both positive and negative value ➔ charge, current, time,
-. : - ~ _.,,- . ../
, .-

~ vvQrk, energy..... .
. 4. ·v ector Quantities : .
These quantities have both magnitude and direction, and also obey the laws of vector addition.
, D,l:;plaC€ment, velocity, momentum, acce!erntion, force ......
) ; ·.. . ~- • ~ .. .• - • • i• •

a. Vector quantity - = magnitude

0
x direction
\

_= numerical value x unit x direction

unit
- !,
t
..;\f: (. Displacement = Sm(towardsEast) ➔ direction
-!- .
numerical value

unit
t
velocity = 3 m Is (along _x - axis) ➔ direction ·
,1,
numerica.l value .

ur.it
l
force = 12N(towards Right) ➔ direction
,1, ,
numerical value
5. Facts: E
. ·t de as well as direc tion but does not obey laws of Vector ar1M
~
a. If a physical quantity has magnr u
it will not be called vector quantity.

Ex. Electric current, time, angle.

7A

4A 7
ntity has a din
b. If a physical quantity is a vector, it will have a direc tion, but if a phys ical qua
it may or may not be a vector.
' is treat ed as scat
c. In some operation 'area' is treated as vector but in othe r oper ation 'area
area is treated as vector then its direction is norm al to its surfa ce.
•
 6, Representation of a vector
Final point
- -_:_:;·-·-- - -- -- -- -~ -H ea rt
Vector: A = OP p

Magnitude of vector : /A/ = A

Magnitude of vector oc Length
Initial point
Direction : tail to head.
Tail o
e.
Magnitude of vector is always.positiv
7, Some Conventions :
lf it does not change.
If a vector is displaced parallel to itse

y
a.

tha
y
n integer multiple of 2n it changes but there will
an angle other
b. If a·vector is rotated through
no change in its magnitude.

t:_ A'
nge.
tor is rotated through an angle integer multiple of 2n, it does not cha
c. If a vec
8. Types of vectors :
vector and its magnitude
a. Unit vector : It is the ratio of the
,. A - ,.
A=- ⇒ A=AA
© A
is used to specify direction only
(i) It has neither dimension nor unit. It
ction . .
Numerical value x unit x dire
·t = direction
·t ',,.,.,..f.or - me . 1va 1ue x um
rica
(i) Unl YC\,I.; - Nu

(iv) Standard Unit vector

y

z ~
e ........
(v) For Easy solution generally we assum
N

1 vertically upwards ➔ k
-1 f
wr- - - f - - - - E vertically downwards ➔ -k
I,\
-J

5
20(- })m/s
Ex. Velocity v =20m/s (towards south) =
 .d to be equal if their magnitudes as Well
b. Equal vectors : Two vectors are sai ___ as directi j
- - - ------ - 0 ns~
same.
A )
A= B,
B )
SNi * Sm/s 1 Sm/s i = soocm/s i
• ect . sa·id to be negative of a given vector if its magnitud .
C. Negative vector : AV Or IS e IS same
its direction is opposite to the given vector.

A
)
- -
B =-A, A=B, B=-A
< B
d. Coplanar vector : A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if they are parallel to the g·
plane.

Special Point : Two vectors are always coplanar.

e. Null /Zero vector: Its magnitude is zero and direction is indetermina te.
A- A= A+ (-A) = o
9. Angle between two vectors :

true angle =0 true angle 0= 180-0' true angle 8 = 0'

10. Polygon law of vector addition :
If the number of vectors are represented by the sides of an open polygon, taken in the sam

order then their resultant is given by the closing side of the polygon taken into the opposi
order.

A+B+c:+5 +E=R A+B+C =R=E+ fi A+ (- B) +C+D+ (-E)+(-F)•o

A+B+C =E+fi A+c: +5 =B+E+F
A+B+C - E- 5 =6
 Triangle law of vector addition :
D e fin .:icion : - - - - - -- ---

If two vectors A and B can be represented by the two sides of triangle taken in the same order

then their resultant R is given by the third side of the same triangle taken in the opposite order.

R=A+B

b. Graphical M~thod :
If we place second vector such that its tail is at the head of the first vector. Then we join the tail

of first vector to the head of second vector. This line represents the resultant vector of A and B ·

-,:

- - -
R=B+A
R=A+B
c. Analytical Method :
M
I
I
~
ls sine
I
B
e ·I
..:::;;.~ :--~--~ ·------- -- N
K A L B cose

. MN MN=Bsin8 cose = LN ⇒ LN = Bcose

sin 8 = - ⇒
B B
KN=KL+ LN=A+B cos8 KM2 = KN2 + NM2
R2 =(A+ Bcose)2 + (Bsine)2 ⇒ R2 = A2+2 AB cos e + B2 cos2 e + 82 sin 2 e
2 2
R2 = A2+2ABcos 0 + B2 (cos 0 + sin e) ⇒ R2 = A2+2 AB cos 0 + 82

R = JA2 +B2 +2ABcos8

tan a= MN= Bsin8 tanp = Asine

KN A+Bcos8 B + Acose
 exercises - I
--·-·- - . )
1. Write the relation between t hree vectors of triangle

(ii)
'----- :l-R
Q
2. If two forces of magnitude 3N and SN are acting at an angle 60°· Find the magnitu
de of~
esuita
force.
3. A person walks 12 metres on straight line then he turned 60° and walks 2Om in
this direction
And the ratio of resultant displacement and distance covered by the person.
4. When two vectors of magnitudes A and Bare inclined at an angle 0, then magnitu
de of their
resulta nt is 2A. If the first vector is doubled the magnitude of resulta nt become
s 3A, Find the
value of A/ B and the angle between A and B.

ANSWERS KEY-I

1. Ci) c+s = A (ii) -QR+ -RP = ---+

QP CiiilR+L+M=O
7
2. 7N 3. 8 4. 1,8=0 °

12. Paralle logram law of Vector Addition

a. Definit ion :

If two vectors A and B form the adjacent sides of a parallelogram with their tails together then
the diagon al of the parallelogram passing through their tails represents the resultan
t vector of A
and B

A+B =R=B+A
"it
b. Graph ical Metho d :

t:
 c. Analytical Method :
-----···--- R= A+ s - - - - -·-··---
IRI = IA + sj = ✓A2 + 82 + 2AB cos e
Bsine tanp = Asin9
tana.=-- -
A+Bcose B+Acose
"ft
case-I •
I
I
9=00

2
■ ff :
jA+Bjmax = ✓A +B2 +2ABcosO = J(A+B)
2

IA + sjmax = A + B

case-II: e = 1so0

jA+BL" = ✓A2 +B 2 +2ABcos180° = J(A-8)

2 2
or J(B-A)

IA+BI min
=A ,v B

ff

Cas-111: 0 = 90° t
t
B A
IRI =IA +sj = .JA + tan a= - tanf3 = -
2 a2 A B

A ,v B :S jA+Bj :S A+B
J, J,
0 = 180° 0=0
/

et jA+sjJ-
~
ft
1
t....
~ --
~
•·-) (
w
"it t t A ~
A
),
 Position of resultant -- -- -- ----- --
I
I
I
I
I
I

~
I
I
I
I
I
I

t t
A<B A>B A=B
0
a > J3 a<P a= P= -2
Special case :
I
If A= B I
I
I
I
I
I
<l=J3=0/2 I
/

R(+) = .JA2 + A2 + 2AA cos 0 = ✓2A 2 (1 + cose) = 2A2 x 2cos2 (½)

R(+) = 2Acos(!)

e QO 60° goo 120° 180°

RC+) 2A ✓3A ✓2A A 0
13. Subtraction :

A-B=A+(--a)

t
- +Ii ;. =
t

t
(iJ A +c-V (ii)U+K ff
"t
(iii)
- t + (-B)
IA - Bl = jA+(- s)I = ✓A 2 +B2 +2ABcos(180-0) cos ( 1ao - e ) = - cos 0

= ✓A2 +82 - 2AB cos 0

 ease-I e = oo \A-B\m,n = ✓A2 +B 2
✓(A-B}2 or ✓(B-A) 2
-2AB cos0 ° = =AN B
- - - - - --------
ease-II e = 1800 \A-B\max = ,JA + B -2ABcos180° = ✓(A+ B)2 =A+ B
2 2

c.ase-m e = 900 \A - B\ '= .JA2 + B2 - 2AB cos 90° = -J A2 + B2

AN B < I A - BI < A +B
,1, ,1,
0 = 00 0=1800
et I A- sI t
Spec ial Case : If A= B

1\-l = \A - B\ = ✓A2 +A 2 -2AA cose = .J2A2 (1-co s8) = 2

2A x2sin
2
~ = 2Asin(~)

l
00 60° goo 120° 180°
0 A ✓2A ✓3A 2A

14. Com pare betw een addi tion & subtraction of vecto r
:
a. If8 =0° IA+ Bl= A+B IA- Bl= A~B
If8 =180 0 I A + B I = A ~B I A - BI = A+ B
b. 0° < 8 < 90° IA+ Bl> IA- BI
8 = 90° IA+ Bl= IA- BI
90° < 8 < 180° l"f,. +sl <l"f ,.-s l
c. c =A +s
c2 = A2 + B2 + 2ABcose ............(i)
- - -
B+D =A
- - -
D=A -B
D2 = A2 + B2 - 2AB cos 8............ (ii)
add (i) & (ii)

d. a< 90° e > 90° 8 = goo

1.......____IA+ Bl> IA- BI IA+ BI <IA -Bl IA+ Bl= IA- BI

 e. A=B
- - - - - -·-··--
A+6

,:
f. A = B and A .l B

t+s AlB ⇒
IA+BI =IA-Bl
A=B ⇒
IA+Bl .llA-BI
a

EXERCISE-II
1. Two forces are applied on a stone of 25kg according y

to the figure then find:

(i) Resultant force on stone

(ii) Angle between resultant force and 100N force

(iii) Angle between resultant force and 200N Force

2. Two forces of 3N and 9N are acting on a body then magnitude Y'
of resultant force on lxx:ly may~.
(a)3N (b) 4N (c) 10N (d) 15N
3. Which of the combination of forces can not give a resultant
of 15N.
(a) 13N and 17N (b) 25N and 7N
(c) 10N and 20 N (d) None of these
4. Which of the following set of displacements can not give a zero
resultant.
(a) 2m, 4m, 8m (b) lm, 3m, 4m
(c) Sm, 7m, 9m (d) None of these
s. Which of the following set of displacements can give a zero resu
ltant.
(a) Sm, 7m, 3m, 20m (b) 2m, 15m, Sm, 2m
( c) 1m, Sm, 10m, Sm
(d) 4m, 25m, 15m, Sm
 Magnitude of resultant of two forces of equal magnitude is
6, also equal to their magnitude, then
--find the angle between the two vectors.
A person walks 4 metre. Then he turns 120° and walks 4
1, m in this direction. Find the ratio of
resultant displacement and distance covered by the person.

s. The magnitude of maximum and minimum resultants of two

forces are respectively 17 N and 3N,
then find magnitude of the forces.

9, When two forces act in same direction, magnitude of their

resultant is 23 N. When they act
perpendicular then magnitude of their resultant force is 17N.
Find the magnitude of resultant
when forces act opposite to each other?

10. Resultant of A and B is perpendicular to Athen

(a) IAl>IBI (b) IAl<IBI (c) IAl=IBI (d) IAl~IBI
11. Resultant of lN and 2N force is perpendicular to lN force then
find
(i) Angle between forces (ii) Resultant force

12.
Resultant of two vectors A and s is perpendicular to A and magnitude of resultant is equal to
half of IBI. Find (i) angle between Aand B (ii) magnitude of Ain term of IBI
ANSWER KEY -II

2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

1. (i) 100✓3 (ii) 90° (iii) 30°

8. 10 N, 7N 9. 7 N 10. (b)
)(
6. 120° 7.1 : 2
12. (i) 150° (ii) ✓3 ~
11. (i) 120° (ii) J3
EXERCISE - III
. . 'th speed 20 m/s. After 5 seconds, he is moving in west
travels in north direction w1
1. A person peed During the s seconds, find the
'th the same s ·
direction WI (ii) Change in velocity (iii) Average acceleration
·nspe
I ed
(i) ()lange peed of 90 km/hr. While passing through a turn , .,t turns _by an
. ovin9 with constant ~
2. A car 15 rn . . . . d' ection in s seconds and its speed decreases to 54 km/hr.
1200 to ,ts m1tia1 ,r Find
angle of peed (ii) Change in velocity
• o,ange ins
(t) acceleration
(iii) Average . equal to difference between two vectors in magnitude then
f two vectors ,s find angle
lf sumo
e two vectors.
tween th
t,e ,.
1 Find (I) angle between A and B
$.1' BI :::: · (II) I A-BI
4. I - - -
Ip,. - Bl:::IA1:::1BI. Find angle between A & B
lf
s. .. 6 -+ c= o_ and magn.itudes of A,
- - - .
B, C are 3, 5, 7 respectively. Then find angle between
lf p.-+ _
6, "A ~.J ill3 ~-- -~, .-- _~L--...L~~~1--
 3 N, B = lO N and C = SN. Find angle betw een follo\A,·
- - -
7. If C= A+B and A= S,pr,;
•vll')g V
- & B- c··) - c···) A- & C- ettot
(i) A 11 B- & C Ill s
8. - - .:.
If P + Q = R and P = R -_ Jl
.fi. · Find angle between follow ing vecto rs
(i) p& Q Oi) Q&R OH) P& R
9. If c= A+ B and A =B =c, Find angle between following vectors
(i) A and s (ii) A & c (iii) s & c
10. A+ 8 + c= 0 , A .1. B and I cI= 21 BI then find_angle betw een follow ing
vectors
0) s & c (ii) A & c
11. A _ s+ c =0 , A..L B and c
I I= 2 I AI then find angle betw een follow ing vectors
(i) s & c (ii) A & c
12. Sum of magn itude s of two forces acting on a point is 16N.
If their resul tant is 8N and ·
perpe ndiai lar to the small force. Then find the magn itude
s of the forces. resultanti
13. Rnd the angle between P and resultant of {P + Q) and {P - Q)
14. A+ B+ c= othen find angle between following vectors
(i) (a) A and B (b) Band c (c) c and A
(i) Rnd IA - Bl (iii) u 1.a.-s1 = a IA+ Bl then find the value of 'a'
15. A+ B= C then find angle between following vectors·
(i) (a) A and B (b) Band c (c) c and A
oo u 1.a. - Bl = a Is - cl -then find the value of 'a'
16. A+ B+ ✓2 c = o then find angle between following vectors
(i) (a) A and B (b) Band c (c) c and A
(i) Rnd IA+ s\
17. A + B = ✓2 Cthen find angle between following vectors
(a) A- and B (b) Band c (c) c and A
18. IA-Bl= ✓3\A+B\ find angle between A ands .
19. A + ✓3 B = 2 C then find angle between following vectors
(a) A and B (b) Band c (c) c and A
20. If 3a + Sb+ 7c = 0 find angle between a and b . . Jtude
Two force have magn itude s (P + Q) and (P- Q) and the
21. resul tant of two forces has 111agn
.J3 pz +Q 2
, then deter mine the angle between two forrPc:
~
 .. , . a a
. . . . _.
= r s ';!;=;·51t1r
vz.- 19!" "' =
22. Two force have magnitudes (P + Q) and (P- Q) and the resultant of two forces has magnitude
jcp2 +Q2) 'then determine the angle between two forces.
23, Two force have magnitudes (P + Q) and (P- Q) and the resultant of two forces has magnitude
~ J2(P2 +Q2) 'then determine the angle between two forces.
24, n,e resultant of two vectors j5 and Qis R• If Qis doubled then the new resultant vector is
perpendicular to 'P '. Then Ris equal to ?
2s. n,e resultant of two forces having magnitude P and Q is of magnitude P. If P be doubled, th en
find the angle between new resultant and Q :

26, ~esultant of two vectors F1 and F2 is of magnitude P. If F is reversed, then resultant is.of
2
magnitude Q. What is the value of pz + QZ?
27, A vector of length l is turned through the angle 0 about its tail. What is the change in the position
vector of its head ?

28. Given that P = Q = R. If P+ Q= Rt~en the angle between p and Ris 81. If P+ Q+ R= 6 then
the angle between P and Ris 02 • What is the relation between e and 8 •
1 2
29. Given that A+ B+ C= 6. Out of these three vectors two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude
o(the third vector is ✓2 times as that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the
angles between vectors are given by.
ANSWER EXERCISE - Ill

1, (i) 0 m/s (ii) 20✓2 m/s (iii) 4 ✓2 m/s2 2. (i) 36 km/h (ii) 126 km/h (iii) 7 m/s2 3. 90°

4. (i) 120° (ii) ✓3 5. 60° 6. 60° 7. (i) 150° (ii) 60° (iii) 90° 8. (i) 135° (ii) 45° (iii) 90°

9. (i) 120° (ii) 60° (iii) 60° 10. (i) 120° (ii) 150° 11. (i) 30° (ii) 120° .
12. 6N, 10N 13. 0° 14. (i) (a) 120° (b) 120° (c) 120° (ii) J3 (iii). J3
15, (i) (a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 60° (ii) ..f3 16. (i) (a) 90° (b)_135° (c) 135° (ii) Ji.
17, (a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 45° 18, 120° 19. (a) goo (b) 30° (c) 60° 20. 60°

21, 60° -(P2+Q2)]

22, cos- 1 [ i(P - 23, goo
2 Q2 ) 24. Q 25. goo 26, 2(Ft + Ff)

27, u Sin (0/2) 28. 01 = 82 29. goo, 135°, 135°

' 2
Some Important Result :
1.
If three vectors can be represented by the three sides of a triangle taken in the same order then
their resultant is null vector and vice versa Is also correct.
2.
If the sum of 3 vectors is zero then they are always coplanar. But vice-versa is correct not
essential.
3. A+ B+ c= o, then A, B, C are coplanar.
4. A, B, A+ B, A- B are coplanar vectors. .
5. If sum of two .vectors is zero then they are equal and opposite.
A+B=O ⇒ A=-B
6. 1he minimum number of coplanar vectors.of unequal magnitude required to Produce :ze
. . . ro resu1t-..
.IS th ree. . ·~n
7. We need atleast 4 non coplanar vectors for their sum to be zero. · .
8. If N cnplanar vedors of same m~gnitude make equal mutual angle .( ~") then
a. Theirvect:or sum will be zero.

Magnitude C?f Resultant = o

A A

...........
••.. Magnitude of Resultant = O
..···-..
A ·
b. These N-vectors can be represented by N-sides of regular polygon in same order.
. -~ - , -,- ·- ...,
A 120° '.
A

A '
nd
c. If one of them remove then magnitude of their vector sum will ~came opposite in direction a f
equal to magnitude of that removed vector.

ctor
1t, .

Resultant =- Removed ve
~ 6
» 1N, ZN and 3N coplanar forces act on bod • ·
a Y at same mutual angle. Find the magnitude <:>f
~· resultant force.

s JjN . .
AO · DE f is a regular hexagon with po· to - - - - .
ABC . . . in as centre. Find the value of AB + AC + AD + AE + AF ·
E D

Af1S, .6AO _ . .
it find the resultant of three coplanar forces 300 Nat oo,Aoo Nat 300 and 400 Nat 1500?
J .. .
Af1S, 500 N · ·· . . . .
Magnitude of two forces are 2N anq SN find magnitude of third force such that all three forces
fX· should be in equil_ibrium.
f,JIS. 3·N to 7N
compo~erit ~f vector :
If sum of two and. more than two vectors is equal to given vector then these vectors are ~own
as components of given vector.

R= A+ij+c+5
rt
Then A-I s c 5 a·re called components of R
I I

(i) no. of comP<?nents, ·may ~ infinite

. (i) If angle between components is e

then 0°::; e·::; 180°

Rectangular component ( orthogonal compon~nt)

(i) Mutually perpendicular components are known as rectangular components
(i) Avector can have two rectangular components in a plane and three rectangular components in
space,
(i) Magnitude of rectangular component < Magnitude of main vector.
Rectangular components-In a plane (2-D resolution)
A== AX +A y
y
A== Ai+AJ~
y
X

A == .jA.2X +A2y . ..,,_,t ....

.....
I

. A
tan 0 -- --t
~ ~
A ,
X

case == ~
A AX = Acose
. A
~⇒ · AY = A sine
 -- - -
Combination of components -
To Find ~ A,A,e,~
Given ~ ~ and Ay ~
_ " -: @) A= ✓ Ax + Av
0) A= Ax i +Avl

(i) tan8= ~ '

(iv)

Resolution of avector

Given ---+ Aand 0

~=Aoos8
f\ = Asin 0
Representation of geographical directions :
East 8 towards North
8 North of East
8 from East towards North
North (9D-8) towards East
(90-8) East of North
(9o--O) from North towards East
EXERCSE-IV s
1. ex, av and 02 are angle with the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively then Rank the
ex, eYand~
1
in following vectors.

(i) A= 1-4k Oi) s= -/31-k c

(iii) = 21 -21
2. Given that A= 101-10./31 , B= -10"8 i+30J find their
(i) Quadrant (ii) magnitude
(iii) angle with x and y axis (iv) Unit vector along the given vectors
3. Find the magnitude of given vectors and their angle with positive x-axis
Ci) A= 101-10./3] (ii) s=- Go 1+20 J3 J (iii) c=-10./31-30]
4. If east, north and vertical upward have unit vector 1, J, kthen find the magnitude
and direction
of following vectors :
(i) A=2"31-6j (ii) B=-3l+.J3j (iii) C=5i+5J
5. A person is driving a car with 20 m/s velocity in 30° north of west denote the velocity
of carITT
vector form (East ➔ i, North ➔ j )
6. And unit vectors in x-y plane along the given angle with + x-axis :
(i) 150° (ii) 240° (iii) 315°
7. Aperson travels following displacement
(I) 40✓3 m 30° North of East (ii) 80✓3 m towards South
And resultant displacement
8. A person travels following displacement
(i) 5 m towards North (II) 15 m towards West (Iii) 13 m towards south
And the magnitude of resultant displacement
 ~
Aperson travels following d' 1
9, ispacement
(i) 20 m north (")
. II 10 m east
Find his resultant of displacement (iii) 20.fi_ m south-west

Following forces acting on a bod

10, Yare
(i) 60 N East (ii) 40 N
' 300 West of north
(iv) 20 N west (v) 20 N (iii) 20.J?, N North
' 600 south of east
Find resultant force on body:- ·
A person travels following displace
ment :-
(i) 3m north {ii) 4m West
(iii) 5 m south-east
Find his result.ant displacement
(sin45° =cos45° = 0. 7)
12. Titree forces acting on a body are sho . .
. . wn in the figure. To hav~ the resultant force only ·along the
y-direct1on, the magnitude of t:he minim dd" .
'i'' um a ItIonal force needed is :
4N Yr
:
I
1N
:
I

30°!

-----------' .. --------------------------!
..:
I

:
:
' 2N
(a) 0.5 N (b) 1 N (c) 1.5 N (d) 2 N
13. A motorc.yclist travels with 20 m/s velocity in west. After 4 second, he is moving in south with
20✓3 m/s. Find his average acceleration and direction of acceleration.
14. A particle is m·oving towards South with 20../3 m/s. After 2 second, it is moving towards West
with 60 m/s. Find his average acceleration and direction.of acceleration.
lS. A particle is moving towards west with 12 m/s an~ ·after 2 sec it is moving with 20 m/s, 30° East

of South. Find magnitude ofits acceleration.

ANSWER KEY- IV

1. (i) ey > ex > ez (ii) ·ex> ez > ey (iii) ez > ex = ey

-
2. (A)
1 ,.
(i) 'IV (Ii) 20 (iii) 6Q0, 300 (iv) 2'
i
✓- c··>
- 2 J' (B) (I) II II v:J I '
'! - ·
1
20 r:;3 c1·1> 60° 30° c· > ':' F3
IV -21 + 2]
'!

3• Ci) 20 unit, 300° (Ii) 40✓3 unit, ~50° (iii) 20..fj unit, 240°
4. (i) 4.fj unit, 600 south of East (ii) 2.[3 unit, 30° North of West (Iii) 5✓2 unit, 45° North of East
~ 1 1 ,. f3 r: ("III") i- J
-10✓3 1 +10} Ji.
2 f+ 2J
5• m/s 6. (i) - (ii) - 2i- T J
 _,.- ~ 1
601- 60f3J, (120N, 60° Sof E)
8.17 m 9. 10 rn w
7.
10. 60 N, 60° North of East 11. 0.7m south-west

12. O.SN 13, a = 10 m/s2, 60° Sof E 14 20./3 m/s2, 300 Nof W
, 1S• l4
Rectangular component in space (3D-Resolution) ~/si

➔ ➔ ➔

A = Axz+Av
:~;
l--····-······-·
,,,' :
r'···-1·············
·····••...........
······-···- •"·! •·'
A= "A,_ + Az + Av I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I

A= A)+~J+ AJ ti ,; .~=;::-- -.:..!__ I i

I

A2X7. =A2+A2 X
X Z

A2 ~ A2X7. +A2y z
A2 = A2X +A2y + A2z ⇒ A= ✓AX2 + A2y + AZ2
Direction Cosines :

COSCl = Ax= Ax
A ✓A2X +A2y + A2Z Ax= Acos a.

cosp = Av = Av
A ✓A2X +A2y + A2Z Av= Acos~

cosy = Az = A2
A ✓A2X +A2y + Az2 Az = Acosy

Relation between a.,P,r

A2 =.AzX +A2y +Azz

Az =(Acosa.)2 +(Aoosp)2 +(Acosy)2
⇒ cos2 a. + cos2 p+ cos2 r = 1
(l-sin2 a) +(1- sinz P) +(l-sin2 r) = 1
sin2 a.+ sin2 p+ sin2y = 2
⇒
•

Combination of vectors ( 3 _D)

Given ➔ Ax ,Ay ,Az Tofind ➔ AA,a,1fl1Y
I
n.
A=A)+AyAJ"+Ak
2

A= ✓A2X + A2y + A2z

A
cos a.= _x A
A, cosp = ....1... cosy= Az
A' A
Resolution
Given ➔ A, a.,P,'Y To find ➔ AX I Ay / Az
Ax= Acosa. Av = Acosp A, - Acosy
 - ·- - ______.. -=========
Position vector : ===== §~~~~~§
A vector which d
. , enotes the position of ive . ·. . .
given point 9 n point w.r.t. origin 1s known as position vector of

position vector in x-ypIane

Position vector in space
y
y
P(x,y)

P(x,y;z)

z
r = x1 + YJ f =xi+ y} +zk
Displacement vector :

EXERCISE -V
l. A person moves 2 min north then 3 min west and finally 6 min vertical upwards. Find
(i) Displacement of person (ii) Magnitude of his displacement
I
(iii) Distance travel by the person I
I
(Given: East ➔ 1, North ➔}, Vertical upwards ➔ k)

2. A= 3i - 4J + Sk . Then find
(i) Magnitude of vector (II) Direction cosines

(iii) Unit vector along A

3. A makes same angle with all 3 axis. Then find
(i) The Angle with each axis by vector (Ii) Component of vector along each axis
4. A vector makes an angle 60° with +x-axis, 60° with +y-axis then find its i11clination with z-axis.
5. Length, breadth and height of a room are Sm, 4m, 3m respectively. A fly is flying in the room.

Find its magnitude of maximum possible displacement

 _ " ,. _ ,. -: - 21~ ~- 4k. Find - - _
6. A=-i +2j, B=2i -5J, C= -J+
_ - - (iii) Unit vector along A -· B - 2c
0A B c (ii) A - 28 + c
- 1 0 2)m then from B to C(O, -4, 1)m and then re
' + + · turns~
7., A fly moves from A(2, 3, -S)m to B( , ' ·

A from C. Find:
- .. . t BC (iii) Displacement CA (iv) AB+ BC+ CA
(i) Displacemerlt AB (11) D1splacemen .
Ii·

A force makes an angle 60° with horizontal. If vertical component of force is o.fi
4 N, then fi~d
8.
horizontal component of force.
9, Find the angle with x, y and z axis by vector
Ci) 7+ } · (ii) 1+ } + ✓2k
a particlA~.
10. Three mutually perpendicular forces of magnitude 3 N, 4 N and 12 N are applied on
Find resultant force.
I /\

+4kand B = 5 i represent the two sides of a triangle, then the third

• •

11. If vectors A = 1 + 2j
side of the triangle has length equal to -
(a) .Jsf, (b) .Jij (c) 5 (d) 6
ANSWER KEY- V

1. (i) (-3i+ 2}+6 k)m (ii)7·m (iii) 11m 2. (i)sJ' f~ i ) ~ __ -4 _1 (iii) 3i - 4J+5k 1

. ,. 5✓ 2 I 5✓ 2_ I ✓2
sJi
3.(i) a=j3= y=co s-1(± 1), a=P= r=sin -
1
[±lJ
+ A ~.A-
A A- x=-r A " - A "
( II..) !J.=A =!J.= r::;, ;;f,y = ± r;;j A=+ -k
- ✓3
''x · Y ''z v3 v3 _v3 ' 2
",. ' ...,,:,

4. 45° or 135° 5. 5✓2 m 6. (i) 31-4}+ 4k (ii) -3i + 11} + 4k (iii) - 7i + 9] ~-81<
,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,, .fi§4
7.(i)( -3i-3 j+7k )m (ii)(i -4j-k )m (iii)(21 + 7J - 6k)m (iv) ·
0 8. 40 N ·
9. (i) 45°, 45°, 90° (ii) 60°, 60°, 45° 10. 13 N 11. (a), (d)